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Introducere
1.1. Istoric
Se numeşte maşină hidraulică (MH) un ansamblu de organe rigide cu mişcări
relative determinate, care transformă:
- energia hidraulică în energie mecanică (maşini de forţă/motoare – turbine
hidraulice),
- energia mecanică în energie hidraulică (maşini de lucru/generatoare – pompe);
- o energie mecanică în altă energie mecanică, cu alţi parametri, prin intermediul
energiei hidraulice (maşini mixte/transformatoare hidraulice – cuplaje hidraulice,
transformatoare hidraulice de cuplu).
Energia fluidului
v2 p
e= + + gz
2 ρ
Sarcina fluidului
v2 p
H= + +z
2 g ρg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
ROŢI DE APĂ
http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/1294/noria-history
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://milling154.rssing.com/chan-21238758/all_p1.html
http://artflx.uchicago.edu/images/encyclopedie/V19/plate_19_30_34.jpeg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill
http://www.123rf.com/photo_12431516_water-mill-are-working-on-the-canal.html
http://www.shutterstock.com/s/%22waterwheel+park%22/search.html?page=1&inline=167298095
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://www.aliexpress.com/item-img/Free-Shipping-3D-Wood-Puzzles-Handmade-diy-house-wooden-house-the-child-birthday-gift-the/1859356497.html
http://www.aliexpress.com/item-img/wholesale-Exploring-kid-hydraulic-experiment-water-mill-model-Early-childhood-educational-toys-Puzzle-toy-gift-free/602026366.html
http://www.forteachersforstudents.com.au/site/themed-curriculum/water-wheels/facts/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_watermills
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://www.snm.co.jp/recruit/lecture/turbines.html
http://www.machine-history.com/taxonomy/term/20
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Primele turbine
http://www.vermilionohio.org/x.html
http://www.machine-history.com/node/581
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Turbina Francis
James B. Francis
1815-1892
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbine#/media/File:M_vs_francis_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg
http://www.sinohydropower.com/uploads/1/1/4/9/11497128/3988141.jpg?314
http://www.power-eng.com/content/dam/etc/medialib/power-
engineering/june/55302.res/_jcr_content/renditions/pennwell.web.400.263.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Turbina Kaplan
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S_v
s_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg/220px-
S_vs_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg
http://3.imimg.com/data3/RA/SF/MY-719412/kaplan-turbine-
500x500.jpg
http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/S2_Turbomach
Viktor Kaplan inery/B7_Hydraulic_Turbines/C1_Introduction_to_Hydraulic_Tur
bines/S2B7C1_files/S2B7C1pop_files/image076.jpg
1876 - 1934 http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/hydraulic-
turbine-deriaz-66646-2406529.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Turbina Deriaz
Paul Deriaz
1926
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S_vs_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg/220px-S_vs_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg
http://3.imimg.com/data3/RA/SF/MY-719412/kaplan-turbine-500x500.jpg
http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/S2_Turbomachinery/B7_Hydraulic_Turbines/C1_Introduction_to_Hydraulic_Turbines/S2B7C1_files/S2B7C1pop_files/image076.jpg
http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/hydraulic-turbine-deriaz-66646-2406529.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Turbina bulb
http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompe
du/S2_Turbomachinery/B7_Hydraulic_Turbine
s/C1_Introduction_to_Hydraulic_Turbines/S2B
7C1_files/S2B7C1pop_files/image076.jpg
http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-
g/hydraulic-turbine-deriaz-66646-2406529.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://overthepeak.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/pmpstr1.gif
http://www.pennenergy.com/content/dam/Pennenergy/online-
articles/2014/03/Alstom_PUMPED_STORAGE%20POWER_PLANT.JPG
http://www.newkirk-electric.com/includes/files/assets/images/large/1347391542_Lud.-Pump.Stoweb.jpg
http://ecogeek.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/marmorastorage.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
https://www.consumersenergy.com/uploadedImages/CEWEB/OUR_COMPANY/Electricity/Pumped_Storage/how-the-ludington-pumped-storage-facility-works.gif?n=2055
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Pumpstor_racoon_mtn.jpg
https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/31944/width668/jkytyhrt-1380153146.jpg
http://ecogeek.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/marmorastorage.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
CHEAP Vianden
• PIF: 1962
• Cădere: 291 m
• Putere instlată: 1,296 MW
– Turbină – pompă: 9 x 100 MW, 1 x 200 MW
– Turbină reversibilă Francis: 1 x 196 MW http://www.oneseven.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/SEO-Vianden.jpg
http://polizeros.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/kopswerk2-voith-pump.jpg
– Pompă: 9 x 70 MW, 1 x 220 MW
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://www.scrigroup.com/files/constructii/584_poze/image010.gif
http://www.irigaredunarea.com/images/menus/bombeo.jpg
http://www.agromonitor.ro/media/irigatii-stancuta-braila.jpg
http://www.observatorulbuzoian.ro/wp-content/themes/sharp/timthumb.php?src=http://www.observatorulbuzoian.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/motoare.jpg&q=90&w=750&h=350&zc=1
http://static.rnews.ro/image/201307/w660/canal-de-irigatii.jpg
http://www.anif.ro/cnrid/contributii/art-drnicolescu/amenajari-irigatii.gif
