CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL

Poinsettia Street, Via Verde Village, San Agustin II, Dasmariñas City

Students’ Perception on Fake News in Social Media

A Research
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School of
CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
City of Dasmariñas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

ACADEMIC STRAND
Specialized in Humanities and Social Sciences

Fuentes, Reiden
Hisman, Baby Claire Angel
Licot, John Philip
Loisaga, Daniella Khim
Ragadi, Nicole Claire
Olaes, Julianne Rhedd
Researchers
Ma. Lovely Fernandez-Matubang

Research Adviser

March 2019

Acknowledgement
 The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following: first and
foremost, we would like to thank God Almighty for giving us the strength, knowledge, ability
and opportunity to undertake this research study and to preserve and complete its satisfactorily.
Without his blessings, the achievement would not have been possible. To our research supervisor,
Mrs. Lovely F. Matubang for giving us the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable
guidance throughout this research. We are extremely grateful to our friends and classmates for
motivating us while doing our research and also for helping us to have a good outcome after we
finished our research.
Our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to complete the research work
directly or indirectly.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . i

Rationale . . . . . . . . . . ii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7

Results. . . . . . . . . . . 9

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . 13

References . . . . . . . . . . 16

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . iii

Rationale
 Students. This research can help the students to be aware about fake news in social
media so that they will know how to avoid being a victim of it. Nowadays, most of the social
media users are teenagers that’s why they are often victimized by fake news. It is because their
knowledge about the phenomena is not that much wide enough. Students received information
from a variety of sources but they’re gaining too much of it without validating the source if it is
only a hoax or not. They’re not responsible enough in using social media that’s why some are
being abusive in spreading fake news because they know that many users might believe them. By
reading the different perception of students regarding to fake news, it will help other students to
gain more knowledge about it based on others opinion.

Teachers. In order for teachers not to give a wrong information to students, it is

important to have enough understanding and knowledge regarding to fake news. Being fooled
easily by it could lead them providing their students news not based on facts. They should also
be the one to teach the students on how to use social media properly and how not to easily be
fooled by false news because most of the time, students relies to everything teachers taught.
Although it is not their responsibility but they spend most of their time teaching different pre-
teens and teenagers which made them a part of their everyday roles. Therefore, this research is a
big help to refresh educators’ knowledge about fake news and to update them by providing
different perceptions that comes from selected high school students. After having a deep
comprehension about it, they will be more observant in giving information to their students and
be able to avoid providing them false news.

School. School is the second home of the students where they can learn and enhance their
skills and talents. Many students are more engaged in using social media but struggle to interpret
every content that they are seeing. This research can help the school to understand what is fake
news so that they can also help educate teachers and students regarding to this. They will come
up to the idea of instructing students on evaluating what they see and read online because
everything in social media is not always true and they can also promote media literacy in their
school as an essential life skill for the 21st century. They can use this research as a guide on
discussing and defining fake news, why it is being created or shared based on the students’
perceptions.
 Community. In our community, fake news is one of the biggest issue that the people
must be aware of. It can be extremely convincing not only for some people but also for the whole
community. Anybody has a free will to express what he/she want to say by commenting on a
certain issue in the social media without checking if it is true or not. Spreading fake news can
cause damage to society, whether in social or technological areas because most of the people in
the 21st century are engaging too much in social media without knowing the bad effects that it
might cause. That’s why this research will help the community to be more aware and to change
their perception regarding fake news, so the next time that they will be seeing a certain news,
they will be more careful in believing it. It will also help the community to become more
knowledgeable to their surroundings.

Nation. This research can also help our nation that is patronizing fake news. Because of
continuing issues that is happening in the Philippines, many hoax are being spread out too that is
causing chaos in social media. Many of us are easy to believe a certain issue not making sure if it
is true or not. One of the biggest factor behind the success of fake stories is their high level of
social engagement. Fake news spreads faster than real news and sometimes it has a very
dangerous impact on the society. It creates terror and it can also affect the economy of our
country because most of the time, the fake news that is spread out is always about politics. This
is a sensitive issue for many people that’s why they are always having a comment about it
without checking if the source is valid. This paper can help by giving perception about fake
news regarding how the society will prevent it from misguiding people with fabricated content
and to engage themselves in nation building instead of engaging in destructive activities.

