Session 2d Basic Bandaging and Transfer Techni

EMERGENCY BASIC
SKILLS AND
PROCEDURES
Asst. Prof. Bettina D. Evio, MAN, RN

PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency & Disaster Mgmt
DEFINITION OF FIRST AID
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment

given to a casualty for any injury or sudden
illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
doctor, or other qualified personnel.
Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency & Disaster
Mgmt
What to Expect….
• The following are the basic skills and
procedures we will review in this session:
1. Basic Knot-tying
2. Bandaging
3. Splinting
4. Handling Casualties
• Lifting and Transferring of patients
Mgmt
Knot Tying
• Running end: the end you

are working with in tying
the knot
• Standing end: the inactive
end of the rope
Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency &

Disaster Mgmt
Knot Tying
Reef knot or Square

knot
• A useful knot for

general purposes, it
is used mainly for
tying bandages.
• ‘left over right and
right over left’
Mgmt
Knot Tying
Simple figure-of-eight
knot
• This knot, from the
figure eight family, is
used mainly as a stop
knot to prevent a free
end of rope from
running through a pulley
or a block.
Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency &

Disaster Mgmt
Knot Tying
Clove hitch
• A quickly-tied hitch
which forms the
basis of many
securing knots, it is
useful for anchoring
a rope to an object.
Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency & Disaster Mgmt
BANDAGING
• Bandages have three key uses:
– applying pressure to bleeding
wounds;
– covering wounds and burns; and
– providing support and
immobilization for broken bones,
sprains, and strains.
Mgmt
BANDAGING
• Arm sling
• Elevated Arm sling
• Bandaging the dome of the skull
• Palm/Back of hand
• Knee
• Ankle/Foot
• Ring Pad
Mgmt
Bandaging
TYPES OF BANDAGE
1. Triangular bandages
– Made from cloth or from paper, used as a cold
compress or for padding.
– When folded up: used to provide support or
pressure;
– When unfolded: used as a support sling or cover
bandage.
2. Ace bandages or Elastic bandages
– Used to provide support or secure dressings in
place.
Mgmt
Bandaging
TYPES OF BANDAGE
3. Tubular bandages
– Larger ones are used to support joints or hold
dressings in place, smaller tubular bandages are
ideal for finger injuries.
Mgmt
General Principles of Bandaging
1. Work with the injured person, explaining what

you are doing.
2. Work in front of the injured person where
possible and from the injured side if you can.
3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over
broken bones, but not so tight as to compromise
circulation below the site of the injury.
4. When wrapping bandages around an injured
person, use the body’s natural hollows such as
the knees, ankles, neck, and small of the back to
slide the bandages gently into place.
Mgmt
General Principles of Bandaging
5. Be aware that most injuries swell—check

regularly to ensure that the bandage is still
comfortable. Also check that the bandage
remains firmly secured, particularly if the
injured person has to move, as movement can
loosen the bandage.
6. Secure bandages with tape, clips, a bow, or a
square knot.
7. Make sure that bandages, especially knots, do
not press into the skin. Place padding between
the bandaging and the skin as necessary.
8. Assess circulation after bandaging
Mgmt
Triangle and Cravat Bandages
• Cotton cloth that can be substituted if roller

bandages not available
• First aid device, due to ease and speed of
application
• Primarily used for arm slings
– Cervical arm sling
– Shoulder arm sling
– Sling and swathe
Mgmt
Triangular &
Cravat
Bandages
Mgmt
Triangular Bandage for the
Head
Mgmt
Triangular Bandage for Foot,
Hand, or Finger
Mgmt
Cravat Bandage
• For elbow or knee
• For arm, forearm,

leg or thigh
Mgmt
Cravat Bandaging
• Immobilizing the shoulder
Mgmt
Arm Sling
• Immobilizing
fractured clavicle or
supporting injured
forearm
Mgmt
• Swathe bandage of
fractured rib victim
in which the arm of
the injured side is
strapped to the chest
to limit motion
Mgmt
Shoulder Arm Sling
• Forearm support
when a shoulder
girdle injury exists
• Also used when
cervical sling is
irritating
Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Emergency & Disaster Mgmt
ELASTIC BANDAGING
Mgmt
Roller Bandage (Elastic)
Mgmt
Bandaging
Mgmt
Circular turns
• Good for areas that require

pressure application
• Begin and end bandaging methods
using circular turns
Mgmt
Figure of 8 turns (Elbow,
Hand & Wrist)
Mgmt
Figure of 8 turns (Ankle)
Mgmt
Spiral Bandaging
Mgmt
Spiral Reverse Bandaging
Mgmt
Recurrent Bandaging on a Stump
Mgmt
Four-tailed Bandage
• A. Four-tailed
bandage;
• B. Four-tailed
bandage applied to
chin;
• C. Four-tailed
bandage applied to
nose
Mgmt
Barton Bandage
• Used for
fractures of the
lower jaw and to
retain compresses
to the chin.
PNA ER TOTS Prof BDE
Mgmt
Cravat (Modified Barton)
Bandage
Mgmt
Bandaging
• Butterfly bandage or
steri-strips
• An adhesive bandage
formerly used in
place of sutures to
hold wound edges
together
Mgmt
FOREIGN BODIES IN MINOR
WOUNDS
TREATMENT:
• Control bleeding by applying firm pressure on either
side of the object and by raising wounded part
• Cover the wound with gauze to minimise the risk of
infection
• Pad around the object until you can bandage over it
without pressing down
• Hold the padding in place while finishing the
bandaging
• If you cannot pad high enough, bandage around the
object
Mgmt
Splinting
• Prevent motion to injured part or adjacent

