Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Unidad Ticomán

Diseño de Elementos de Motor Aerorreactor - 8AV2

Huerta Rodríguez Orlando A.

Turboprop #6 Project 2015370254
 Input Data:
Shaft Horsepower SHP = 750 HP
P0 = 101 325 Pa
Altitude @ MSL
T0 = 288 K
Cruising Speed Mach 0.45 M
Compressor Pressure Ratio πC = 4.2
Maximum Temperature TO 3 = TMax = 1350 K
Isentropic Efficiency of Intake ηAD = 0.96
Compressor Isentropic Efficiency ηC = 0.7928 (Graphical)
Turbines Isentropic Efficiency ηT = 0.91
Mechanical Transmission Efficiency ηm = 0.98
Combustion Efficiency ηB = 0.96
Combustion Pressure Loss ΔPCC = 0.0175
Temperature Difference Per Stage ∆TPT = 200 K
Air Mass Flow Rate ṁa = 9 Kg/s
Propeller Efficiency ηP = 0.95
J
Fuel Calorific Power HC = 43 500 000
kg
Propelling Nozzle Efficiency ηPN = 0.97
Temperature Difference Per Turbine ΔTPT = 200 K

Constant values
J
Universal Gas Constant R = 287
kg ∙ K
J
Air Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity CP a = 1 005
kg ∙ K
J
Gas Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity CP g = 1 148
kg ∙ K
Air Specific Heat Ratio γa = 1.4
Gas Specific Heat Ratio γg = 1.333
 Turboprop Thermodynamic Cycle
Admission Duct
m
Ca = 0.45√γa ∙ R ∙ TO = 153.0783
s
Ca 2
TO1 = TO + = 299.6581 K
2CP a
γa
ηAD ∙ Ca 2 γa −1
PO1 = PO (1 + ) = 115 841.7912 Pa
2CP a ∙ TO
Compressor
TO1 γa −1
TO 2 = TO1 + (πC γa − 1) = 491.2361 K
ηC
PO 2 = πC ∙ PO1 = 486 535.5232 Pa
Combustion Chamber
TO 3 = TMax = 1 350 K
PO 3 = PO 2 (1 − ΔPCC ) = 486 535.5232 Pa (1 − 0.0175) = 478 021.1515 Pa
Gasogenous Turbine
CP a
TO 4 = TO 3 − (T − TO1 ) = 1 178.8631 K
ηm ∙ CP g O 2

(TO 3 − TO 3 )
TO ′4 = TO 3 − = 1 161.9374 K
ηT
γg
TO ′ γg −1
PO 4 = PO 3 ( 4 ) = 262 208.9019 Pa
TO 3

Power Turbine
TO ′5 = TO ′4 − ΔTPT = 961.9374 K
γg
TO ′5 γg −1
PO 5 = PO 4 ( ) = 123 099.8207 Pa
TO ′4
Propulsion Nozzle
PO 5
= 1.2149
Pa
PO 5 1
= γg = 1.8911
Pc
1 γg − 1 γg −1
[1 − η (γ + 1)]
PN g
 PO 5 PO 5
> ∴ 𝐍𝐨𝐧 − 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐥𝐞
Pc Pa
γg −1
γg
1
TO ′5 − TO 6 = ηPN ∙ TO ′5 1 − ( ) = 44.2892 K
PO 5
(P )
a
[ ]
m
C6 = √2CP g (TO ′5 − TO 6 ) = 318.8855
s
Residual Thrust
ER = ṁa (C6 − Ca ) = 1 492.2651 N
Specific Thrust
ER
ES = = 165.8072 N
ṁa
Specific Fuel Consumption
kg fuel
fideal @T = fideal @1350 K−491.2362 K = 0.0238
O 3 −TO 2 kg air
fideal kg fuel
factual = = 0.0247
ηB kg air
factual kg
SFC = = 0.5382
ES hr
Propulsion Efficiency
2
ηP = = 0.6486 = 64.86%
C
1 + C6
a

Energy Conversion Efficiency

C6 2 − Ca 2
ηe = = 0.0362 = 3.62%
2Hc ∙ factual
 Centrifugal Compressor

 Input Data
Number of Diffuser Ducts nD = 20
Exit Velocity C3 = 100 m/s
Inlet Pressure PO1 = 115 841.7912 Pa
Outlet Pressure PO 3 = 486 535.5232 Pa
Inlet Temperature TO1 = 299.6581 K
Outlet Temperature TO 3 = 491.2361 K
Compressor Pressure Ratio πC = 4.2
Kg
Air Mass Flow Rate ṁa = 9
s
Compressor Isentropic Efficiency ηC = 0.7928 (Graphical)
DA = 0.5618 m
Diffuser Diameters DTH = 0.6129 m
DT = 0.8682 m
Axial Velocity Ca = 150 m/s
Power Input Factor ψ = 1.04
Number of Blades nB = 19
RPMs N = 17 000 rpm
Interior Diameter (Induction Section) din = 0.1 m
Percentage of Loss in Impeller %loss = 0.5
Impeller Thickness ei = 1/4 in = 0.00635 m

