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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY - CAVITE

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION

SYSTEM IN BATAS , SILANG CAVITE

A Research Submitted to the

College of Engineering, Architecture and Computer Studies

Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

BY

SAMUEL BAFFOUR-AWUAH

ALAIN CHRISTIAN M. QUAN

JOHN CARLO P. ZAFRA

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, coals or natural gas-fired plants isn’t enough to provide our sufficient needs

for the increasing demand of electrical power. This is why renewable resources like solar,

wind, hydro, thermal and other sources are a necessary to our growing economy.

Renewables play a vital role in generating the needed electricity which maybe used in

many ways. The demand of the usage of the electricity increases in parallel with the

number of population of the community. As we adopt the renewable energy resources,

the system facilities as well as the grid operators are tasked with integrating distributed

energy into the mix without affecting the steady flow of the electric power demands of

the customer.

On the other hand, renewables have not always been efficient, reliable, and secure. For

example, usually there are three most important things used for renewable energy

namely: sun, wind and rain. All of these elements provide energy but they also create

challenges for the utilities and system operators. This is because of the basic weather

conditions which greatly affects the ability to collect this energy.

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However, methods and technical solutions have been established to help integrate higher

penetrations of the renewable sources. The researchers found potential place of interest to

further study for more variety of operational and strategic ways of handling the

additional supply-side variability and uncertainties the renewable sources are causing and

to find ways on how to mitigate the significant up and down ramps in power generation.

Therefore, the study will be conducted to evaluate on how the renewable sources cause

the uncertainties into the grid and how to resolve the significant variabilities of the

supply-side in power generation.

Background of the Study

Philippines is home to abundant solar, wind, thermal and other renewable energy

(RE) sources that contribute to ensure a sustainaible, sufficient, accessible, secure and

affordable energy. As of now, there are numbers of utilities which adopts the concept of

production with the use of renewables. At some point, the electricity generation of

renewable sources will keep increasing due to the increasing population as well as the

demand for a growing and progressing economy. And for that reason, energy caused by

the solar, wind, and other renewables increase variability and uncertainties in the power

system, significant generation from theses resources necessitates an evolution in power

system planning and operation.

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In September 2018, the Philippines Department of Energy (PDOE) issued a

Department Circular on the “Establishment and Development of Competitive Renewable

Energy Zones in the Country,” which formalizes the process of identifying renewable

energy zones (REZs) that help the country’s power transmission development connect to

areas with excellent renewable energy resources. The process also served as a valuable

guide for the for the planned approach in integrating the generated renewable energy into

the transmission expansion.

Philippine Department of Energy (PDOE) and the U.S. Agency for International

Development (USAID), a modeling team consisting of representatives from NREL,

PDOE, the Grid Management Committee and the National Grid Corporation of the

Philippines (NGCP) lead in producing a study entitled “Greening the Grid: Solar and

Wind integration Study for the Luzon-Visayas System of the Philippines”. In order to

explore a variety of questions about the operational impacts and effects of reaching high

levels of solar and wind energy in the power system, the system used advanced weather

and power system modeling. The study also examining the implication of achieving 30%

and 50% renewable energy targets in the Luzon-Visayas power system, which is the

largest integrated grid in the Philippines, planned for 2030. (greeningthegrid.org)

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Due to the instances mentioned above, the researchers have conducted an ocular

inspection in Batas Silang Cavite and further gathered datum that can cater the problems

of the farmers. The researchers have found out that there is a stream and river near the

farm which can provide the farm’s water requirement.

Objectives of the Study

The study entitled Development of a Solar Powered Irrigation System to design an

effective irrigation system powered by solar panels in Batas Silang Cavite.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Design and install the solar panel as a source of power for motor.

2. Design an irrigation system with pump mechanism.

3. Determine the amount/volume of water needed for 0.5 hectare.

4. Test and validate the irrigation system.

Operational Framework

The block diagram below will show the inputs, processes and outputs of the Solar

Powered Irrigation. The Inputs show what will be needed to start the main process.

Process, shows the system operations after putting the inputs, and finally, the Output for

the actual project outcome.

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Hardware Requirements: Hardware Development:


- Solar Panel - Design
- Piping system - Electric “Development of a
- Water pump configuration Solar Powered
- Battery - Fabrication Irrigation System in
- Charge controller - Assembly Batas, Silang Cavite”
- DC motor - Finalization
Testing
Evaluation
Validation

Figure 1.1 Operational Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

The Solar Powered Irrigation system was designed not just to create an irrigation

system but to help farmers who are most in need. At the same time, it will promote the

use renewable energy.

Enviroment.

This study will promote a renewable technology and will lessen the pollution.

Farmers.

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This study will provide an alternative solution to lessen their expenses and to have

a modernized irrigation system and water supply. This will also give them knowledge

about the use of renewable energy.

Local Government.

This study will be an eye-opener to the local government to invest to low budget

type yet a long-term use for irrigation.

Future Researchers.

This study may be a reference to other researchers who are conducting and

planning to conduct a study that is related and connected with development of irrigation

system using solar energy. This will serve a guide for future innovations.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study only resolves around the Development of a Solar

Powered Irrigation System. The project incorporates solar panels as the main source of

power for the motor with the aid of a charge controller and also as a charger for the

batteries. River and stream water will be the source of water to irrigate the 0.5 hectare

farm. It will be the source to water the crops by using a submersible pump. Water will be

directed into the crops that can finally be the source of irrigation when there is no rain.

Weather related issues will not be discussed.

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The project is limited in terms of the maximum of water to be irrigate to the crops

(rice, corn and peanuts) but using the rice for the computation of flow rate. According to

the Department of Agriculture-Philippine Rice Research Institute (DA-PhilRice) most of

farmers use 120Kg seeds per hectare. And so we calculated the 5000L per 1Kg of rice

seed and there having ½ hecare will be only being up to around 300000 Liters per 60kg

of rice seeds. Water input is only designed for irrigating the ½ hectare farm. Commercial

use of water should be avoided to an efficient output and also, for the machine long term

efficiency. The irrigation system will be manually operated and it will be available

anytime if there is sunlight and the battery can serve as a system back up.

