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Engine
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Four-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine.
Comparison of Four-Stroke SI and CI Engine.
Two-Stroke Engines
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Scavenging.
Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engine.
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1.3 Classification, Specifications and applications 6 Marks
Classification of engine on the basis of: Cycle of operation, Fuel,
Method of Charging, Ignition, Cooling, Cylinder arrangement,
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camshaft layout.
Merits and Demerits of Vertical and horizontal engines.
Engine Specifications - Two Wheelers, Light Motor Vehicle, Medium
Motor Vehicle and Heavy Motor Vehicle.
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Applications of I C Engines.
1.1. Introduction:
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Definition of I C engine.
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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally
a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber.
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It is an engine in which combustion of fuel and air takes place in closed chamber
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Piston
Crank Pin
Crank Case
Crank Shaft
1. In cylinder a piston travels in reciprocating motion. The space between upper part of
cylinder and top of piston is called combustion chamber.
2. Piston has circumferential grooves for piston rings, which prevents leakage of charge
from combustion chamber.
3. In the cylinder head there are 2 valves, Inlet valve for talking charge inside cylinder &
Exhaust valve for discharging the products of combustion.
4. A spark plug at top of cylinder initiates the combustion. The energy of expanding gas is
transmitted by the piston through gudgeon pin to connecting rod.
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5. The connecting rod and the crank arm of crankshaft translate the reciprocating motion
of piston in to rotational motion of crankshaft.
6. Crankshaft is supported in bearing attached to the crankcase.
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7. Crankcase is the main body of the engine to which the cylinder block is attached.
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Terminologies used in internal combustion Engine:
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1. Cylinder bore (D): The nominal inner diameter of the engine cylinder.
2. Piston area (A): The area of a circle whose diameter is equal to the cylinder bore.
3. Stroke (L): The distance travelled by the piston in moving from T.D.C to B.D.C.
4. Dead centre: The position of the working piston and the moving parts which are
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5. Displacement volume or Piston swept volume (Vs): The nominal volume
generated by the piston when travelled from 1 dead centre to the other. It is calculated
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as product of piston area and stroke.
Swept Volume (Vs) = A x L (W-12)
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6. Clearance Volume (Vc): The volume of the space on the combustion side of the
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piston at TDC.
Clearance Volume (Vc) = V - Vs
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7. Cylinder Volume(V): The sum of piston swept volume and clearance volume.
Cylinder volume (V) = Vs + Vc.
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8. Compression ratio (r): The ratio of cylinder volume divided by the clearance volume.
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Above given are some important terminologies used in internal combustion engine.
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Stroke Suction Compression Power Exhaust
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0 0 0 0 0 0
Crank Rotation 0 – 180 180 – 360 360 – 540 5400 – 7200
Inlet Valve Open Close Close Close
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Working:
In this working cycle is completed in 4 strokes of piston or 2 complete revolutions of
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crankshaft. In this engine, valve’s are used and complete compression of the charge takes
place.
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1. Suction stroke :
In the stroke inlet valve is opened and exhaust valve is closed. When piston goes
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down from TDC to BDC, the Vacuum is created inside the cylinder and charge
(proportionate mixture of air and fuel) is drawn inside the cylinder. This will continue till
piston reaches BDC (i.e.: crank rotates through 180˚ ).
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2. Compression stroke:
The Inlet and exhaust valve are closed. The charge is compressed as piston
moves from BDC to TDC. The crank completes 1 complete revolution (i.e.: 360˚).
4. Exhaust stroke:
The working of four stroke CI engine is similar to 4 stroke S.I engine but it
operates at much higher compression ratio. The compression ratio of SI engine is 6 –
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10 while that of CI engine is 16 – 20.
In CI engine during suction stroke, only air is sucked instead the cylinder instead
of air-fuel mixture as in SI engine. Due to high compression ratio the temperature
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generated in compression stroke is sufficient to self ignite the fuel which is injected into
the combustion chamber at the end of compression stroke.
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In CI engine, a fuel pump and injector are provided to inject fuel into
combustion chamber. Carburetor and sparkplug is not necessary in CI engine.
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1. Suction stroke:
During this stroke inlet valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. Only air is
sucked into cylinder during this stroke.
The piston moves from TDC to BDC and crank shaft rotates through 180˚.