joints (immobilize)
• Apply splint
• Elevate involved extremity
Mgmt
Splinting Fractures
• Splint body part in position as found
• Prevent injured area from moving
• Check for circulation before and after

splinting
Mgmt
Splinting
Mgmt
Sprains
R. I.C.E.
• R = rest
• I = ice
• C = compress
• E = elevate
Mgmt
Pointers to be observed during
transfer:
• Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
• Hemorrhage is controlled
• Victim is safely maintained in the correct
position
• Regular check of the victim’s condition is
made.
• Supporting bandages and dressing remain
effectively applied.
Mgmt
Pointers to be observed during
transfer:
• The method of transfer is safe, comfortable
and as speedy as circumstances permit
• The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
• The taller first aiders stay at the head of the
victim.
• First aiders/bearers must observe
ergonomics in lifting and moving of patient.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
• RESCUE & TRANSFER
• Emergency rescue is a procedure
for moving a victim from a
dangerous location to a place of
safety
Handling Casualties
• The prime purpose of all rescue

work is to get the injured people out
of danger and to medical help as
quickly as possible.
When to Move Victims
• When there is Danger of:
– Fire
– Explosion
– Toxic gases
– Serious traffic hazards
– Risk of drowning
– Danger of electrocution
– Collapsing wall

Emergency Moves

Urgent Moves

Non-urgent Moves

Patient Positioning

Basic Considerations
• Nature and severity of injury
• Size of patient
• Physical capabilities of the
responder
• Number of personnel and equipment
• available
• Distance
• Sex
Body Mechanics
• The proper use of the body to facilitate

lifting and moving and prevent injury
• Considerations before lifting a patient

1) The object's size and weight
2) Your limitations
3) Communication with partner

Body Mechanics
• Shoulder girdle should be
aligned over the pelvis.
• Lifting should be done with
legs.
• Weight should be kept close
to the body.
• Grasp should be made with
palms up – power grip

• When lifting a patient-carrying device – use an even
number of people.
Methods of Transfer
• One rescuer technique • Two rescuers assist/carries
– Assist to walk – Assist to walk

– Pack strap carry – Four / three hand seat
– Piggy back carry – Hand as a litter
– Fireman’s carry – Carry by extremities
– Lovers carry – Chair as a litter
• Drag technique • Three/four/six rescuer

technique
– Fireman’s drag
– Blanket drag – Bearer alongside
– Hammock carry
– Blanket carry
– Improvised stretcher

Handling Casualties
One-rescuer methods
• Never move the casualty any
further than needed. Scan the
escape routes to determine the best
method and route to carry the
casualty.
• If you're alone and must move the
casualty quickly, try one of the
following rescue carries.

Handling Casualties
Human crutch
• This method is only
for casualties who
can help themselves.
It is an easy way to
move the less
seriously injured.
Mgmt
Assist to Walk
• Ma’am/Sir, I will assist

you to sit at the count
of three. Please
cooperate…One, two,
three…
or
• Ma’am/Sir, I will assist
you to stand/walk at the
count of three. Please
cooperate…One, two,
three…
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Drag carry
• This carry is used to drag a casualty who is
either lying on their back or in a sitting position.
• Ease your hands under the casualty's shoulders
and grasp the clothing on each side, support the
head between your forearms. Drag the casualty
backward only as far as necessary for his/her
safety. But be careful, make sure not to choke
the casualties when pulling on their clothing.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Blanket drag
• An alternate method to the drag carry where

the rescuer can use a blanket to support and
pull the casualty.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Pick-a-back
• Simply lift the
casualty from a
standing or sitting
position onto your
back. Don't try it if
the casualty is
unconscious or has
arm injuries.
Mgmt
Moving Victims – If Alone
• Lighter victim or child

– Cradle carry (responsive
or unresponsive victims)
– Piggyback carry
(responsive victim)
Mgmt
Moving Victims – If Alone
• Unresponsive victim
who cannot safely be
dragged
– Pack-strap carry
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Removal Downstairs
• Don't try this if you
suspect head or
spinal injuries or
broken limbs. Use a
mattress or rug
under the person if
one is available.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Firefighter's crawl
• Use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc
to tie the casualty's hands together and
place them around your neck. This way you
can move a person much heavier than
yourself.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
• Fireman’s carry
Mgmt
COMMAND USED IN 2 OR
MORE RESCUERS
Preparatory Executory
• Ready to kneel …….…………………… Kneel
• Hands over the patient………….. Move
• Ready to insert………………………….. Insert
• Patient on your knees, ready to lift ……... Lift
• Patient’s body press to the chest……… .. Press