Definition of Terms

The following are the definition of terms to be use in the present study:

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Solar Energy. It is any type of energy generated by the sun. its created by nuclear fusion

that takes the place In the sun (National Geographic, 2012).

Irrigation System. It is defined as the action of applying water to land to supply crops

and other plants with sufficient water (Chait, 2017).

Solar Power. A renewable and sustainable energy source and can be used around the

world to generate electricity for a number of different purposes (Lake, 2011). It is

the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Solar Power will be used to charge the

battery for later use and for the whole system to work.

Pump. A machine used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer the liquid from one

point to another point of higher energy level (Mandawe, 2009).

Rice Paddy. An irrigated or flooded field where the rice is grown. (Collins Dictionary,

2017)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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Conceptual Literature

Solar Energy

The amount of solar energy reaching the earth is more than 10,000 times the

current consumption by man. This resource is larger than all the alternative power

sources currently available. With the rapidly growing population of mankind, the

anticipated depletion of fossil fuels, the dangers associated with pollution such as acid

rain and global warming and the hazards associated with using nuclear power generation,

this resource can no longer be ignored. (Reddy, 2008)

As with all energy resources, solar equipment must be designed to accommodate

characteristics inherent of the resource. This means that it takes large installations to

generate meaningful amounts of electricity. With three designs are in use: photovoltaics,

parabolic troughs, and central receivers with each one creates its own unique energy

landscapes. (Stremke & Dobbelsteen, 2013)

Solar energy comes from an abundant source, and is available in direct form as

solar radiation and in indirect form as wind, biomass, etc. The sun deposits 120,000 TW

of radiation on the surface of the earth. So, there is clearly enough solar power available

if an efficient means of harnessing solar energy is developed. The total energy needed by

the humans in 2020 is projected to be 20 TW. The current biggest drawback of wider

usage of PV (photovoltaic) is the higher price of the electricity produced about 4 – 8€/

Wp (Sinke et al. 2007) which is not competitive with the commercial grid – electricity.

However, it is expected to fall progressively and reach around 2-4 €/ Wp by 2015(Sinke

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et al. 2007), and the competitive price for the whole of Europe and grid parity’ will be

attained in 2020. The current high price of electricity from solar cells is, however,

compensated by the positive effects achieved by this ecologically friendly as well as the

necessity to replace fossil fuel (Reddy, 2012).

Irrigation

Water is essential to plant growth & for millenniums. Successful farmers have

used different methods to apply water to their crops. This artificial addition of water is

called irrigation. Irrigation is essentially the artificial application of water to overcome

deficiencies in rainfall for growing crops (Cantor, 1967).

Irrigation is a basic factor of agriculture because its inadequacies can be large

constraints on the increase of agricultural production. In traditional agriculture, irrigation

was recognized for its protective role of insurance against the vagaries of rainfall &

drought. Today, implementation of high yielding varieties, chemical fertilization &

multiple cropping highly used controlled irrigation for increasing productivity.

Factors in choosing the irrigation system

Choosing an irrigation system and water management should be made in the

biggest context as it impacts on all phases of the farming enterprise. Maximization of

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productivity per unit of land at the expense of water use efficiency may reduce overall

farm productivity if additional unirrigated land is available.

The choice of irrigation can be based on two ways: a.) historical preference; and

b.) scientific investigation. If a scientific investigation is to be used, it must include all

aspects of the venture from crop initiation to harvesting, processing and marketing. An

irrigation system can have a significant economic effect on all phases of production. The

best selection should result in an overall optimization of returns from the farming

enterprises (WP Law, 2016).

Below are the 5 factors to consider in irrigation system selection:

Soil type. The type of soil in an area can affect not only the type irrigation method used

but also the irrigation run times. Sandy soils typically require frequent applications of

water at a high rate to keep moisture in the root zone. Tighter clay soils can hold moisture

longer that sandy soils, but may require frequent applications at a lower rate to prevent

runoff.

Land topography. Hilly or sloping land can be a challenge. Drip irrigation works well if

the laterals can be run along topographic lines. System run times may need to be adjusted

to prevent runoff. Travelers and center pivot systems are usually out of the question on

hilly and severely sloping land.

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Local weather patterns. For example, sprinklers are less desirable in areas where high

winds are common and in arid areas with a low humidity since water losses due to

evaporation can be extremely high. Drip irrigation works well in both of these situations.

Type of crops grown. Sprinkler and drip systems can require high levels of investment.

For this reason, it’s better to reserve their use for high-value crops like vegetables, small

fruits and orchard crops rather than applying them to commodity crops like wheat and

soybeans.

Water quality. All drip irrigation systems require some type of filtration. Overhead

systems such as sprinklers seldom require filtration. Irrigation water should be tested for

water borne pathogens. Depending on the crop grown and irrigation method used

chlorine injection may be required. Other water quality issues that may be of a concern

include levels of soluble iron and other dissolved minerals.

Types of Irrigation System

There are three broad classes of irrigation systems: pressurized distribution;

gravity flow distribution; and drainage flow distribution. The pressurized systems contain

sprinkler, trickle, and the array of similar systems in which water is conveyed to and

distributed over the farmland through pressurized pipe networks. Gravity flow systems

convey and distribute water at the field level by a free surface, overland flow regime.

These surface irrigation methods are also subdivided according to configuration and

operational characteristics. Irrigation by control of the drainage system, sub irrigation, is

not common but is interesting conceptually. Relatively large volumes of applied

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irrigation water percolate through the root zone and become a drainage or groundwater

flow. By controlling the flow at critical points, it is possible to raise the level of the

groundwater to within reach of the crop roots. These individual irrigation systems have a

variety of advantages and applications which are beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice

it to say that one should be familiar with each to satisfy best the needs of irrigation

projects likely to be of interest during their formulation.