Future researchers. For the future researchers, this research can be a big help for them
because they will get more idea about the different perception regarding to fake news in social
media. This will help to update their knowledge if they are still not familiar with the topic. It can
be also a big stepping stone for their research because we will give important points and ideas
about fake news that they want to know by exploring various explanations for the phenomena
being studied. By that, they can easily understand it by analyzing and reading this research. It
also helps to widen their knowledge and to define what is fake news correctly. Also, to empower
their mind in able for them to become a better researcher someday.
Objectives:

Specifically the study aims to do the following:

1. To define fake news based on selected students’ perception.

2. To identify what are the usual content of fake news according to the perception of students.

3. To know how the students identifies if a certain news is fake or not?

Research Questions:

This study aims to answer the following:

1. What is fake news in social media based on the perception of students?

2. What are the usual content of fake news according to the perception of students?

3. How students identifies if a certain news is fake or not?

 Fake news is a thing that is being spread everywhere by any means worldwide. It is
spreading mostly in social media that’s why many people always victimized by its fallacious
content that seems to be true when you read it. They lack of awareness on fake news, what they
believe is that everything in the internet is true and comes from credible sources. This fake news
can lead us in having a wrong perception about the certain issue because it gives wrong
information and some of them are based only on the author’s opinion which is not factual. Every
people who wants to receive different information from different sources must have a critical
thinking in observing the certain information that they are reading in able to identify the flaws in
it and to find out if it is fake news or not. There are recent studies that is presenting ideas that
will widen the knowledge of the researchers regarding to fake news.

Moore (2016) explains that there is no specific definition of fake news being presented
even when you search about it. He also added that in his recent studies, it is not a new
phenomenon, nor is it restricted to social media. He arrives with the idea that the government
could better understand the conditions that allow false news, to promote more transparent self-
governance in public through technology platforms. Additionally, concluded that fake news is
not a cause but a symptom and it is the underlying cause concerns the digital ecosystem of
information and news, which enables and encourages false news, along with other policies and
social issues related to technology platforms, such as dark propaganda, filter bubbles, echoes
chambers, trolling, abuse and bullying.

Moore is explaining that fake news does not have a settled meaning, while for Goldberg
(2017) the definitions of it can be mix up into three categories, it can be news that is invented to
make profit or discredit others, news that has a basis but is spin for a specific agenda, and news
that people do not agree with.

On the contrary, Simons (2017) definition of fake news is different from Moore and
Goldberg. He pointed out that the term fake news was recently came from Donald Trump, it is
global and further erodes an already weakening trust in the media. People is giving fake news so
much attention so that the level and nature of the activity and the alleged risks and threats are
spreading. He added that the current false news trends have been matched by different sources
that some have accused internet and social media platforms like Google, Facebook, and Twitter.
 However, Zaryan (2017) had defined the fake news somehow similar with Moore.
According to Zaryan, fake news has been proved to be an elusive term and has many different
definitions that includes different types of media. He added that some of the definitions in
journalism alone includes fabricated stories such as hoaxes, stories, quotes, images, taken out of
context and news stories that is not true. In order to falsify any information in the news story,
factual judgment was used. If anything proved to be false, the story was labeled as fake news.
Since the internet provides for interaction with an increasing number of news sources, the idea is
to verify all bits of information from all sources to sound absurd and dizzy. However, he
concluded that the need to do so is evident in the recent and dramatic increase in the number of
fact-checking and hoax-busting organizations available on the web. Their very existence proves
that they demand verification or confirmation from the audience.

Korta’s (2018) definition of fake news is also similar with Zaryan. According to his
research, the term fake news itself has assumed a number of meanings behind it. In some
companies, he said that they described fake news as disinformation, propaganda, hoaxes, satire,
and parody. Although false news is the trend with disinformation campaigns, it does not capture
the full range of disinformation. Lastly, since the term has been so egregiously politicized, it has
become almost meaningless. Furthermore, Granskogen (2018) explains that misinformation has
become an important part of society, particularly with the growth of fake news. He also added
that in his research, it examines how contextual and network data can be used for the detection of
news articles or other pieces of information.