Impeller
Slip Factor

0.63π
σ= 1− = 0.8958
nB

Temperature rising

γa −1
γ
T01 (πc a − 1)
T03 − T01 = = 191.5779 K
ηC

Specific Velocity

(T03 − T01 )CPa

u=√ = 454.5964 m/s
σ∙ψ
Impeller Diameter

u
Di = = 0.5107 m
π∙N

Induction Section (Plane 1)

Ca 2
T1 = T01 − = 288.4642 K
CPa

P01
P1 = γa = 101 390.0302 Pa
T01 γa −1
(T )
1

P1
ρ1 = = 1.2247 kg/m3
R ∙ T1

ṁ
A1 = = 0.0490 m
Ca ∙ ρ1

Exterior Diameter

4Ai
di x = √ +di n 2 = 0.2690 m
π

Height of Blade at Leading Edge

di x − di n
h1 = = 0.0845 m
2

Blade Attack Angles

ui n = π ∙ N ∙ di n = 89.0118 m/s

ui x = π ∙ N ∙ di x = 239.4719 m/s

Ca
αi n = tan−1 [ ] = 59.3146°
ui n

Ca
αi x = tan−1 [ ] = 32.0621°
ui x

Impeller Exit
 Cr 2 = Ca = 150 m/s

Cw 2 = σ ∙ u = 407.2417 m/s

C2 2 Cr 2 2 + Cw 2 2
= = 93.7044 K
2CPa 2CPa

Compressor Efficiency

ηE = 1 − [%loss ∙ (1 − ηC )] = 0.8964

T03 = T01 + (T03 − T01 ) = 491.2362 K

T02 = T03 = 491.2362 K

C2 2
T2 = T02 − = 397.5318 K
2CPa
γa
P02 ηC (T03 − T01 ) γa −1
= [1 + ] = 4.9
P01 T01

γa
P2 T2 γa −1
=( ) = 0.4767
P02 T02

P2 P2 P02
= ( ) ( ) = 2.3276
P01 P02 P01

P02
P2 = ( ) P01 = 269 641.0544 Pa
P01

P2
ρ2 = = 2.3633 kg/m3
R ∙ T2

Impeller Exit Area

ṁ
A2 = = 0.0253 m2
Cr 2 ∙ ρ2

Height of Impeller Exit Blade

A2
h2 = = 0.0158 m
πDi

Impeller Radius
 Di
Ri = = 0.2553m
2

Impeller Height

7
Li = R i = 0.1986 m
9

DA = 1.1 Di = 0.5617 m

Duct Height

hD = h2 + ei = 0.0221 m
AA = π ∙ DA ∙ hD = 0.0391 m2
Proposed Values:
CrA = 120 m/s 85 m/s
Di
CwA = Cw2 370.2198 m/s 370.2198 m/s
DA
CA 2 CrA 2 + CwA 2
= = 75.3546 71.7849
2CPa 2CPa
Ca 2
TA = T02 − 415.8816 K 419.4512 K
2CPa
γa
PA TA γa −1
=( ) = 0.5583 0.5753
P02 T02
PA PA P02
= ( )( ) = 2.7259 2.8087
P01 P02 P01
PA
PA = ( )P 315 775.5820 Pa 325 364.2291 Pa
P01 01
PA
ρA = 2.6456 2.7028
R ∙ TA
ṁ
CrA = = 86.9298 85.0921 m/s - OK
AA ∙ ρA

Cr
αA = tan−1 ( A ) = 12.9306°
C wA

CA = √CrA 2 + CwA 2 = 379.8522 m/s

At Throat Ducts
 DTH = 1.3Di = 0.6129 m
ATH = π ∙ DTH ∙ hD = 0.0427 m2
Proposed Values:
CrTH = 80 m/s 73 m/s
Di
CwTH = Cw2 339.3681 m/s 339.3681 m/s
DTH
CTH 2 CrTH 2 + CwTH 2
= = 60.4829 K 59.9501 K
2CPa 2CPa
CTH 2
TTH = T02 − 430.7532 K 431.2861 K
2CPa
γa
PTH TTH γa −1
=( ) = 0.6314 0.6341
P02 T02
PTH PTH P02
= ( )( ) = 3.0826 3.0960
P01 P02 P01
PTH
PTH = ( )P 357 095.5459 Pa 358643.9659 Pa
P01 01
PTH
ρTH = 2.8885 2.8975
R ∙ TTH
ṁ
CrTH = = 72.9849 m/s 72.7597 m/s OK
ATH ∙ ρTH

CrTH
αTH = tan−1 ( ) = 12.1397°
CwTH

CTH = √CrTH 2 + CwTH 2 = 347.1307 m/s

Compressor Exit
C3 = 100 m/s

C3 2
T3 = T03 − = 491.1864 K
2CPa
P03
P3 = γa = 486 363.0819 Pa
T γa −1
( T03 )
3