Irrigation systems are often designed to maximize efficiencies and minimize labor

and capital requirements. The most effective management practices are dependent on the

type of irrigation system and its design. For example, management can be influenced

using automation, the control of or the capture and reuse of runoff, field soil and

topographical variations and the existence and location of flow measurement and water

control structures. Questions that are common to all irrigation systems are when to

irrigate, how much to apply, and can the efficiency be improved. Many considerations

must be considered in the selection of an irrigation system. These will vary from location

to location, crop to crop, year to year, and farmer to farmer. In general, these

considerations will include the compatibility of the system with other farm operations,

economic feasibility, topographic and soil properties, crop characteristics, and social

constraints (Walker and Skogerboe, 1987).

Localized irrigation is a process of applying water that results in wetting only a

small area of the soil surface and sometimes only part of the root zone. Water us applied

near the base of the plant is that the application is concentrated in the root zone. Water is

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generally applied at a low flow rate, in small amounts, and frequently. The application

devices may be small tubes, orifice, nozzles, or perforated pipes. The water maybe either

be applied above or below the soil surface. The main components of a localized irrigation

system are the water supply, the infiltration system, main lines, sub-main lines, laterals,

and distributors.

Surface Irrigation

Surface Irrigation stands for a large group of irrigation methods in which water is

distributed by gravity over the surface of the field. Water is typically introduced at the

highest point or along the edge of a field, which allows covering the field by overland

flow. Historically, surface irrigation has been the most common method of irrigating

agricultural land. The defining feature of surface irrigation methods is that the soil is used

as the transport medium (as opposed to pipelines).

Surface irrigation methods contain two basic categories: ponding (surface water

pooled in a puddle) and moving water. The moving water methods require some runoff or

ponding to guarantee adequate infiltration at the lower end of the field. The soil type

controls the length of run and the depth of infiltrated over time. The better quality of the

soil is the less is the necessary runoff and the better infiltration into the soil and therefore

the use of the crops. Due to ponding however, it is important not to irrigate the crops

during the day but in the early morning or at night to avoid water loss due to evaporation.

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Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of providing rainfall-like irrigation to the crops.

Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. Spray heads at the

outlets distribute the water over the entire soil surface. Sprinklers provide efficient

coverage for small to large areas and are suitable for all types of crops. Furthermore, they

can easily clog with the presence of sediment or debris and large systems incur high

capital costs.

Drip Irrigation

Sometimes called Trickle irrigation, water took under pressure through a pipe

system to the fields, where it drips slowly onto the soil through drippers which are

positioned close to the plants. This can be efficient method of irrigation because only

the immediate root zone of each plant is wetted. Drip irrigation can be a very

technical irrigation system for food or plant production fields. But compared to other

technical systems, it is a low-technique

Drip irrigation requires little water compared to other irrigation methods. About

40-80 liters per day are needed per 100-200 plants. The small amount of water

reduces weed growth and limits the leaching of plant nutrients down in the soil. In

organic fertilizer or urine tea can be applied efficiently to the plants through the drip

system.

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Materials in creating Solar Powered Irrigation System

Solar Panels

The heart of a solar electric system is the solar panel itself. Solar panels or

photovoltaic solar panels generate electricity from the sun. the more powerful the sun’s

energy, the more power you get, although solar panel continue to generate small amounts

of electricity in the shade. Solar panels can be linked together to create a solar array.

Connecting multiple panels together allows you to produce a higher current or to run at a

higher voltage:

Connecting the panels in series allows a solar array to run at a higher voltage.

Typically, 24 volts or 48volts in a stand-alone system, or up to several hundred volts in a

grid-tie system. Connecting the panels in parallel allows a solar array to produce more

power while maintaining the same voltage as the individual panels. When you connect

multiple panels together, the power of the overall system increases, irrespective of

whether they are connected in series or in parallel (Boxwell, 2012).

Battery

Solar energy is stored in ‘deep cycle’ lead acid batteries. These look like car

batteries but have a different internal design. This design allows them to be heavily

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discharged and recharged several hundred times over. Most lead acid batteries are 6-volt

or 12-volt batteries and, like solar panels, these can be connected to form a larger battery

bank. Like solar panels, multiple batteries used in series increase the capacity and the

voltage of a battery bank. Multiple batteries connected in parallel increase the capacity

whilst keeping the voltage the same (Boxwell, 2012)

Controller

Charge controllers block reverse current and prevent battery overcharge. Some

controllers also prevent battery over discharge, protect from electrical overload, and/or

display battery status and the flow of power (wholesalesolar.com).

Water pump

A renewable pump is like a standard pump. But, the motor on a renewable pump

must be able to handle the power from solar panels or a windmill rather than from the

usual power grid. A solar panel produces DC power. The more energy from the sun, the

more power the panels will produce. An inverter, or converter, converts DC to AC. This

power is also dependent on sunlight radiation: the more radiation, the higher the voltage.

The converter also links a frequency to the AC voltage, ensuring that the proportion of

voltage and frequency remains constant. The output is identical to the output from a

standard VFD, except for the lower voltage. A special function of the inverter is to

monitor its own power generation and make sure it runs at maximum always. This is

called ‘maximum power point tracking’, and is done several times per second (Grundfos).

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These are the different types of water pump use in irrigation:

Displacement pump

These pumps move water by displacement. Examples are piston pumps,

diaphragm pumps, roller-tubes, and rotary pumps. Piston Displacement Pumps are pumps

you operate by moving a long lever up and down. Usage for a displacement pump would

be when you need to move very thick liquids, create very precise flow volumes, or create

extremely high pressures (sprinklerwarehouse.com).

