CHAPTER 1

DISCUSSION

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.A. Present Understanding Continuous Tense

Tenses can be interpreted as sentence patterns that explain an event based on the time it
happened, in the past (Past), present (Present) and future (Future). The correct use of Tenses
will improve our grammar and grammar when writing English so that it will create good and
easy to understand writing. In English the three parts are divided into Tenses namely
Present, Past, and Future. In this paper the tense discussed is Present continuous tense.
Present continuous tense is a form of verb that is used to discuss present action (present) or
plan in the future (future). Because it can be used in the present or future, this tense is often
accompanied by adverb of time to clarify it.

Present continuous tense (also called present progressive tense) is formed with the auxiliary
verb "be", in the form of is / am / are - because of the present tense (present time), and the
present participle (-ing form). Generally present continuous tense only occurs in the form of
dynamic verb, not stative verb. Why so? because in general only dynamic verb has a
continuous form. The following is an example of a dynamic verb:

DYNAMIC VERBS
Activity Verbs
I am begging you. I was learning French. They will
be playing upstairs..
Virtually identical in meaning to simple tense
forms:
I beg you. I learned French. They will play
upstairs.
abandon eat play throw
ask help rain whisper
beg learn read work
call listen say write
drink look at slice
Process Verbs
The corn is growing rapidly. Traffic is slowing
down.
Virtually identical in meaning to simple present
tense forms:
The corn grows rapidly. Traffic slows down.
change grow slow down widen
deteriorate mature
Verbs of Bodily Sensation
“I feel bad” and “I am feeling bad” are virtually
identical in meaning.
ache feel hurt itch
Transitional Events Verbs
Progressive forms indicate the beginning of an
event,
as opposed to the simple present tense.
“She was falling out of bed [when I caught her]” as
opposed to
“She falls out of bed every night.”
arrive fall leave lose
die land
Momentary Verbs
Progressive forms indicate little duration and
suggest repetition.
She is hitting her brother.
He is jumping around the house.
hit kick nod tap
jump knock

STATIVE VERBS
Verbs of Inert Perception and Cognition*
I detest rudabaga, but not I am detesting rudabaga.
I prefer cinnamon toast, but not I am preferring
cinnamon toast.
abhor guess mind satisfy
adore hate perceive see
astonish hear please smell
believe imagine prefer suppose
desire impress presuppose taste
detest intend realize think
dislike know recall understand
doubt like recognize want
feel love regard
 forgive mean remember wish

Relational Verbs
I am sick, but not I am being sick.
I own ten acres of land, but not I am owning ten
acres.
My brother owes me ten dollars” but not
My brother is owing me ten dollars.
be* depend on involve possess
belong to deserve lack require
concern equal matter require
consist of fit need resemble
contain have owe seem
cost include own sound

1.B. Present Formula Continuous Tense

Based on the description above, the present continuous tense formula for positive, negative
and interrogative sentences is as follows.

Positive: S + Tobe + Verb-ing

Negative: S + Tobe + Not + Verb-ing

Question: Tobe + S + Verbing

Sentences Formula Present Continuous Tense Example Present Continuous Tense

Contoh Present
Kalimat Rumus Present Continuous Tense
Continuous Tense

The ships are sailing

S + be(am/is/are) + V1-ing/pres.
positif (+)
participle
He is smiling
 The ships are not
sailing
S + be(am/is/are) + not + V1-ing/pres.
negatif (-)
participle
He is not smiling

are the ships sailing

be(am/is/are) + S + V1-ing/pres.
interogatif (?)
participle?
Is he smiling

1.C. Present Continuous Tense and Its Functions

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Present Continuous Tense

The maid is brushing the bathroom floor.

(Pembantu sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.)
Present
continuous
tense untuk I’m driving a car to Bandung now.
membicarakan (Saya sedang mengendarai mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
suatu aksi yang
sedang terjadi
He’s learning English in order to be a great guide.
sekarang.
(Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris agar menjadi pemandu
wisata yang hebat.)

I’m spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month.

Present
(Saya sedang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan
continuous
depan.)
tense untuk
 membicarakan You can’t call me this night. I’m going to my best friend’s
suatu rencana wedding.
atau (Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini. Saya sedang
perpindahan ke pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.)
suatu
tempat/kondisi.
The buses are arriving in an hour.
(Bus-bus tersebut tiba dalam satu jam.)

I’m moving to West Jakarta this month.

(Saya pindah ke Jakarta Barat bulan ini.)

Present Why is the wild dog always barking at me?

continuous (Mengapa anjing liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?)
tense untuk
mengungkapkan
kejengkelan I’m getting sick of you always asking the same questions.
atas aksi yang (Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan
terjadi berulang pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.)
kali.