2. Compression Stroke:
The air inducted in the cylinder is compressed to the clearance volume. Both the
valves are closed during this stroke.
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4. Exhaust Stroke:
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The inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve opens. The piston
move from BDC to TDC position which pushes the burnt gases outside the combustion
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chamber. Crankshaft rotates by two complete revolutions through 720˚.Above g iven is
working principle of four stroke CI (DIESEL) engine.
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Differentiate between SI and CI engine: (S12/W11/W12)
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1. Transfer Port: The charge from crankcase is supplied to cylinder by means of transfer
port.
Working:
FIG A: The piston is at TDC and charge is being fired due to combustion of fuel, heat
energy is produced. At the same time, the edge of piston uncovers the inlet port.
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Fresh charge enters in the crankcase.
FIG B: Due to the combustion piston goes down & the inlet port is covered then charge
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is compressed in crankcase. After completion of 4/5th of the power stroke the exhaust
port is uncovered and some of the burnt gases escape to the atmosphere.
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Later the piston uncovers the transfer port and allows fresh charge to enter into
the combustion chamber through transfer port. Due to the deflector on the piston
crown, fresh charge will move up to the top of the cylinder and forces out the
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remaining burnt gases through exhaust port.
During scavenging process a apart of the fresh charge leaves the cylinder along
with burnt gases.
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FIG C: After the piston reaches BDC it moves up and closes the transfer port first and
then the exhaust port closes. The compression begins until piston reaches TDC,
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when piston is at TDC, the inlet port is again uncovered and the fresh charge is
taken inside the crank case due to the partial vacuum created in crank case and at
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the same time charge is compressed in the combustion chamber due to ascending
piston.
Now piston is at TDC and the charge at high temperature and high pressure is
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burnt due to spark generated by spark plug and the cycle goes on repeating itself.
(S12)
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Scavenging: Scavenging is process of forcing the burnt gases by deflecting the fresh charge
across the cylinder.
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At the end of the expansion stroke, combustion chamber of the 2 stroke engine
is left full of product of combustion. This is because there is no separate exhaust stroke
to clear burnt gases. The process of clearing the cylinder after expansion stroke is called
scavenging.
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In 2 stroke cycle compression ignition engine only air is compressed inside the
cylinder and the fuel (diesel) is injected by an injector fitted in the head of the cylinder.
There is no spark plug in this engine. The remaining operation of the 2 stroke cycle,
compression ignition engine is exactly the same as those of spark ignition engine.
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engine (W11)
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a) 2 stroke engine find their application in scooters, small generating sets, pumping sets
because of their simplicity and low cost.
b) 2 stroke diesel engines are generally high powered engines because every revolution of
the crankshaft we get 1 power stroke thus they are used in ships.
c) 4 stroke single cylinder engine’s find application in bikes, scooters, Mobile electricity
generating sets because of high fuel efficiency as compared to 2 stroke engine,
compactness, smooth working ability & less pollution as compared to 2 stroke engine.
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The engine operating on this cycle are known as Otto cycle engine. The petrol engine operates
on this cycle.
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At Point 1: The air in the cylinder is initially corresponding to p1, v1, T1 (pressure, volume &
absolute temperature). The piston compresses the air adiabatically during compression stroke.
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Point 2: The condition of air is p2, v2, T2. The air now compresses to clearance volume of
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cylinder. A hot body is then brought into contact with cylinder end such a that heat is supplied at
constant volume. This increases pressure and temperature of air, corresponding to p3, v3, T3.
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Point 3: The hot body is removed and the air is expanding adiabatically during the expansion
stroke, up to point 4 corresponding to p4, v4, T4. c,
Point 4: A cold body is then brought in contact with the cylinder end such a that the pressure
drops at constant volume, corresponding condition p1, v1, T1.
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Thus the air finally returns to its original condition and the cycle is completed.
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The diesel cycle differs from the Otto cycle in one respect. In Diesel cycle, the heat is
added at constant pressure instead of at constant volume.
From point 1 to 2: The air is compressed in the cylinder during the compression stroke.
From point 2 to 3: Heat is added at constant pressure.
From point 3 to 4: The air expands adiabatically.
From point 4 to 1: finally the heat is rejected at constant volume.
The air returns to its original condition and the cycle is completed.
