Water and Waste

Management.

Water resources, collection, processing

and distribution

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 Sources of Water Supply
Surface Source Ground Source
• Lake • Springs
• Rivers • Infiltration Gallery
• Ponds • Porous Ground Gallery
• Impounded Reservoir • Wells
(Dams) • Aquifers
• Stored Rain water
(Tanks)

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An infiltration gallery typically includes several horizontal perforated
pipes radiating outward from the bottom of a large-diameter vertical shaft
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Water Treatment

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Collection and
Conveyance

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Distribution System

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 PIPE
APPURTENANCES

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Piping and appurtenances commonly installed within a pump
house
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Hot and Cold Water Supply
Domestic Plumbing

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Direct Cylinder System of Hot Water Supply

When central heating is not installed in a house the

direct cylinder system of hot water supply may be
used.

In this method of hot water supply all the hot water

drawn off at tap has passed through the boiler.

The main equipment required for the direct system of

hot water supply is as follows:

A direct back boiler.

A direct cylinder.
A cold water storage cistern.
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COLD FEED - connection is taken from
the cold water storage cistern in the roof
space to feed the cylinder. Fitted to the
lowest connection on the cylinder (A).

PRIMARY RETURN - water flowing D

down the cold feed and into the cylinder
will then pass through the next lowest
connection (B) and on down to fill the boiler
which is at the lowest point in the system.
A C
B
Having filled the boiler, the water rises
up the primary flow pipe and re-enter
the cylinder at connection (C).

The cylinder fills until water rises

through the vent pipe at connection (D).

Water will continue to rise up the vent

pipe until it reaches a height equal to
the level of water in the storage cistern.
The vent pipe, or expansion pipe, is the
pipe from which all connections to hot
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water appliances are taken.
In designing the direct cylinder system the following points must be
observed:
Position of the Cylinder - best position is close to the boiler;
prevents excessive heat loss from the circulation pipes.
The Boiler - Direct back boilers are generally manufactured in
stainless steel or copper. These materials must be used to prevent
corrosion and discolouration of the water.
Position of the Cold Water Storage Cistern - since the pressure of
water at the taps is obtained from the cold water storage cistern, the
cistern must be placed in the highest possible position either in the roof
space or at ceiling level.
Primary Flow and Return Pipes - should rise steadily from the
boiler to the cylinder to prevent air locks and also to improve
circulation.
Hot Water Supply Pipe - should be connected to the top of the
cylinder, and to prevent ‘one pipe’ circulation, run almost horizontally
for at least 457mm.
Vent Pipe - should be continued above the water level in the cistern
to the extent of one-sixteenth the height from the bottom of the cylinder
to the water level in the cistern.
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 Indirect System of Hot Water Supply

When central heating is installed in a house it is not usual to use the

direct system of hot water supply. One reason for not using the direct
system is that radiators, usually manufactured from mild steel, will rust
easily because of the oxygen content of fresh water. This will cause
discolouration of the water at the hot water taps. For this reason the
indirect system of hot water supply must be used and the main
equipment is as follows:

A boiler
An indirect cylinder
A feed and expansion cistern

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When designing the indirect system of hot water supply the following
points must be observed:

Position of the Cylinder - best position is close to the boiler as

this will prevent excessive heat loss from the circulation pipes.

The Boiler - can be manufactured from cast iron, steel,

aluminium and copper. If made from cast iron or steel, rusting or
discolouration of the water does not cause problems, because
the water in this system does not come directly into contact with
the domestic hot water which comes through the taps.

Position of the Cold Water Storage Cistern - should be

positioned in the attic space in accordance with good plumbing
practices.

The Feed and Expansion Cistern - used to feed water and to

take up the expansion of water from an open vented hot water
heating system. The feed and expansion cistern should be
located at the same level as the cold water storage cistern.
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 Boilers
A boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is heated by the application of
heat, which could be either from solid fuel, gas, oil or electricity.
There are many types, sizes and shapes of boilers:

Solid Fuel Boilers - include boilers which burn wood, coal, turf or anthracite.
Not automatic; consequently the temperature in the heating system can vary
widely. Only suitable for open vented central heating systems.