Mooney (2018) additionally defines fake news as an expression of broader issues in the modern
information environment that affect the knowledge and arrangements that the people will
receive. She suggests considering solutions to the problem that the phenomena is bringing, by the
role of media literacy and fact-checking online that will check the credibility of the news or
information. Besides, she said that as a librarian, it is not necessarily easy to make laws,
regulations or other policies that would end the phenomena, the key to help solve fake news is to
promote information literacy worldwide. By taking a critical stance in education, everyone can
contribute to public awareness and to be active citizen, which encourages other people to reflect
on society and to the information that they receives. However, the good news is that policies
focused on the biggest fake and conspiracy news sites could significantly reduce the number of
fake news that people see. Mapping accounts that disseminate false news is a key first step in
reducing its influence on democracy (Hindman & Barash, 2018).

Kiernan (2017) supported the ideas of Moony by explaining that information

professionals and librarians already have the skills to guide and teach students ways to evaluate
online sources successfully. In this century, librarians are already teaching students how to
evaluate, even for academic purposes, online and offline. With the continuous rise of
misinformation online, now is the time for these skills to be transferred to a non-academic
setting, where social media and online news source evaluation are the focus.

Soon & Goh (2018) presented some solutions that can help to solve the problem
regarding to fake news. They stated that educators and literacy program designers should
examine content that aims to increase people’s awareness of their own personal prejudices. It is
like they are saying that what is required in ever more complicated information system is
intended for human consumption of information from various sources that is not sure if reliable
or not. A critical thinker consumers of information are the best defense against false information.
Additionally, Fregoso (2018) emphasize that readers and consumers of information could
become more active and skeptical about using Facebook and Twitter information in order for
them not be victimized by fake news.

Last 2018, Kumar & Shah conducted a research that explains the classification of fake
news. It indicates there that it is classified according to its intention and knowledge. It can also
be classified as misinformation and disinformation based on the author’s intention.
Misinformation is distributed without trickery by definition according to them. They stated that
the common causes of misinformation include misinterpretation or distortion of an original piece
of true information due to a lack of understanding and attention. These people can distribute
misinformation to others through blogs, articles, comments, tweets, etc. Note that readers often
have different interpretations and perceptions of the same piece of true information, which leads
to differences in how they communicate their understanding and inform others about the facts.
There are different motives of an author in writing a fake news according to Dr. Turk (2018).
One reason could be to make money, many people can find fake news attractive, visit the page or
site with its fake content and the author will be rewarded real quick for the news that people have
been visited on the page.
 Furthermore, Graauwmans (2016) discuss that although fake news is currently an
important phenomenon in the online world, some research has been carried out into the
credibility of false news. With the growing number of exposed information on the Internet,
which everyone knows can post something, it becomes difficult to assess credibility and
trustworthiness. That's the current phenomenon does not facilitate access to reliable information.
Few research was carried out when people believe in hoax. Moreover, due to the large amount of
information in the online world that could take the time to evaluate every item in a limited
manner, it is questioned whether this influences credibility assessments.

A different part of the topic, Shu et al. (2016) discuss where fake news can usually be
seen. He said that as social media are becoming increasingly popular, more and more people
consume news from social media rather traditional news media. It is can be used to spread fake
news because of its different platforms and it is surely has a strong negative impact on the people
that are using this and also on society as a whole. Allcott & Gentzknow (2017) identifies that
rumors, conspiracy theories and other branch of fake news are not new to the era of social media
because these are the news that people may believe easily. These conspiracy theories differ
slightly from most of the fake news we are studying, in the sense that many of it can be traced
back to a single person who invented the article without any facts to back it up, while some
conspiracy theories could be true in principle and often have no unique origin. They are an
interesting historical benchmark, however.

Moving to another approach, Flintham et al. (2018) explains that the people may have
knowledge about fake news by means of online survey and study because social media users are
aware of what can be described as “fake news”. The behavior of their participants suggests that
they evaluate news differently when presented through social media, including drawing on a
variety of formal and judgment-based characteristics, potentially challenging the traditional
provision of hierarchical information and demonstrating that perceived level of interest in topics
is a key factor in considering solutions to echo chambers and fake new ones.

There’s a lot of definition that the other researchers defined what is fake news, and by
that it can help most of the people nowadays to widen their knowledge about the phenomena.
The different views of the past researchers can compare to the perception of students about fake
news in social media. In this research, the researcher will identify what could possibly the views
of students about fake news, and what are their basis in giving that kind of perception as a social
media user. It can be based on their experiences or based on the other studies that they have been
red.
 Methodology

Research Design

Fake news in social media is a phenomena in which there are different information that is
not true and that is being spread everywhere. It can cause people to believe to the specific news
without knowing if it’s true or not. Every people wants to gather information but does not
checking if the information has reliable sources. Most of the fake news is misleading and you
can identify by observing the content of a certain news.