1.D. Use of Present Continuous Tense

1. Present Continuous Tense dalam Menunjukan Waktu

a) Pekerjaan yang sedang dilakukan

Contoh:
I am reading a book

b) Kejadian di tengah-tengah kejadian lain

Contoh:
Tom and Ann ar talking in cafe
 Tom is not reading a book at the time of speaking
Tom says : I am reading an interesting book

c) Proses suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung

Contoh:
The world population is rising fast
My English is getting better

d) Kegiatan yang berlangsung sekitar sekarang

Contoh:
......this week
......this year

They are playing soccer now

Mereka bermain sepak bola sekarang.
e) Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang bersifat sementara
Contoh:
I am studying now but I will go out soon.
Saya sedang belajar sekarang tapi saya akan segera keluar.
f) Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung untuk masa yang akan
datang.
Contoh:
They are playing again in a few days.
Mereka bermain lagi dalam beberapa hari ini.

Time Signal

now (sekarang) this morning (pagi ini)

right now (saat ini) this afternoon {sore ini)
at present {pada saat ini) lo night (malam ini)
to day (hari ini) tomorrow (besok)
soon (segera) in a few days (dalam beberapa hari)

Example: I am studying now but I will go out soon.I am studying now but I will be out
soon.f) Used to indicate events that took place for a period will come. Example: They are
playing again in a few days. They play again in a few days. Sign Time (Time Signal); Sign
of the time used in Present Cont inuous Tense is as follows: now (now) this morning (this
morning) right now (now) this afternoon {this afternoon) at present {at this time) lo night
(tonight) to day (today) tomorrow (tomorrow ) soon (soon) in a few days (within a few days)

2. Present Continuous Tense in the Question Form (Interrogative):

If you want to make a question sentence, then To Be is placed in front of the
Subject
? : To Be (am/are) + I/You/We/They/We + V I (ing)
? : To Be (is) + He/Se/It + V I (ing) .
Contoh:
a. Are you playing soccer ?
Apakah kamu sedang bermain sepak bola ?
b. Is Beny watching TV ?
Apakah Beny sedang nonton TV ?
c. Am I standing there ?
Apakah saya sedang berdiri di sana ?

2. Present Continuous Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Menyangkal (Negative)

Jika hendak membuat kalimat menyangkal, maka kita tambahkan –not di belakang
To Be (am/is/are}
- :I/You/We/They/We + To Be (am/are) + not + V I (ing)
- : He/She/It + To Be (is) + not + V I (ing)
Contoh:
a. I am not studying Biology.
Saya tidak belajar Biologi.
b. He Is not (isn't) listening the radio
Dia tidak mendengarkan fade.
c. They are not (aren’t} standing there ?
Mereka tidak berdiri di sana.
3. Present Continuous Tense in the form of sentences denies(Negative)

If you make the sentence deny then we add the number behind
 To Be (am/is/are}
- :I/You/We/They/We + To Be (am/are) + not + V I (ing)
- : He/She/It + To Be (is) + not + V I (ing)
Contoh:
d. I am not studying Biology.
Saya tidak belajar Biologi.
e. He Is not (isn't) listening the radio
Dia tidak mendengarkan fade.
f. They are not (aren’t} standing there ?
Mereka tidak berdiri di sana.
4. For Verbs that Describe Feelings (Verb of Emotion):

If the verb in the Present Continuous Tense describes feelings such as dislike, like, want,
etc., then it should not be added -ing and To Be even though the pronunciation of the
sentence is during the event.

Example:

a. I like Mrs. Maddona.

I like Mrs. Maddona.

NOT: I'm liking Mrs. Maddona.

b. We want to see our new neighbor.

We want to meet our new neighbors.

NOT: We are wanting to see our new neighbor.If you want to make a question sentence,
then To Be is placed in front of the Subject? :

5. For Verbs That Express Thought or Opinion (Verb of Thought or Opinion):

If the verb in the Present form Continuous Tense expresses thoughts or opinions such as
forget, believe, expect, prefer, remember, realize, know, etc., then it should not be added -
ing and To Be.

Example:

Dani believe she would come here.

Dani believes he will come here.

 NOT: I am beliving she would come here.

6. For Verbs that are Related to Verb of Sense;

If the verb in the Present form Continuous Tense relates to the five senses such as see, hear,
smell, notice, taste and others, then it should not be added -ing and To Be

Example:

The food smell is really good.

This food really tastes good.

NOT; The food is smelling really good.