Mgmt
• Preparatory Executory
• Ready to stand………………………………………. Stand
• Face the Leg/Head …………………………….. Move
• Ready to walk, inner foot first………… Walk
• Ready to stop…………………………….………… Stop
• Face center………………..………………………… Move
• On your knees and rest………….…………. Kneel
• Ready to unload………………..………………… Unload

Mgmt
HANDLING
CASUALTIES
Mgmt
Human Crutch/Two Persons
Drag
Unconscious victim
• With victim on the ground,
both rescuers on either side
of victim’s chest
• Rescuer’s hand nearest the
feet grabs victim’s wrist
• Rescuer’s other hand grasps
the clothing of the shoulder
nearest them
• Bring the victim into a sitting
position, supporting his back
with their leg nearest
victim’s shoulders
• Place victim’s arms over their
shoulders; grasp belt or
waistband of victim’s clothing
• Using their legs, stand with
the victim. Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in
Two-Rescuer Extremity Carry
• To carry a patient
down steps, the
forward rescuer
grasps patient’s legs
under the knees
while the rear
rescuer reaches
under patient’s
armpits from behind
to grasp the
patient’s forearms
Handling Casualties
Two-rescuer methods
• If there are two of you to
do the carrying, try one of
these emergency methods:
Chair lift
• The chair carry can be used
for a conscious or
unconscious casualty but not
for suspected head/spinal
injuries. For protection,
secure the casualty's hands
across his or her chest and,
if the casualty is
unconscious, secure the
person to the chair.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Two-hand seat carry
• Conscious casualty who
can neither walk nor
support the upper body.
• Make a hook with your
fingers by folding them
towards your palm and
grab onto your partner's
"hook". If you don't have
any gloves, use a piece of
cloth to protect your
hand from the other
person's nails. This is yet
another good reason to
wear gloves!
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
• Four-hand
seat carry
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Multi-rescuer methods
• If there are more than two of you to do the job, there
are a number of different methods that can be used to
carry casualties.
Blanket lift
• Don't use this lift if head/spinal injuries are suspected.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Three-person lift and
carry
• This is an excellent way
of lifting a badly hurt
person without
complicating most
injuries. The casualty
can be carried forward,
sideways or lowered
onto a stretcher.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
• Anytime a spinal injury is a possibility, the
patient should be wearing no matter what
type of carrying device you're using a
cervical collar
Improvised stretchers
• Improvise one by using a tabletop, door,
two rigid poles and a blanket or clothing.
Don't use non-rigid stretchers for
casualties with suspected head or spinal
injuries.
Mgmt
Handling Casualties
Blanket and poles stretcher
• Place the blanket flat on the
ground and place a pole one-
third of the way from the
end. Fold the one-third
length of the blanket over
the pole.
• Place the second pole parallel
to the first so that it is on
the doubled part of the
blanket, about 15 cm (6 in)
from the doubled edge.
• Fold the remaining blanket
over the two poles. The
casualty's weight on the
blanket holds the folds in
place.
http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/em/gds/brs-eng.aspx
Mgmt
Patient Transfer
• Move patient to edge

of bed or stretcher
before transfer
• Make sure wheels of
beds are locked
• Use blanket or draw
sheet or transfer
board
• Apply good body
mechanics
Mgmt
References
• http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14295
/index.htm
• 2007 National Safety Council. Moving and
Lifting Patients. McGraw-Hill Companies
• http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/em/gds/br
s-eng.aspx
• www.21gts.com | Heng Ee Scout. (2009)
Mgmt
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
Mgmt

Session 2d Basic Bandaging and Transfer Techni

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EMERGENCY BASIC

Asst. Prof. Bettina D. Evio, MAN, RN

First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment

• Running end: the end you

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency &

Reef knot or Square

• A useful knot for

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in Emergency &

1. Work with the injured person, explaining what

5. Be aware that most injuries swell—check

• Cotton cloth that can be substituted if roller

• For arm, forearm,

• Immobilizing the shoulder

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

• Good for areas that require

• Prevent motion to injured part or adjacent

• Elevate involved extremity

• Splint body part in position as found

• Prevent injured area from moving

• Check for circulation before and after

• The prime purpose of all rescue

• When there is Danger of:

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

• The proper use of the body to facilitate

• Considerations before lifting a patient

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

– Assist to walk – Assist to walk

• Drag technique • Three/four/six rescuer

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

Asst. Prof. BDE, PNA Training for Nurses in

• Ma’am/Sir, I will assist

• An alternate method to the drag carry where

• Lighter victim or child

• Ready to kneel …….…………………… Kneel

• Hands over the patient………….. Move

• Ready to insert………………………….. Insert

• Patient on your knees, ready to lift ……... Lift

• Patient’s body press to the chest……… .. Press

• Ready to stand………………………………………. Stand

• Face the Leg/Head …………………………….. Move

• Ready to walk, inner foot first………… Walk

• Ready to stop…………………………….………… Stop

• Face center………………..………………………… Move

• On your knees and rest………….…………. Kneel

• Ready to unload………………..………………… Unload

• Move patient to edge

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