Sample & Respondents

The participants were selected through purposive/judgement sampling. This form of

sampling is essentially strategic and necessitates an attempt to establish a good correspondence.
The researchers chose the students who are in senior high school since we believed that they had
the maturity and knowledge to answer questions. The participants are composed of 15 students
with 9 boys and 6 girls.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers started the interview on December 27, 2019, using social media
platforms. All participants were contacted through Facebook messenger containing the
instruction and questions that they are going to answer. In this qualitative research we
interviewed the 15 students in their most valuable and free time. We used open ended questions
to ask in the interview with follow up questions. These allow the random students to answer the
questions according to their opinion and perception about fake news in social media since they
are the ones who are using social media most of the time.

Data Analysis

The researchers proceed doing the results after the collection of data. The raw interview
and revised interview protocol contains only the questions with follow-up and the exact answers
of participants. The most challenging part for the researchers is the transcription where we are
going to translate the Tagalog answers into English, correct some grammatical errors and get
only their main point or idea in their answers. Doing theme clustering is also a challenge because
you need to get different ideas in all of their answers and after that you will also get the exact
answers of participants on that specific idea. It is like identifying which of the answers have the
same ideas about the questions.

The next step after doing the theme clustering is the presentation. In this we summarized
all the answers into a paragraph form. It is different from verification because what we did in
this step is we combined all the answers without including our opinions, it contains only the pure
answers of participants in each questions so that we find it hard. Last thing we did is the overall
essence where it has the total summary of the results from the very first step.

By doing the results step by step, we easily identify the difference of all the participant’s
answers from each other. It is helpful in finding evidence regarding to the perceptions of students
on fake news in social media that is a phenomena these days. We didn’t fail in choosing our
participants because their answers indicates that even though they are only teenager, they already
have an idea about topic and not all of them are easy to be victimized by fake news.

Emerging Themes
Theme #1: Fake news as false information.

 Fake news is hoax.

 Does not come from reliable source.
 Used to provide disinformation.
 Has no legal basis, and accuracy.

Theme #2: Usual content of fake news.

 Politics and government issues

 Showbiz

Theme #3: Identifying a fake news

 Check the source.

 Search for facts.
 Investigate
 Look for another reference
 Seek help to a credible person

Theme #4: Reasons why people creates fake news

 To earn money
 Making fun of others
 To gain attention
 Doing it as a hobby

Presentation of Emerging Themes

In this chapter, the result will be presented. The themes identified within the data
includes: (a) Fake news as a false information, (b) Usual content of fake news, (c) Identifying a
fake news, and (d) Reasons why people creates fake news.
 Fake news as a false information

Fake news are the news that contains false information that is spreading easily around the
world. It is a phenomena that affecting people’s perspective because it is used to provide
disinformation to a certain topic. It can also called ‘hoax’ because of its falsified information that
is being used by a person who is not credible enough to write an article or news about the
specific topic. All of the fake news does not have reliable sources, it is more like an opinion of
the author, not actually the truth. Facts are very different from opinions. Facts comes from
observation, experimentation, research, etc. It is always true because it has legal basis and can
assure its credibility. While opinions are only perception or perspective of a person just to
express his/her feelings about an issue. It cannot be factual because every people can give their
own opinions that’s why some are expressing their opinions through creating a fake news that
will surely people will believe. It is always has no legal basis and accuracy in the way that a
certain news is not a fact, but an example of opinion only. That’s why everyone got confuse
sometimes because they don’t know if the news that they are reading is a pure fact and not an
opinion only.

Usual content of fake news

Politics and government issues are the usual content of fake news that people easy to
believe. Many people are sensitive when it comes to this topic that’s why when some news are
spreading about an issue about politics, they easily got caught because they believe that the news
comes directly from the government. Example, the different issues that are spreading about the
politicians, people will easily believe that kind of news. Sometimes they are only reading the title
but not the whole article that’s why they can easily victimized by fake news. Most of the fake
news has catchy header that will surely catch the attention of many people. Not only politics but
also showbiz. Many of the article or news that is fake news has usually contains showbiz issues.
Because all of the artist are famous and most of them are known, that’s why many people are
gossiping about their personal issues even though they are not sure if it is true or not. People are
enjoying the fact that they are updated about the life of their answers not knowing that the news
that they are telling to others is actually not true. The two that mentioned are the usual content of
a fake news because the people will easily believe on it. Their favorite is that knowing the
different happenings about a famous person. And also, they want to updated on how the
government works and what is the different issues that is happening. Many people want to be
aware on what is really happening on their surroundings but is not being practical in seeking
information about what the certain issue that they want to know further.