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
I E
apa MH apa
EM, pompa
vI2 pI vE2 pE
Energia la intrare: eI = + + gz I Energia la ieșire: eE = + + gz E
2 ρ 2 ρ
v I2 p I
Sarcina la intrare: HI = + + zI v E2 p E
2 g ρg Sarcina la ieșire: HE = + + zE
2 g ρg
Căderea turbinei Sarcina pompei
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Breastshot_water_wheel_schematic.svg/993px-Breastshot_water_wheel_schematic.svg.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Overshot_water_wheel_schematic.svg/991px-Overshot_water_wheel_schematic.svg.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pitchback_water_wheel_schematic_(2).svg/220px-Pitchback_water_wheel_schematic_(2).svg.png
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Mașini gravitaționale/elevatoare
Sakia
http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E142.gif
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/48/e4/84/48e48483a557728ca2fc9e94d8529df5.jpg
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/19782942.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Mașini gravitaționale/elevatoare
Noria
http://asterion.almadark.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/noria3.jpg
http://wikiimages.qwika.com/thumb/en/4/48/Orontes.jpg/300px-Orontes.jpg
http://www.upload.ee/image/56351/anno.jpg
http://wheelelectricity.com/images/history/1326284543_Hama-Water-Wheels.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://www.school-for-champions.com/biographies/images/archimedes_screw.gif
http://cf.ydcdn.net/1.0.1.35/images/main/Archimedean%20screw.jpg
https://explorable.com/images/archimedes-screw-3d.gif
https://protonsforbreakfast.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/osbastonscrewturbine.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Pompe cu piston
http://i.stack.imgur.com/c6X9H.gif
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Pompe cu angrenaje
http://www.pumpschool.com/images/LobePumpLarge.gif
http://www.crosspump.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ExternalGear.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/Eccentric_pump.gif
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Pompa cu șurub
Pompa cu disc fulant
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3uzojWWfYWs/ThxXy_CKUAI/AAAAAAAAAE4/g6SGCq8aqbc/s1600/AxiPis-Anim.gif
http://www.colfaxfluidhandling.com/admin/modules/page_editor/uploads/image/three-screw_main.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbine#/media/File:M_vs_francis_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg
http://www.sinohydropower.com/uploads/1/1/4/9/11497128/3988141.jpg?314
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S_vs_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg/2
20px-S_vs_kaplan_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg
http://3.imimg.com/data3/RA/SF/MY-719412/kaplan-turbine-500x500.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/S2_Turbomachinery/B7_Hydraulic_Turbines/C
1_Introduction_to_Hydraulic_Turbines/S2B7C1_files/S2B7C1pop_files/image076.jpg
http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/hydraulic-turbine-deriaz-66646-2406529.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Pompa axială
Pompa centrifugă
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Roata cu făcaie
http://apworldwiki2011-12.weebly.com/uploads/9/9/9/6/9996001/9490762_orig.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_P99GSOKNV3o/S_C6SJwYhTI/AAAAAAAAAZM/dEAVPpa6boE/s1600/ancient+water+wheel.jpg
http://www.mnt-leonida.ro/site/08Domenii/Hidraulica/img/RoataFacaie_1.jpg
http://www.revistamadridhistorico.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/los-molinos.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ossberger_turbine.jpg
http://www.hrftrade.com/images/kolo_big.jpg
http://www.turbinesinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/pelton-turbine.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Walchenseewerk_Pelton_120.jpg
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Rotor - este un organ cu simetrie axială, paletat care transformă energia hidraulică în
lucru mecanic (energie mecanică).
Aspirator – recuperează o parte din energia cinetică a apei la ieșirea din rotor
transformând energia cinetică în energie de presiune.
http://rivers.bee.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/6
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
La pompe curgerea prin mașină este inversă față de turbine, structura fiind similară:
- o zonă de aspirație.
- un rotor paletat antrenat de un motor printr-un arbore, care transfomă energia
mecanică (lucrul mecanic de rotație) în energie hidraulică, imprimând curentului de
apă energie cinetică și energie de presiune.
- un recuperator care poate fi cameră spirală și/sau aparat director care recuperează
surplusul de energie cinetică și îl transformă în energie de presiune.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump http://www.a2zeepumps.com/axial-flow-pump/
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
pI
cI2 2 g ρg
distrib.
TURBINA
c12 p
p1 c12 H1 = + 1 + z1
ROTOR 2 g ρg
ρg 2g c22 p
p2 H2 = + 2 + z2
c 22 2 g ρg
2 g ρg H
pat ρg c 2 2 g p ρg
z
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
Turbina cu reacțiune
H
conducta forţată
H(z)
p(z)
2
cI2H 22=gc2 +
p2
+ z2 pI
ρg
2g
ρg
c12 p
distrib. H1 = + 1 + z1
p1 ρg c12 2 g ρg
ROTOR 2g c22 p
H2 = + 2 + z2
TURBINA
p2 c22 2 g ρg
2g H
aspirator
ρg
c 2 2 g p ρg
b pat ρg
z
Hidrodinamica Turbomașinilor – 1. Introducere D. M. Bucur, G. Dunca
conducta forţată
conducta forţată
H(z) H(z)
p(z) p(z)
pI
cI2 2 g pI
2
c 2g ρg
I ρg
c12 p
distrib. distrib. H1 = + 1 + z1
TURBINA
2
p1 H1 =
c
1 p
+ 1 + z1 p1 ρg c12 2 g ρg
c12
ROTOR 2 g ρg ROTOR
ρg
2
c2 p 2g c p
2g
H 2 = 2 + 2 + z2 H 2 = 2 + 2 + z2
TURBINA
p2 2 g ρg c22
2 g ρg
c22 p2
ρg 2g H
aspirator
2g H ρg
pat ρg c 2 2 g p ρg c 2 2 g p ρg
a b pat ρg
z z