Submersible Pump

Pumps that are completely installed under water. These are a single unit with a

pump and electric motor. The main purpose is to be installed in a well, but they can be

installed on the bottom of a lake or stream if placed on their side or mounted to a pier. No

need to prime these pumps due to them already being under water. If they aren't installed

in a well they need to be placed into a special pump and this may be necessary when

placed into a well. The sleeve helps to keep the motor cool by moving the water flow

over the motor. The pump would burn up without the sleeve. Since the power cord runs

down to the pump it is extremely important to take safety precautions to prevent damage.

Boats, alligators, and debris are common examples of possible hazards to your power

cord.

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Centrifugal Pump

The centrifugal pump has a stationary part and a rotating part. The rotating part is

called the impeller. The impeller has a number of vanes which force the water to rotate

and creates flow. The stationary part is called the pump housing, or pump bowl. The bowl

also has a number of vanes called guide vanes. Their function is to stop the water’s

rotation and to convert the energy in the rotation to pressure (Grundfos). This particular

pump uses an impeller (rotating part that transmits motion in a device) which spins the

water rapidly in a casing, chamber, or housing. The spinning action is known as

centrifugal force. This force is responsible for moving the water through the pump. These

pumps may have several stages which the water passes through the different stages

increasing pressure. These pumps must have water in the intake pipe and the casing

before starting the pump. It is imperative that you prime these pumps before the first use.

This is done by filling the case with water, then quickly turning the pump on. This pump

sucks water not air so you must have water in the pump to enable the water to move into

the pump. You don't have to prime the pump before every usage because it has a small

valve that holds the water (sprinklerwarehouse.com).

Steel Pipe

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Steel pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of

circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquid and

gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural

applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members

(powersteel.com).

Volume Flow Rate

Volume flow rate is the volume of the liquid that passes through a given surface

per unit time. It is the product of the area and the velocity of the liquid.

Q = AV

Where:

Q = volume flow rate

V = velocity of the flow

A = area of flow

Hydraulic or Water Power

Hydraulic or water power is the theoretical power necessary to raise a given

volume of liquid from a lower to a higher elevation.

Pw = γQH

Where:

Pw = hydraulic or water power

Q = volume flow rate

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H = total head

Irrigation scheduling for rice crop.

Table 2.1 Water Requirement of rice crop at different growth stages:

Stages of Growth Water Requirement (L) Total% of water needed

Nursery 15,000 5

Main field preparation 60,000 20

Planting to panicle 120,000 40


initiation (PI)
PI to flowering 90,000 30

Flowering to maturity 15,000 5

Total 300,000 100.0

(Source: agropedia.irrigation water management in rice paddy, 2009).

Table 2.2 No. of irrigation times for rice crops:

Days No. of irrigation Water needed (L)


1-25 5-7 15,000

25 - -

28 - -

29-50 6 60,000

51-70 12 120,000

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70-105 18 105,000

Total 43 300,000

(Source: agropedia.irrigation water management in rice paddy, 2009).

Related Studies

Irrigation System in the Philppines

A plan to use solar powered irrigation system in the Cordillera has been initiated

by the Department of Agriculture (DA). The solar power system is being planned for

areas that don’t have irrigation system with a capacity to pump from 400 to 1,000 gallons

of water a day for up to 150 hectares of rice farm. DA-OIC Regional Director Lorenzo

Caranguian said based on Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA) data, Abra had the

highest rice area in the region but only 44 percent is fully serviced by an irrigation

system. With this, Caranguian wants to introduce the solar powered irrigation system to

the province adding he was searching for an area to serve as a pilot beneficiary for this

system. Caranguian challenged farmers to increase the rice area in Abra and can serve as

their counterpart in the DA’s quest of achieving sufficient rice supply for the country

adding there is some 2500 hectares that can be tapped for production purposes in the

province alone. (Sunstar, 2017)

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The need for a proper irrigation system in Philippines the Irrigation is also a great

necessity for many Filipinos who has regarded agriculture as the foundation of their lives.

Data from the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) show that the country has about

10.3mn ha of agricultural lands. Out of this, around 3.1 million ha are considered

irrigable, with up to three per cent slope and primarily devoted to rice and corn. But a

recent study by the World Bank revealed that about 6.1 million ha as irrigable, including

areas that are relatively more difficult to irrigate and up to eight per cent slope.

As of December 2009, NIA record shows that about 1.54 million ha of the 3.1

million ha have been developed for irrigation. In the last two years, NIA, in its website,

has not released any figures to confirm if these areas or more have indeed been irrigated.

But judging from agriculture’s performance from 2010-2011 wherein productivity

growth was not sustained, a perceptible factor might be the lack of adequate irrigation

systems in the countryside.

According to NIA, there are three types of irrigation systems in the country:

national irrigation systems (NIS), communal irrigation systems (CIS) and private

irrigation systems (PIS). The NIS are large and medium irrigation schemes basically

operated and maintained by NIA where beneficiaries are charged with irrigation service

fee for the services rendered in the delivery of water. In the 1980s, joint management of

portions of national systems with irrigators (IA) took effect.

CIS are small-scale schemes and constructed with the participation of farmer-

beneficiaries thru their IAs. The operation and maintenance of CIS is turned over to IAs

upon project completion subject to a cost recovery arrangement. Farmers amortize the

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chargeable cost for a period not exceeding 50 years at zero per cent interest. The

repayment scheme is pre-arranged and acceptable to both NIA and the IA.

PIS are those constructed, operated and maintained by private individuals or

groups without technical assistance by NIA or other government agencies.