Identifying a fake news

There are many steps in identifying fake news. A person can check the source if it is
reliable or comes from a credible person, if not then it is actually a hoax. If a person does not
have an idea on how to identify fake news, he/she can seek help from a credible person like
journalist. They have a lot of experienced about writing, they’ve also encountered different news
that’s why it is easy for them to give you tips so that next time you can apply and will have a
knowledge on how to spot a fake news. Look for another references that will serve as another
legal basis, if does not have then investigate. Look for the author’s profile if he/she is actually a
writer and is credible to create different news. A person can also spot a fake news by only
reading the text, most of it has technical errors and obviously shows opinions not facts. If you
spot a fake news, do not attempt to spread it from others. In telling others that the news that you
have red is fake, better to provide evidences to easily convince them to believe in you.
Furthermore, most of fake news are in social media so if a person spots a fake news in this
platform, he/she should report it and do not share it.

Reasons why people creates fake news

Some people creates fake news because they want to earn money, some creators are
getting benefits in creating fake news by serving it as their job. Others are creating falsified
information just for fun, they are enjoying seeing other people being confuse because of the hoax
they have spread. They are only doing for attention of other people, they wanted to be known as
an author. Also, they are doing it to humiliate someone in spreading fake issues about the person.
However, all of the reason why they are creating fake news are unreasonable and not valid.
Spreading a creating fake news is obviously wrong because it will only cause confusion to the
people’s perspective and how they view what is really happening to their surroundings. It can
make troubles too, people with confused minds will totally believe the fake side of the issue
because of what they have red. Fake news has no good effects in any aspects according to the
perception of the students.
 Verification of themes in Reference to Related Literatures

Fake news is a phenomena in every part of the world nowadays, it confuses people on
what information should they believe that’s why it can also change their perceptions. Fake news
according to the students is an any kind of news or information that is used to provide
disinformation, can be distributed to the mass with no claims to prove it, and a news that are
illegitimate and has incorrect information. And they also think that people tend to believe easily
in the news that is all about politics and other news about showbiz because people mostly reads
these for a reason that they want to be updated on what is happening to their surroundings. Even
though they are still students, they already have an idea on how to identify a certain news,
whether it is fake or not, others will just check the sources if it is reliable or not because a real
news always cite sources in able to give credits to where it comes from. So if the certain news
does not have credible sources, better to not believe on it and assume that it is fake news.

Some of the students, according to their answers, will report and avoid to share it to
others whenever they spot a fake news. Fake news is anywhere we can read or hear that’s why
we need to be aware on what news should we believe because not all of them are facts. Facts are
far different from opinions, it is based on truth, experimentation, and observation, while opinions
are just simply a conclusion from a person’s perspective about a topic. Other fake news only has
opinions of authors that’s why it is easy to identify if the information given is based on facts and
not only from a person’s opinion because an opinion doesn’t have a basis. By identifying a
certain information, whether it is a fact or only an opinion, will help avoid becoming a victim of
fake news because you don’t believe it easily, instead, you assess the news carefully.

The students also believe that if you don’t know how to avoid being a victim of fake
news, you can get help from a journalist or a teacher. A journalist have read and write a lot of
news which is why it is easy for them to give you advice on how to identify fake news or an
article that you are reading, they’ve trained for many years and they are credible enough to write
different news about different topics that they are telling us nowadays. In addition, you can also
ask a teacher regarding to this topic, which is how to avoid being a victim of fake news. Students
likely to believe that they are aware on their surroundings that’s why it is easy for them to
identify a fake news, and a media information literacy teacher can teach you how to be
information literate and to not be fooled by different information that we are reading or hearing.
You can also start by improving yourself and study about this subject so that you can help
yourself not become a victim of fake news. What a person can do is be alert and educate
himself/herself how to become an information literate because fake news nowadays are
spreading easily.

