HARBOURS, PORTS AND JETTIES

Harbours

 A place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from bad weather, or else are stored for
future use.
 It exists before a port and its facilities can be set up
 Three classification or harbor
a) Natural harbor – An inlet or water area protected from storm and waves by configuration of
land. Usually located in bays, tidal estuaries, or river mouth
b) Semi-natural harbor – An inlet or water area sheltered on two sides of headlands requiring
artificial protection only at entrances.
c) Artificial harbor – An inlet or water area protected from waves by breakwater or one
erected by dredging
 Fundamental layout:
1. Turning basin
 The water area inside a harbor or an enlargement of a channel to permit the turning of
a ship.
 If space is available, the area should have a radius of at least twice the length of the
ship to permit free turning or turning with the aid of tugs.
2. Harbor protection works
 Breakwaters are required for protection or artificial and semi-natural harbor
 Their location and extent depend on the direction of maximum wave, configuration of
the shoreline, and maximum size of the harbor required for the anticipated traffic in
port
3. Harbor entrance
 The entrance width should be in proportion to the size of the harbor and ships using it
4. Channel depth, width and alignment
 It should be sufficient to permit navigation at lowest low water when ships are fully
loaded
5. Port structure
 A port normally equipped with facilities for:
a) The docking of ships
b) Cargo handling and storage
c) Transfer of passengers between a land and waterbone transportation

Ports

 A man-made coastal or riverine facility where boats and ships can load and unload cargo.
 Some large harbors are used by several ports, and some ports are served by several small
harbors.
 A location on coast or shore containing one or more harbor where ships can dock and transfer
cargo to or from inland.
 Consist of piers, docks, quays, wharves, jettys, or and or slipways, all which can have cargo
cranes, grain elevators, ramps, and or bulk cargo handling machinery utility conveyor belt built
upon them.
  Ports may have;
a) Equipment for loading and unloading petroleum or other liquid cargo to and from tankers.
b) Warehouses and other buildings for the storage and distribution of goods
c) Magazine buildings for naval ordinance and other explosives.
d) Ground transportation system that connects the port with inland locations such as railroad
terminals, truck terminals, and pipeline terminals for carrying goods and materials to and
from the port.
 Construction process of ports
1) Site investigation
2) Piling works
3) Structure of ports
4) Port’s furniture

Jetty

 A shore connected structure used to berthing vessels

 3 configuration which are:
1. Finger – built straight toward the sea with small tidal rangers
2. T-head – oriented parallel to the shoreline, with an access trestle connects the shoreline to
a point near the center of the jetty
3. L-shape – oriented parallel to the shoreline, with an access trestle connects to the shoreline
so that both side of the jetty may readily be used for berthing.
 Designed to withstand the impact loads and bollard’s pulls from the berthing vessels.
 May be constructed as closed structure, but most jetty are constructed as open
 Open jetties are supported by piles categorized into:
1. Vertical piles – Effective in locations subject to significant horizontal loading
2. Battered piles – Effective where the horizontal loading in one direction and seismic activity
is low
3. Combination of vertical and battered piles – Effective and resulting a flexible structure,
making the concept attractive.
 Components of a jetty includes; Pile, Beam, Deck/Slab, Staircase/Ladder, Handrails, Fenders,
Bollards, Dolphins, Navigation Aid.

Construction of jetty

1. Site preparation

 Carry out site investigation to determine thee ground water table, strength of strata level, and
the depth of underlying rock.
 Remove any unnecessary materials or structure from the site.
 Mobilize plants, equipment, and materials close the site location
 Materials, such as piles, are carried in bulk by a barge.

2. Sub-structure

 The piles are lifted using a piling barge is anchored and moored four-point to the sea bed.
  The piles, either pre-stressed spun piles or steel pipe piles, are lifted in vertical or battered
position and hammered into the ground.

3. Superstructure

 After the piling complete, concrete beams are constructed horizontally above the piling.
 Concrete slabs are then casted directly on top of the beam, spaced by a line of expansion joint at
5m.
 Steel handrails can be installed before the concrete slabs cured.
 Staircase, which provide an access to different size of ships is constructed on the location
determined for berthing of ships.

4. Accessories

 Fenders, bollards, and dolphins are installed at the side of the jetty where ships are to berth.
 The quick-release hook (QRH) are constructed after finish constructing the mooring dolphins, if
the dolphins are intended to handle heave mooring lines.

Dolphins

 An isolated marine structure for berthing and mooring of vessels.

 It is a common practice to combine dolphins with piers which drastically reduce the size of piers.
 Dolphins are generally divided into: Breasting dolphins & Mooring dolphins
 Breasting dolphins serves the following purposes:
o Assist in berthing of vessels by taking up some berthing loads.
o Keep the vessel from pressing against the pier structure.
o Serve as mooring points to restrict the longitudinal movement of the berthing vessel.
 Mooring dolphins are used for mooring only and for securing the vessels by using ropes,
installed near pier structures to control the transverse movement of berthing vessels.
 A liquid bulk berth would be made up of a group of individual structures consisting of breasting
dolphins, mooring dolphins, loading dolphins, interconnecting walkways, and an approach
trestle.
 A dry bulk vessel are general similar to those for liquid bulk vessels, except that a runway
suitable for the bulk cargo loader or unloader is provided in place of the loading platform.

Fenders

 To prevent the vessel and jetty head from damages during berthing process and while the vessel
is moored.
 As the vessel contacts the structure and stopped, kinetic energy must be dissipated.
 Even under an ideal condition and under perfect control, a vessel might approach the jetty head
without striking a severe blow, but it is still essential to separate the vessel from the jetty head
with a fendering system.
 There is a need to provide a significant amount of energy absorption capacity in the fender
system.
 The side exposed to the ship is covered with rubber pads to protect the ship.
  The lower level of the fender panel will allow the fender to be low enough to accept the smaller
range vessel to come to the terminal in loaded draft at low water and accept tugs.
 Types of fender: Timber, buckling, pneumatic, foam-filled, and rubber fender

Bollards

 An essential part of the jetty structures

 Function is for mooring and to hold the vessel line while berthing
 Usually constructed of cast steel
 Need to be installed and secured strongly on the jetty’s deck
 Types: single bitt, double bitt, t-head, horn, and kidney-shaped

Docks

 An enclosed area of water for loading, unloading, building, or repairing ships

 Can be located at natural water space or dry land
 Types:
a) Dry docks
 A narrow basin that can be flooded to allow the vessel to be floated in and drained to
allow the vessel to rest on a platform with the control of gates and water pump.
 Used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of vessels.
b) Floating dry docks
 A floating dry dock is a type of pontoon for dry docking ships, possessing floodable
buoyancy chambers and a "U"-shaped cross-section.
 When valves are opened, the chambers fill with water, causing the dry dock to float
lower in the water. The deck submerged and allows a ship to be moved into position
inside.
 When the water is pumped out of the chambers, the dry dock rises and the ship lifted
out of the water on the deck.
c) Wet dock
 A narrow basin which the water is impounded either by dock gates or by a lock
 Allowing the vessel to float at low tide in places with high tidal ranges
 The level of water in the dock is maintained despite the raising and lowering of the
tide.
 It works like a lock which controls the water level.
 Makes the transfer or cargo easier.