NIA has also three categories of irrigation development schemes and these are: run-of-

the-river diversion, storage or reservoir and pump irrigation. The run-of-the-river

diversion entails the drawing of water under controlled conditions directly from the flow

of rivers or streams. Storage or reservoir projects involve the construction of storage

dams to impound water and released as needed to be drawn from a diversion dam

downstream. Reservoir projects are usually multi-purpose to include other functions like

power generation, flood control, fishery and recreation. In pump projects, water is lifted

from underground or from rivers and streams. Pump systems are also common in some

storage or diversion schemes to lift water to irrigate areas on higher elevation or pump

groundwater to supplement available supply from the river. Environmental protection and

conservation is a key consideration in the design of these various schemes.

While the government’s efforts through NIA to irrigate all farmlands are highly

lauded, their actions are seemingly not enough in providing water, particularly in remote

communities. In a study by Jayson Cainglet, lead facilitator of the regional work in the

Asia Pacific of the Agribusiness Action Initiatives, NIA’s irrigation development hardly

moved and has not even reached 50 per cent.

The Asian Development Bank – one of the country’s major sponsors in

establishing irrigation facilities – cited some factors. First is the overoptimistic system

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development assumption where designed service areas tend to be larger than available

water resources. ADB says limited hydrological records do not allow data-based

hydrological analysis on water availability such as farmers much as want to convert

lands, shortage of resources and value of existing crops have halted the development of

these lands. Second is the inadequate operation, maintenance (O&M) and limited farmer

participation. Limited O&M result in deteriorating canals and structures as well as silted

and defective diversion works. According to ADB, O&M costs are expected to be

covered by irrigation service fees, but collection efficiency is very low. The institution

also said most O&M funding is utilised for NIA personnel and little remains for O&M.

Third is deterioration of existing systems. Many of the irrigation facilities, built

after NIA has been established in 1963, are aging and have accumulated damage through

natural calamities such as that they are not able to fulfill the expected functions. ADB

says most of these systems now require comprehensive and systematic upgrading to bring

them to full operating status. (Delmo, 2013)

Studies about Solar Powered Pump

According to the study entitled Solar Powered Irrigation conducted by N’dunga,

Omoga and Angonte, the role of smallholder irrigation in poverty reduction has not been

studied extensively in sub-Saharan Africa. However, extension workers in Kakamega

have been guiding the farmers of Ingotse on farming using the small-scale irrigation

system. The farmers plant their staple food (mainly maize and beans) during the long

rainy season. If there is a shortage of rainfall in the area, the farmers use irrigation. The

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farmers were advised to carry out vegetable production all year round using the available

water resource from the borehole; surplus produce was to be sold at the local market.

This was effective in increasing both household savings and the intake of certain

nutrients like vitamins A and C and decreased the incidence of emaciation among adults

and older children. More funds were acquired from selling surplus vegetables at the

market to buy alternative foods. More recently, extension workers have been encouraging

some farmers in the community to consider adopting drip irrigation systems – using low-

pressure drip irrigation kits that require only 1 m of pressure to irrigate plots of up to 4

ha. Research indicates that drip irrigation is highly recommended as a mode of irrigation

in sub-Saharan Africa, it delivers water and in some cases fertilizer directly to the roots of

plants, thereby improving soil moisture conditions. Some studies have shown that this has

resulted in yield gains of up to 100%, water savings of up to 40–80% and associated

fertilizer, pesticide and labor savings over conventional irrigation systems.s

This study shows that using a particular pump in a drip irrigation system can

supply about 4 hectares of farmland.

Additionally, according to the study conducted by emCon consulting group

between diesel water pumps and photovoltaic pumps in Namibia,. resource. It is possible

to change the irradiation levels between 5 and 7kWh/m2/day and to introduce a tracking

array for modelling specific locations as well as the use of a passive or active tracking

array. The cost model increases/decreases the array size proportionally for

decreased/increased irradiance levels. This is therefore a linear adjustment and the error

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introduced through the non-linear efficiency changes of the PVP is minor since only a

16%variation is allowed. The use of a tracker similarly reduces the required array size to

pump the daily water requirements since the tracker has extended operating hours at peak

sun conditions. Higher irradiance levels and tracking would increase the daily flowrate

however, the daily flowrate and the head form the basis of the comparison between PVP

and DP and can therefore not be changed. Moreover the study shows that Namibian water

supply needs stand to benefit from converting to solar pv water pumping in cases where:

• Water depth is less than 120m and the hydraulic load is less than 4,000m4/day.

• Water depth is less than 200m and the hydraulic load is less than 500m4/day.

The years to breakeven between PVP and DP systems are:

• With immediate effect for PVPs operating below 250m4/day,

• Less than one year for PVPs operating below 500m4/day,

• Less than 2.5 years for PVPs operating below 1,000m4/day,

• Less than 6 years for PVPs operating below 2,000m4/day, and

• Less than 8 years for PVPs operating below 4,000m4/day and below 120m head.

General application issues result in exceptions such as, for example:

• where the water requirements are seasonal or

• where the diesel engine/generator has a multifunction use, e.g. at a farming

homestead or

• where the diesel engine must be moved to other boreholes at various intervals or

• where a fully operational wind pump is backed-up by a diesel engine/generator, it is

unlikely that the PVP option will present a viable alternative.

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The main barriers identified are:

• Theft is probably the single largest barrier to widespread use of PVPs. The bulk of the

capital cost of a PVP system rests in the photovoltaic modules which are often difficult to

protect. In a diesel water pumping system, the majority of the cost goes into infrastructure

development and heavy materials (foundations, rising main pipes, element).

• The second major barriers to use of PVPs are perceptions that the cost of solar PV water

pumping is higher than diesel water pumps.

• Dependence on specialized services which are possibly only available in Windhoek -or

discomfort with the technology (high tech). Support for the diesel engine is either locally

available or in the vicinity – that gives users a higher water supply security.

• Many users perceive the PVP option to be inflexible to fluctuating water demands and

seasonal variations and are therefore not aware of hybrid options for PVP (users are

aware of the hybrid option between wind and diesel).