There are many sources of fake news and people are creating it just to make fun of others,
they like seeing other people got confused and they just want to gain more attention although
some are hiding their own identity. Some of the creators are creating fake news to gain profit and
to bring down a particular person. By this, a teenagers can usually be a victim of fake news
because some of them really don’t know what is really happening on their surroundings, they are
just depending on what news they have read or heard and believe it easily. Also, fake news are
usually seen in social media and most of the users are teenagers that’s why they are likely to be
the ones that are usually victim of it.

Most of the people are connected to social media that’s why it is spreading easily and it is
used by the creators to hide their identity so they can spread falsified news wherever they want
and not be known by making a dummy account or a fake page that will look like a reliable
sources so that the people will believe in every news that they are providing. Even if there are
social media, there are also television which is the most primary news source of the students, it is
because of the news' reliability and the reporters’ credibility. But news from different sources
cannot be trusted always because not all of them contains facts, some of them are just a pure
opinion which is spread to confuse people and to believe on what they shouldn’t believe.

Overall Essence of the Findings

Most of the students are more likely to be aware on what is fake news and how to identify
it on a certain news. They have enough knowledge and understanding regarding to this topic
that’s why it is easy for them to answer all the question about fake news that are presented to
them. Senior high school students proved in their different perception that it is also helpful when
you are already engaged in using social media because it gives you an idea about fake news and
you will encounter different kinds of it when you are using different social media platforms.
 By this, because they’ve already encountered such things, they will be more mindful and
the next time they encounter fake news, they will not believe it anymore, instead, they will start
investigating, reporting and refraining to spread it to others. The students have different
perception about fake news but if you understand what they are trying to say, they all have the
same ideas. Besides, all of them already know that fake news don’t always have a good effects
on a person’s mind. It only confuses the people so that they cant see what’s happening to their
surroundings, in the way they it needs to be seen.

Fake news are blinding people to not see the truth and to believe in lies that is spreading.
Certainly, it also can cause trouble when a person is defending a fake news and others aren’t, an
argument can occur. For example, there is a certain news in social media about a famous
celebrity, others may believe on it but others may not because it is obviously a fake news. The
people who believed will defend themselves and will tell harsh comments to those who do not
believe and this will provoke all of the people involve to make a riot on social media.
Furthermore, it is important that a person has a better understanding about fake news so that
he/she will not become a victim of it. In conclusion, the students, according to theeir perceptions
about fake news, indicates that most of them are mindful in terms of what they know regarding
fake news in social media.

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 Appendices

Interview Protocol

The following questions were designed in order to give you the opportunity to provide us
information regarding to your understanding about fake news in social media. Please answer the
questions with honesty and use the language that you are comfortable with. We will make sure
the confidentiality of your identity. Thank you for your time.
 1. Define fake news.
2. How do you identify if a certain news is fake or not?
3. What do you think are the possible ways to avoid being a victim of fake news?
4. Why do you think fake news nowadays are spreading easily?
5. Who are usually can be victimized by fake news? Why?
6. Where do fake news can usually be seen? Why?
7. When do you use social media?
8. What is your primary news source (television, radio, newspaper, social media, etc.)?
9. Why do you think fake news is usually published online?
10. Why do you think news from different sources doesn’t have to be trusted always?

Revised Review Protocol

The following questions were designed in order to give you the opportunity to provide us
information regarding to your understanding about fake news in social media. Please answer the
questions with honesty and use the language that you are comfortable with. We will make sure
the confidentiality of your identity. Thank you for your time.

1. Define fake news.

 What kind of news do people easy to believe?
2. How do you identify if a certain news is fake or not?
 What is the right thing to do when you spot fake news?
  How do you explain the difference between facts and opinions?
3. What do you think are the possible ways to avoid being a victim of fake news?
 Who do you think can you ask regarding to fake news to avoid being a victim of
it? Why?
4. Why do you think fake news nowadays are spreading easily?
 Why people create fake news stories?
5. Who are usually can be victimized by fake news? Why?
 How it can affects people’s perspective?
6. Where do fake news can usually be seen? Why?
7. When do you use social media?
 What social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) are you using?
 In these social medias, where do you think the fake news can be easily spread?
Why?
8. What is your primary news source (television, radio, newspaper, social media, etc.)?
 Which news do you trust more? Why?
9. Why do you think fake news is usually published online?
10. Why do you think news from different sources doesn’t have to be trusted always?