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Horizontal and vertical engine are identified by the line of stroke. If the line of an engine
piston is vertical, its vertical engine. The line of stroke is horizontal it horizontal engine.
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Demerits of Vertical engine: (S12)
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Merits of Horizontal engine:
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1. Road vehicles: 2 wheelers, Passenger cars, Light & heavy commercial vehicles.
2. Small aircrafts, Helicopters & Railway locomotives.
3. Marine applications, Ships.
4. Industrial electric power generation.
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Cooling: An engine can be liquid-cooled, air-cooled or oil-cooled
Valves: There may be one or more valves used for intake and exhaust. The specs
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may indicate how many valves are used per cylinder or for the whole engine. Terms
such as SOHC (Single OverHead Cam) and DOHC (Double OverHead Cam), etc. are
used to indicate how the valves are opened and closed. There are other methods to
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operate the valves as well.
Number of Cylinders: Engines can have one to six cylinders. A single-cylinder
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engine,
sometimes called a thumper, is used in small bikes. Most power bikes have engines
with two-cylinders arranged in many configurations including: V-twin, Parallel and
Flat-twins. Engines may have more than two cylinders such as: Triples where three
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cylinders are lined up next to each other in a vertical position; In-line fours similar to
a triple except with another cylinder added; V-4 engines such as used in Honda
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ST1300; V-6 engines such as used in Boss Hoss; Flat-six engines such as used in
Honda Gold Wing
1500/1800s.
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as the pistons move from their bottom position to their highest position in the
cylinders. Displacement is measured in either cubic centimeters (CC) or cubic inches
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(CI).
Bore and Stroke: Bore is the diameter of the cylinder in the engine in which a piston
moves up and down. Stroke is the distance that the piston moves up and down
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(FI), Digital Fuel Injection (DFI), Electronic Sequential Port Fuel Injection (ESPFI),
Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-FI),CRDI and TDI etc.
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Compression Ratio: When the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder, say you could
pour 100cc of water into the sparkplug hole (both valves closed) and it would be full.
When the piston is at the top of its stroke, you can only pour 10cc of water into the
hole to fill it. The compression ratio would be 100 to 10 or 10 to 1. That's about as
easy to understand as I can make it. Oops, forgot to say -- Higher compression ratios
(in general) will let the engine make more power, require higher octane gas and be
harder for the starter to turn over."
Maximum Torque: Torque is described as twisting force. This is the maximum
amount of twisting force the engine can put out and at what value of engine
Revolutions Per Minute (RPM). Put simply, torque is the "grunt, stretch your arms,
push your eyeballs into their sockets" quality when you aggressively use the throttle
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Rake and Trail: Rake is the angle of the fork away from vertical toward the rider. Trail
is the distance on the ground between a vertical line dropped straight down from the
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center of the wheel and a projection of the fork extended until it touches the ground. As
the rake increases, the trail increases. The more rake, the more stable the handling at
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speed. As rake decreases, handling becomes easier at low speeds.
Wheelbase: This is the number of inches measured from front axle to rear axle.
Weight: Weight may be given as wet weight with all lubricants, liquids and gasoline
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added or it may be dry weight with nothing added.
Fuel Tank Capacity: Capacity is usually given including reserve tank.
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Some Engine Specification:
Suspension: Front- Telescopic, 35mm Forks, 130mm Travel, Rear- Twin Gas Charged
Shock Absorbers With 5-Step Adjustable Preload, 80mm Travel
Brakes: Front- 280mm Disc, 2-Piston Caliper, Rear- 153mm Drum, Single Lead Internal
Expanding
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Suspension: Front- Bottom Link With Spring Loaded Hydraulic Damper, Rear- Unit Swing
With Spring Loaded Hydraulic Damper
Brakes: Drum, 130mm dia With CBS
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Tyre: Tubeless
Battery: 12V-5 Ah
Head Lamp: 35/35W, Helogen
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Fuel Tank Capacity: 5.3 Ltr
Under Seat Storage: 18 Ltr
Ground Clearance: 165 mm
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Weight: 103 kg
Capacity
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Front Brake Type Disc
Rear Tyres 165 / 80 R14
Rear Brake Type Drum
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Power Steering with
Steering Type
Tilt
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ASHOK LEYLAND 2516 SPECIFICATION
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