The key findings of this study are:

• Technology developments have now provided products which can be described as the

optimal system for the average borehole conditions:

Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Pumps with Solar Pumps

o Low maintenance requirements (3 to 5 years),

o Reliable operation,

o Simple installation,

o Efficient pumping component combinations, such as brushless permanent

magnet motors in conjunction with helical rotor pumps,

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• The capital cost of commercially installed PVP is like the capital cost of commercially

installed DP up to the pumping limit of 250 m4/day. The higher capital cost of the

renewable energy option is therefore not applicable under these

conditions.

• The future regarding diesel is full of possibilities in terms of bio-fuel developments, but

it is important to consider the following in terms of fossil sourced diesel:

o The cost of diesel will most likely rise due to growing demand, peak oil (whether fear

or reality), war over oil and possible future carbon levies/penalties. Transporting diesel

fuel to a remote site and using diesel/petrol in the process will represents a double impact

from increased fuel prices.

o Diesel supply insecurities are likely to increase due to growing world demand, supply

chain bottlenecks and limited refinery capacity among others. The year2006 is a case in

point where energy shortages were experienced in theSADC region simultaneously

(electricity, diesel and LP Gas). (emCon Consulting Group, 2006)

The study of solar based irrigation system in Bangladesh by Haque and Hakim ,

stated they used a water pump of 35 W which can produce 0.01 m3 of water in 4 hrs,

concluding when the water pump ran 8 hrs it can supply ample amount of water for 2870

sq. meters of land. From their analysis it has been identified that solar irrigation system is

feasible for small pumps for surface water irrigation. It is also seen that after 6 years the

project seems to become a way of income to the poor as it generates cash flows. The

project would have been more profitable and feasible if the same system integral with a

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battery could be used to generate electricity during rainy season, as there is plenty of

natural water for irrigation.

SYNTHESIS

The idea of this irrigation system with solar photovoltaic technology is to make

use of free energy in helping the farmers. Over the study that were conducted by other,

the researchers see that there are factors considered in having an irrigation system. The

researchers also see the opportunity to use renewable energy to reduce the use of diesel

motor and the paid electricity. Also, the cost in the long run shall be good by the use of

solar panels over other. Different materials shall be considered to have this solar powered

irrigation system effective.

Renewable energy in the Philippines is also growing. Many wind farms and solar

farms are now operating that are supplying large community. This study can be done by

selecting a well-suited area that will fit the technology to its needs, to generate an power

for the irrigation system needed by the farm.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This Chapter presents a reliable data about the project thesis’ research and

construction methods. Resulting from the initial compilation of project-related data and

studies of irrigation system, into its actual construction, application and testing; create the

solar powered irrigation system, and produce a irrigation in rice paddy from river and

stream water for the farmers of Batas Silang Cavite.

Research Design

This research will use the experimental design because the researchers will study

the future on what will happen when variables are carefully controlled and manipulated.

The researchers will also conduct an experiment to determine if the converted energy

from the sunlight is sufficient enough to power the irrigation system load. This initial part

of this research was to study the principles of Solar Power Irrigation System. The design

of the project will be made by the researchers and it was constructed with the help of

expert people. The Solar Power Irrigation System in this research needs to consider the

different requirement like water requirements for what purpose the water will be used,

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daily water requirements, monthly season variation. And the location for the solar

pumping system like where location for solar pumping system, location of the solar panel

and potential source of shading. The water sources like what is the type of water sources

(a bore, dam, or river), the recovery rate of the proposed water source, the depth of the

water source and the distance of the possible water source from the ground. And Water

delivery the location which the water will be pumped to such as a storage tank or directly

throughs, the vertical lift between the pump and the water delivery point and the length of

the route between the pump and the water delivery point.

In scientific studies, experimental design is the gold standard of research designs.

This methodology relies on random assignment and laboratory controls to ensure the

most valid, reliable results. Although researchers recognize that correlation does not

mean causation, experimental designs produce the strongest, most valid results (Hall,

2017).

This study, the Irrigation system: Development of a Irrigation System

Incorporating Solar Power to the pump to producewater for the farmers in Batas Silang

Cavite, requires Experimental Methodology for its possible environmental impacts to the

beneficiaries. The Review research design is also used since this project is a

development of past project studies. References are used in order to be informed on

recommendations and facts made by the previous researchers.

The Research Designs chosen for this study will help the researchers to attain the

stated objectives, and also, to provide reliability and validity. Furthermore, be able to

create an approach to lend a hand to other people in a small, but helpful way, through

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lessening those communities who are deprived of having irrigation water, through this

project.

Site Assessment

Design and Computation

Material Selection

Installing Solar Powered Irrigation System in Batas,


Silang Cavite

Testing

No

Evaluation

Yes

0
Interpretation of Results
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Conclusion and Recommendation

Figure 3.1 Process Flow

Project Construction Procedure

Site plan location

The site of the irrigation system is at Batas Silang cavite, because it is highly

elevated and far from the irrigation system of the government. In that case installation of

water system is not applicable and ideal. Electricity supply is also not ideal because its

too expensive. Farmers are relying on the conventional way of cultivating plants which is

the rainwater system from June to early January. Their rice production will be stop

temporarily as well as their incomes. This happens every single year and is already a

cycle.

Site Assessment

Assessment of the location to determine the flow rate needed to irrigate the 1ha

rice farm and if the land or soil can be drilled down for the source of water and to check

the availability of sunlight during day.

Flowrate

Based on the theoretical computation for the farm in Batas Silang Cavite, the

required flow rate is 0.33 L/s.

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Calculate the required parameters.

 Water usage. Determine the required water for the area to be irrigated.

According to the Agropedia Paddy crop is strongly influenced by water supply.

Water should be kept standing in the field throughout the growth period.

The following is the required water for the Rice paddy:

o Daily consumptive use of rice is 6-10mm

o Total water requirement of rice is 1200 – 1400mm

o 5000 liters of water required to grow 1kg of rice seed

 Flow rate. Determining the required flow rate to irrigate the 0.5 hectare.