7. For the Verb of Possession:

If the verb in Present Continuous Tense shows belongs to such as belong to, owe, own and
others, then it should not be added -ing and To Be.

Example:

Mr. Banu owns two cars.

Mr. Banu has two cars.

NOT: Mr. Banu is owning two cars.

1.E. Formation of Present Participle in Present Continuous Tense:

1. Formation of the Present Participle in general by adding-to the basic verb form.

to begin - beginning. start

You give - giving

2. If the verb ends with a dead letter and has two syllables whose pressure falls on the last
syllable and is preceded by a vowel, the last capital letter is duplicated, then added with -ing.

to begin - begin with

to submit - submitting submits

3. If the verb ends in I and is preceded by two vowels, it is not duplicated and added with -ing.

to conceal- concealing

to sail - sailing sailing

4. If 'the verb ending in e is preceded by the letter e also, then it is immediately added -ing.

to see - seeing seeing

to flee - fleeing escape

5. If the verb ends with a dead letter and a monosyllabic word which is preceded by a vowel,
the letter is duplicated and added -ing.

to swim - swimming = swim

to cut-cutting = cut

6. If the verb ends with letter 1 and is preceded by a vowel, then the letter I is duplicated and
added -ing.

to travel- traveling = traveling

to control-controlling = watching

7. If the verb ends with the letter e which is preceded by a dead letter, then e must be removed,
then added -ing.

to write - writing = write

to come - coming = come

8. If the verb ending in e is preceded by the letter i, the vowel ie must be replaced with y and
added with -Inc

to lie - lying = lie

to die - dying = dieTo Be (am / are) + I / You / We / They / We + V I (ing)? :

Daftar Pustaka

http://ratnasari.staff.stainsalatiga.ac.id

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/progressive.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/present-continuous-tense.

http://www.bukupr.com

http://mengerjakantugas.blogspot.com/ http://www.pustaka.ut.ac.id/
1. The most common use of the past continuous tense is to talk about something
that was happening around a particular time in the past.

What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night? I was watching television.

I started watching television before 8 o’clock and I continued watching it after 8

o’clock.

In 1994 he was working in a small town in Poland.

At 6 o’clock on Saturday morning we were travelling to the airport.

2. We often use the past continuous and the past simple tense together. When
this happens, the past continuous describes a longer, ‘background’ action or
situation and the past simple describes the action or events.

When I woke up this morning it was raining and my father was singing in the
kitchen.

I was walking home, whistling happily, when I saw two masked men run out of the
bank.

Often, the ‘action’ described by the past simple tense interrupts the ‘situation’
described by the past continuous tense.

I broke my leg when I was skiing.

I was playing a computer game when the doorbell rang.

Notice that the past continuous describes ‘situations’ that go on for some time –
‘skiing’ and ‘playing’ but the past simple describes ‘actions’ that happen quickly –
‘broke’ and ‘rang’.

Notice too the important difference between these two sentences.

When they arrived, Jeff was cooking dinner. Jeff started cooking before they
arrived.

When they arrived, Jeff cooked dinner. Jeff started cooking dinner after they
arrived.
 CHAPTER 2

DESCUSION

2.A Definition Of Past Continuous

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and
is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete
action in the past.

It is used:

 Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was
shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other
animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly.
She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her
through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
 to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was
having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
 to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've
decided to get my homework done instead."
 with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for
me tonight."

EXAMPLES
 They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
 Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
 When we arrived he was having a bath.
 When the fire started I was watching television.

Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.

2.B FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be"
(was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject was/were base + ing

They were watching

 Subject was/were base + ing

Affirmative

She was reading

Negative

She wasn't reading

Interrogative

Was she reading?

Interrogative negative

Wasn't she reading?

2.C TO PLAY, PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was playing I was not playing Was I playing?

You were playing You were not playing Were you playing?

He was playing He wasn't playing Was he playing?

We were playing We weren't playing Were we playing?

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

They were playing They weren't playing Were they playing?

2.D The Structures of Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

POSITIVE FORM (+):

Subject + BE ( was / were ) + Verb-ING

NEGATIVE FORM (-):

Subject + BE ( was / were ) + NOT + Verb-ING

QUESTION FORM (?):

BE ( was / were ) + Subject + Verb-ING

SHORT ANSWER FORM ( + / – ) :

YES / NO + Subject + BE (was/were) / BE(was/were) NOT

https://www.englishclub.com//grramar/verb-tenses_past-continuous.htm

http://ezranindita.blogspot.com/2012/11/past-tense-past-continous-tense.html

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/beginner-grammar/past-continuous-and-
past-simple