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BASIC STRUCTURES OF CELLS:

1. Microfilament
 CELL DIVISION
2. Centriole
- Come from reproduction of existing cells
3. Nucleus  PROKARYOTES
4. Ribosomes - The first cells
5. Lysosomes - Lack of nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
6. Golgi apparatus - Simplest type of cell
7. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Bacteria
- Single, circular chromosome
8. Mitochondrion
9. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

HISTORY OF CELLS
VIRCHOW- cell specialization

 Robert Hooke (1665)

-examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells that looks like
small boxes)

-responsible for naming cells

CELLS- small rooms that monks lived in


 Nucleoid region - (center) contains the DNA
 Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall
(peptidoglycan)
 Anton Vann Leeuwenhoek (1673)  Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their
-father of microscope / Dutch microscope maker cytoplasm to make proteins

-first to view living organisms

 Matthias Schleiden (1838)


- German BOTANIST /all plants were made of cells

 Theodore Schwann (1839)


- German ZOOLOGIST / all animals were made of
cells

 EUKARYOTES
- Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound
 Rudolph Virchow (1855) organelles
- German MEDICAL DOCTOR / he observes that cells - Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
are deviding - More complex type of cells
- All cells come from other pre-existing cells  EUKARYOTIC CELL

Contain 3 basic cell structures:


 Nucleus
 CELLS
 Cell Membrane
- Basic unit of structure and function in an organism
- Basic unit of life  Cytoplasm with organelles
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells  CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
1. PLANT CELLS  Proteins - help move large molecules or aid in cell
2. ANIMAL CELLS recognition
 Peripheral proteins - are attached on the surface
 ORGANELLES
(inner or outer)
 Very small (Microscopic)  Integral proteins- are embedded completely
 Perform various functions for a cell through the membrane
 Found in the cytoplasm
 May or may not be membrane-bound

 CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE

 CELL MEMBRANE IN PLANTS


 Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant
cells
 Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell
 Composed of double layer of phospholipids and shape
proteins
 Surrounds outside of ALL cells  CELL WALL
 Controls what enters or leaves the cell  Found outside of the cell membrane
 Living layer  Nonliving layer
 Supports and protects cell
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS  Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
 Heads - contain glycerol & phosphate
 and are hydrophilic (attract water)  CYTOPLASM OF A CELL
 Tails - are made of fatty acids and are  Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
 hydrophobic (repel water)  Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take
 Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward place
each other
 Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2,  MORE ON CYTOPLASM
CO2, & H2O to enter)  Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

 The Cell Membrane is Fluid  THE CONTROL ORGANELLE – NUCLEUS


 Controls the normal activities of the cell
 Contains the DNA in chromosomes
 Bounded by a
nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
 Usually the largest organelle
 Each cell has fixed
number of chromosomes that carry genes
 Genes control cell characteristics
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and
changing  NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
 Double membrane surrounding nucleus
 Also called nuclear membrane  Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
 Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter &
leave nucleus  MITOCHONDRIA
 Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
 INSIDE THE NUCLEUS  Has its own DNA
 The genetic material (DNA) is found  Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases
surface area for more chemical
 Reactions)

 Interior called MATRIX


 DNA is spread out And appears as
CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
 DNA is condensed & wrapped around
proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells  FACT:
Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell
 WHAT DOES DNA DO? during fertilization
 DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Therefore …
 Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!
different proteins
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- ER
 CYTOSKELETON  Network of hollow membrane tubules
 Helps cell maintain cell shape  Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
 Also help move organelles  Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
around
2 TYPES OF ER:
 Made of proteins
 Microfilaments - are threadlike & made of ACTIN  ROUGH
 Microtubules - are tube like & made of TUBULIN  SMOOTH

 CENTRIOLES
 Found only in animal cells
 Paired structures near nucleus
 Made of bundle of microtubules  ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle  Has ribosomes on its surface
 Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite  Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export
ends of the cell out of cell
 Controls the normal activities of the cell
 MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL –MITOCHONDRIA)  Contains the DNA in chromosomes
 “Powerhouse” of the cell  Bounded by a
 Generate cellular energy (ATP) nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
 More active cells like muscle cells have MORE  Usually the largest organelle
mitochondria
 Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
 FUNCTIONS OF THE SMOOTH ER Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the
 Makes membrane lipids (steroids) cell membrane by VESICLES
 Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
 Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
 LYSOSOMES
 Contain digestive enzymes
 ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM  Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
for cells
 Programmed for cell death (APOPTOSIS)
 Lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle
cell parts)

 LYSOSOME DIGESTION
 Cells take in food by phagocytosis
 Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to


cell membrane (transport)
 CILIA AND FAGILLA
 RIBOSOMES  Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in
 Made of PROTEINS and rRNA small particles across the cell surface
 “Protein factories” for cell  Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
 Join amino acids to make proteins through protein  Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
synthesis
 Can be attached to Rough ER or Be free
(unattached) in the cytoplasm  Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the
Lungs
 GOLGI BODIES
 Stacks of flattened sacs
 Have a shipping side (cis face) & a receiving side
(trans face)
 Receive proteins made by ER
 Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off
the ends  VOCUELS
 Look like a stack of pancakes  Fluid filled sacks for storage
 Modify, sort, & package  Small or absent in animal cells
 molecules from ER  Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
 for storage OR  In plants, they store Cell Sap
transport out of cell  Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals,
lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
 GOLGI ANIMATION

 CHOLOROPLASTS
 Found only in producers (organisms containing
chlorophyll)
 Use energy from sunlight to make own food
(glucose)
 Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds
of Sugars
 Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
 Outer membrane smooth
 Inner membrane modified into sacs called
Thylakoids
 Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
 Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

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