Selecting the Materials to be used.

 Water pump selection. The researchers use dc submersible pump rated 120W

,24 V. This pump will be connected to the battery and to the controller.

Figure 3.2 Submersible Pump

 Solar Panel Selection. 1 – 250W Monocrystalline Panel will be used in this

project. With this amount of solar panel, it can suffice a running motor rated

120W.

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Figure 3.3 Solar Panel

 Battery. Lead acid is suitable for storing solar energy and it will be a necessity

when needed to use the motor when sunlight is not available. The researches

selected 2 12V, 24Ah batteries.

Figure 3.4 Battery (Moving Technology Digitalminds)

Testing Procedure

It is important to check whether the components of the Solar Powered Irrigation

system are in good condition before its installation, maintenance, adjustment or repair of

the Solar powered irrigation system must be checked whether it is properly installed and

in good working condition while the batteries must be checked for leaks and bumps.

The following step will must be done in order to operate and test the Solar Power

Irrigation system:

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1. Measure the voltage across the 12 volts battery connected in series with the use

of voltmeter, the voltage measured must be 12 volts DC (tolerance of +/- 5 %)

2. If the voltage below is below the tolerance, then the batteries have no charge.

Charge the battery until maximum capacity to avoid the slower motor operation.

3. Turn on the devices that are connected from load to Irrigation system. First the

charge controller followed by the Water pump.

Project Flow Process

The Process basically start from obtaining sunlight as the main project input. The

input will initially be pump from the water, and go to the farmland.

Charge Controller
Radiant Energy Solar Panels

Irrigation Battery for


Submersible Storage and
System
Pump Back up

Figure 3.5 Block Diagram

The figure above is a generalized block diagram set-up, summarizing all major

connections of the project’s systems. It is showed that all parts that requires electricity are

all connected to the Power House and Control System which comprises of the Battery,

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and the Solar Panel. The main process of irrigation system revolves around the motor.

Submersible pump, and the water source , to be able to input a water the wanted irrigating

output.

Project Testing and Validation.

Several trials of testing will be made. The electrical output of the water pump

(motor) will be measured. If the electrical output doesn’t satisfy the required parameters

to power the system, actions will be made including checking the calculations and

parameters to achieve the Solar Powered Irrigation System in Batas B, Silang Cavite.

System Testing Procedure:

1. Project Components will initially be tested separately, to make sure everything is

in a good condition,

2. The prototype systems will then be properly configured,

3. Power, piping, motor and pump; the Project as a whole will be tested by loading

an input, to be processed.

Solar Panel Efficiency Testing Procedure

The goal is to observe output of solar panel in outside conditions to confirm its

ability to function.

1. Testing for voltage output

2. Set multimeter to DC voltage-a setting higher than what the panel is rated

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3. Connect the red multimeter clip to the positive terminal and black clip of the

multimeter to the negative terminal of the panel, and proceed to take the

reading

4. Testing for amperage

5. Place panel in shaded area (prior to switching tester to Ampere mode) and then

connect clips as stated in step 3 if not already connected

6. Use Clamp meter to test for amperage of Solar Panel (ISC)

7. Place panel in sunlight and obtain reading.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA AND RESULTS

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered in testing of Solar Powered

Irrigation System installed in Barangay Batas, Silang Cavite relative with the objectives

of the project. This chapter provides also the specification of the materials used.

Analysis and Presentation Design

Figure 4.1 Design of the Solar Powered Irrigation System

The researchers use 1 – 250W solar panel as the main source of power for the

whole system. It is connected to a breaker to act as a switch and then to the controller

which regulates the voltage produced by the solar panel. This is then connected to a

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switch again and then to the batteries, it also connected to the pump as shown in the

figure above. Moreover, the researchers used a submersible pump considering the

following, (1) the movability of the project so the farmers can keep it if they will not use

it, (2) flexible hose is more suitable due to the terrain and (3) it can be easily transferred

in the stream or the river.

Specification of the Materials Used

Solar PV Panel

PMAX 250 W

VMP 37.6 V

IMP 6.65 A

VOC 46.20 V

ISC 7.18 A

Table 4.1 Solar Panel Specifications

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Battery Bank

V AH

12 24

Table 4.2 Battery Bank Specifications

Charge Controller

This charge controller is used for providing a 24V from the PV Panel to the

motor. The battery can also be added in this controller to serve as a reserve. This

controller also has indicator if the battery is on low battery mode. It is used to power the

motor or charge the battery.

Submersible Pump

The selected motor is submersible, and it is rated 120W, 24 Volts DC.

Additionally, using this will allow the use of hose and the portability of the project is

achieved.

Project’s Time of Operation

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In terms of its total and safe time of operation (with respect to the battery and

charging components), the researchers limited its use up to 8 hours of operation per day,

No. of Flow Rate Volume of Motor Power


Days
Irrigation (L/s) Water (L) Operation needed to

to be able to conserve energy and lessen possible electrical insufficiencies.

Table 4.3 Required Flow rate and power of the motor by calculation

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(Hr) operate (kW)


1 - 25 5-7 15,000 12.88 1.55
25 - - - -
28 - - - -
29 - 50 6 0.323 L/s 60, 000 51.6 6.2
51 - 70 12 120,000 103.2 12. 38
70 - 105 18 105,000 90.24 10.83
Total 43 300, 000 257.92 30.96

As shown above in table 4.1, the scheduling of irrigation in rice is based on the

Agropedia, the researchers calculated the flowrate required to be produce by the water

pump in able to suffice the water need of the crops. Moreover, table shows the amount of

power needed to operate the water pump and how long will it take to be able to provide

the water the needed by the crops. Refer to the Appendix A for computation.

