cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell. made of lipids, proteins and some
carbohydrates. mostly lipids and phospholipids.

cytoplasm
fluid portion of cells outside the nucleus. site of numerous chemical reactions

nucleus
contains DNA; controls cell activity

nuclear membrane
composed of 2 membranes that controls the exchange of substences between the
nucleus and the cytoplasm

nucleolus
organelle where the assembly of ribosomes begins

chromsomes
are only formed when a cell divides; contains the genetic information that is
passed from one generation to the next

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vacuoles
large, sac-like membrane. enclosed structure that stores materials

vesicles
smaller membrane-enclosed structures used to store an move materials between cell
organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface.

lysosomes
small organelles filled with digestive enzymes that function as the cells' cleanup
crew

cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments which give cells their shape and internal organization

microfilaments
the readlike structures made up of a protein called actin. it supports the cell and
aid in cell movement.

microtubules
hollow structure made up of proteins known as tubulins.

centrioles
located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

ribosomes
cell structure where proteins are made. they are synthesized in the nucleus.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

internal membrane system where lipid compnets of the cell membrane are assembled.
along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts & packages proteins & other materials from the ER for storage in
the cell or release outside the cell.
chloroplasts
biological equivalents of solar power plants. they capture energy from sunlight &
convert iti to food that contains chemical energy in a process called
photosynthesis.

mitochondria
converts chemical energy stored in food into conpounds that are more conveient for
the cell to use

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cell wall
strong suporting layer around membrane

lipid bilayer
gives cell membrandes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the
cell & its surroundings.

selectively permeable
most biological membranes are s.p. meaning some substances can pass across them &
others cant.

passive transport
movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy

diffusion
process by which particles move form an area of high concentration to an area of
lower concentration

falilitated diffusion
process by which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across membranes pass
(diffuse) through special protein channels.

osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permable membrane

aquaporins
water channel protein in a cell

isotonic
indicates that the concentration of a solute is the same on both sides of the cell
membrane. no net change in the cell

hypertonic
indicates that the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell. the water
diffuses out and the cell shrinks

water moves towards blank solute concentration

higher

hypotonic
indicates a higher concentration of solute inside a cell water diffuses in then the
cell swells

osmotic pressure
force exerted by the net movement of water in or out of a cell.