Gas Boilers - heated by gas. An extremely clean and efficient form of fuel.
Automatically controlled which gives an even temperature throughout the
system leading to a more economical use of the fuel. Can be used on open
vented or sealed heating systems.

Oil Boilers - heated by pressure jet oil burners. Can produce excessive
carbon deposits (soot), therefore the heat exchanger (boiler) needs regular
cleaning.

Electric Storage Boilers - use cheap rate night-time electricity to heat an

element which warms up a series of refractory blocks. During the day when
the heat is required, a fan blows air around a closed circuit which warms and
in turns blows on to a water filled heat exchanger. Generally considered to be
the cleanest but most expensive method of heating water. 73
 Defects in Hot Water Systems
Generally speaking, most problems in domestic hot water systems are
the result of lack of knowledge and appreciation of basic plumbing
principles.

Air Locks - a small quantity of air trapped in a pipe which due to the
very low circulating pressure available prevents water passing
through the pipe. Can completely stop or reduce considerably the
flow of water.

Causes of Air Locks:

Unventilated arches formed in badly fitted pipework.

Pipes sagging, or not being laid truly horizontally or to
appropriate falls.
The cold feed, instead of falling away from the cistern, rises
causing an unventilated arch in the bend.
Defective tappings.
The hot draw off has been badly fitted causing it to sag and
create an air trap at the cylinder connection. 74
 The Importance of the Vent
In domestic plumbing systems the minimum diameter of the vent pipe
is 19mm. The vent’s main function is to maintain atmospheric
conditions in the pipe-work and permit the escape of air which has
entered the system, and
more rarely in the event of the water becoming overheated, allows it to
discharge over the feed cistern.

Make sure vent pipes are terminated well above the flood level, not
the overflow level, of the storage cistern. If this is not done, should
the vent become submerged, cold water could be siphoned out of the
cistern when a hot draw off is opened.

Ensure that the vent pipe is well insulated and securely fixed.

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 SANITARY
ENGINEERING

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Definitions

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 Sanitary works include:

• Collection and Conveyance of

Waste

• Treatment

• Disposal of Waste

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Purpose of Sanitation

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Principles of sanitation

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METHODS OF
COLLECTION

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PATTERNS OF COLLECTION SYSTEM

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 COMPARISON BETWEEN:

CONSERVANCY SYSTEM WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

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CONSERVANCY SYSTEM WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

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SEWARAGE SYSTEM

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 COMPARISON OF:
• SEPARATE SYSTEM • COMBINED SYSTEM

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QUALITY OF SEWAGE

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QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

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Sources of SEWAGE

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 DETERMINATION OF
quantity of dry weather flow

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 Factors which effect the
quantity of dry weather flow

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STORM WATER

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QUANTITY and quality of refuse

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 SEWER
APPURTANCES

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INTRODUCTION

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MANHOLE

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OBJECT

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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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TYPES OF MANHOLE

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GULLY TRAPS

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INSPECTION CHAMBER

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LAMPHOLE

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LOCATION

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DROP MANHOLE

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OIL AND GREASE TRAP

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CATCH BASIN

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FLUSHING TANKS

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VENTILATORS IN SEWERS

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CLEANOUTS

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STORM WATER INLET

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INVERTED SIPHON

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PLUMBING
SYSTEM

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TYPES OF PLUMBING
SYSTEM

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SINGLE STACK SYSTEM

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 SINGLE STACK SYSTEM

SINGLE STACK SYSTEM (Partially Ventilated

System)

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COMPONENTS OF
HOUSE DRAINAGE

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 SEPTIC TANKS

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 A septic tank is a key component of
the septic system or sewer system.
 Septic tanks are generally installed by
isolated communities like schools,
hospitals & institutions.
 Septic tank may be defined as primary
sedimentation tank. Having capacity
to remove 60 to 70% dissolved matter

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CONCLUSION

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 Waste
Management

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