Testing and Validation

As shown at the Project procedure illustrated at Figure 3.1., at the part of

constructing and testing the project. This is the stage wherein the project shall be tested

for its effectivity. The project was tested separately, respective to the following systems.

1. The Solar Panel Frame and Battery Stand (Durability)

Durability was tested by applying variable dead loads, and few impact loads to

each of its divisions. The maximum load that will be supported by the project was

approximated to be up to 30kgs (with safety factor). Including all parts and Solar Panel

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(18 kg). It has been observed that the welded parts of each joints were strong enough to

hold the frame together. From a trial of removing a welded part approximately 3 inches in

length, grinding and forced loads was required to be able to detach the part that was

tested, enough to conclude a durable quality.

Project Frame:

2. The Pump System.

This system was tested by coming up to a “trial and error” method of solutions.

The major problem encountered here was the pump functions, realizing that there’s a lot

of materials the block the water through the pump. Another initial problem was with the

unstable pipe connections creating huge leakages, drenching the working area (leakages

formed because it was just an initial testing, connections are not yet fixed with a proper

lock). The river and stream water also became a problem because of its slope terrain, in

attempt to solve all the encountered problems, as stated earlier, a series of “trial and

error” solution were performed by the researchers. Trying different arrangements and

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using hose for the flexibility in the land enabled the researchers to come up to solve it and

protecting the submersible pump by using a net as a strainer for unwanted materials.

Voltage output of Battery (without load).

The batteries were connected in series and it was tested by using a multimeter

to check if the voltage requirement is correct for the system. The test was done three

times and it is shown in table 4.3.

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Table 4.3 Battery

Bank Voltage
Trial Voltage (V)

1 24.6

2 24.6

3 24.6

Flowrate Measurement.

The testing was finished by using the reservoir (drum) and a timer to record

how much time will it consume to be filled. Table below shows the different time and

flow rate recorded by the researchers.

Table 4.4 Flow Rate Results

Trial Volume (Liters) Time (minutes) Flow rate (L/m)

1 400 20.9 19.14

2 400 21 19.04

3 400 20.75 19.28

Solar Panel Parameters

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The selection of panel was based on the needed power of the motor to be run. The

voltage and current were also tested if it will fit the system. Three tables show the

gathered data.

The researchers measured the value of voltage and current produced by the solar

panel on the given dates. The first graph shows the constant amount of voltage with a

diminutive change in the current. The latter one shows small voltage and current reading

due to the weather condition, because it is cloudy, at the same time, researchers also

experienced a short amount of rain. While the reading on the voltage seems constant, the

value of current measured change from time to time. The researchers observed that the

water pump is still running with these changes.

Table 4.5 Solar Panel Parameters – January 18,2018

Trial V (open circuit) V (with load) I (short circuit) I (with load)

1 41.7 V 24.5 V 3.92 A

2 42.3 V 25 V 7.47 A 4.71 A

3 41.9 V 24.7 V 1.5 A

Table 4.6 Solar Panel Parameters – January 31,2018

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Trial V (open circuit) V (with load) I (short circuit) I (with load)

1 40.1 V 24.5 V 2A

2 40.5 V 25.1 V 6.32 A 3.4 A

3 40.3 V 21.2 V 0.6 A

Table 4.7 Solar Panel Parameters – February 28, 2018

Trial V (open circuit) V (with load) I (short circuit) I (with load)

1 41.2 V 24.1 V 1.98 A

2 40.5 V 23.4 V 6.67 A 1.6 A

3 42.5 V 24.6 V 1.3 A

Battery Discharging and Charging Time

The graphs show how that it will take almost 2 hours to discharge the battery into

20% of its rated capacity. In addition, the charging time of the battery can be achieved in

also two hours. However, the purpose of the battery is not solely to be standalone power

supply but only for the back up only for the system and to aid the solar panel in

producing the power during cloudy days.

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Discharging Battery
27 Voltage (Discharging)
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
10:00 AM 10:30 AM 11:00 PM 11:30 PM 1:00 PM

Figure 4.5 Discharging time of the battery.

Battery Charging Mode


27 Voltage (Charging)
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 1:30 AM 2:00 PM 2:30 PM 3:00 PM 3:30 PM 4:00 PM

Figure 4.6 Charging time of the battery.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The final chapter includes a synopsis of evidence and data attained during the

study. The summary is a compilation of all acquired information during analysis and

evaluation. Its conclusion is derived from the objectives presented on the study while the

recommendations are built upon the likely further study of the solar powered motor

pumps and its effect.

SUMMARY

This Study “Development of A Solar Powered Irrigation System in Batas, Silang

Cavite” is focused to design an effective irrigation system powered by solar panels in

Batas Silang Cavite.

In this study, we selected a farm to be part of the study. The researchers attain

data by calculating the solar panel needed, batteries, the motor and the required water

needed by the crops in the farm and how long it can be achieved.

The results indicate the average water needed for the farm, table showing the solar

panel output and the flow rate of produced by the water pump.

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CONCLUSION

The results in this study show that the solar energy can provide an adequate power

to the water pump to supply adequate amount of water in the farm. By considering the

power needed to operate the motor, it shows how many solar panel should be installed.

By using solar energy, and by usage of solar panels, it offers sufficient amount of

wattage for the submersible pump. The researchers also used batteries for back up

purposes and to prevent the motor from shutting down when the sky is cloudy and the it

can also be used as standalone during night time.

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend the use of renewable energy technology. For the

farmers, it provides help with the irrigation system of their farm because it will benefit

them for the long-term as they use solar panels with the submersible pump as means of

irrigation and not relaying only on rainful. At the same time, it will help the local

government in promoting green technology to supply power for irrigation system in the

whole farm in Silang, Cavite reducing the use of nonrenewable resources. It will also

bring help to the environment because it promotes clean energy.

The researchers also recommend the farmers to consider the use of water tank in

storing water and to add batteries to have a longer time of back-up.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE


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