P3
ρ3 = = 3.4501 kg/m3
R ∙ T3
 ṁ
A3 = = 0.0261 m2
C3 ∙ ρ3

Exit Area for One Duct

nD = 20
A3
A3D = = 0.0013 m2
nD

Ducts Width

A3D
aD = = 0.0588 m
hD

Compressibility Effects

VR = √Ca 2 + Vix 2 = 282.5717 m/s

VR
M1 = = 0.8143 ∴ 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐥 𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐝
√γa ∙ R ∙ T1
Prewhirl Angle
θ = 6°
Ca1 = 150.5 m/s 150.2 m/s
Ca1
C1 = = 151.3290 m/s 151.0273 m/s
Cos(θ)
C1 2
T1 = T01 − = 288.2649 K 288.3103 K
2CPa
P01
P1 = γa =
T γa −1 101 145.1436 Pa 101 200.8798 Pa
( T01 )
1
P1
ρ1 = = 1.2226 kg/m3 1.2230 kg/m3
R ∙ T1
ṁ
Ca1 = = 150.2593 m/s 150.2002 m/s OK
A1 ∙ ρ1

Cw1 = Ca1 tan θ = 15.7867 m/s

2
VR1 = √Ca1 2 + (uix − Cw1 ) = 269.4348 m/s
 VR1
M1 = = 0.7916
√γa ∙ R ∙ T1
Average Impeller Speed
uin + uix
Ve = = 164.2418 m/s
2
ψ
∆TActual = [(σ ∙ U 2 ) − (Cw1 ∙ Ve )] = 188.8948 K
CPa
Actual Pressure Ratio
γa
ηc ∙ ∆TActual γa −1
πc Actual = [1 + ( )] = 4.1312
T01
Pressure Ratio % Drop
πc − πc Actual
%∆πc = ( ) ∙ 100 = 1.6665 %
πc Actual

Overlap Diameter
DA + DT
DO = = 0.7336 m
2 Cos αA
 Combustion Chamber (C.C.)

 Input Data
Combustion Efficiency ηB = 0.96
Inlet Temperature Tin = 491.2362 K
Pin = 486 535.5232 Pa
Inlet Pressure
= 4.9596 kg/cm2
Max. Temperature Tmax = 1350 K
HC = 42 700 J/kg
Fuel Calorific Power
= 10 406.70 cal/kg
Air Mass Flow Rate ṁa = 9 kg/s
ṁf = 0.2231 kg/s
Fuel Mass Flow Rate
= 803.2500 kg/hr
C.C. Internal Flow Velocity V2 = 35 m/s
Combustion Intensity q CC = 35 × 106 kCal/m3 hr ∙ kg/cm2
No. of Individual C.C. nCC = nD = 20
Inlet Duct Width (Diffuser Duct Exit) D1 = 0.0588 m
Outlet Duct Width (Turbine Inlet
D3 = 0.0372 m
height)

ηB ∙ ṁf ∙ HC
VCC = = 0.0462 m3
q CC ∙ Pin
VCC VCC
VT = = = 0.0023 m3
nD nCC
V1 = 10% VT = 0.0002 m3
V2 = 70% VT = 0.0016 m3
V3 = 20% VT = 0.0005 m3
Maximum Cylindrical Cross Section Area
Pin
ρ2 = = 3.4509 kg/m3
R ∙ Tin
ṁa ∙ ṁf
ACC max = = 0.0038 m2
V2 ∙ ρ2

4
D2 = √ ACC max = 0.0697 m
π
 D1 = 0.0588 m
D3 = 0.0372 m
V2
L2 = = 0.4238 m
ACC
3V1
L1 = = 0.0153 m
π(D1 2 + D1 D2 + D2 2 )
3V3
L3 = = 0.0540 m
π(D3 + D3 D2 + D2 2 )
2

L2 + L3 = 0.4778 m ≥ 1′ = 0.3048 m ∴ 𝐎𝐊
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 = 0.4931 m
 Gasogenous Turbine

 Input Data
Degree of Reaction Λ = 0.5
Nozzle Efficiency λN = 0.05
Flow Coefficient ϕ = 0.9
Height-Chord Ratio h/c = 3.5
Axial Velocity Ca = 230 m/s
Ca
Peripheral Velocity U= = 255.5555 m/s
ϕ
High speed rotor rpm 17 000 rpm
Temperature Difference Per Stage ΔTS = 120 K
Inlet Temperature Tin = 1 350 K
Inlet Pressure Pin = 478 021.1515 Pa
Outlet Temperature Tout = 1 161.9374 K
Outlet Pressure Pout = 262 208.9019 Pa

Number of Stages
∆TTurbine ∆TActual =
∆TTurbine
= 85.57 K K
NS = = 1.5672 ≈ 2 NS
∆TStages
Temperature Drop Coefficient (3 to 5)
2CPg ∙ ∆TActual
φ= = 3.0082
u2
Gas Angles
1 φ 1
β2 = tan−1 [ ( − 2Λ)] = 15.6460° α2 = tan−1 [tan(β2 ) + ] = 54.2909°
2ϕ 2 ϕ

1 φ 1
β3 = tan−1 [ ( + 2Λ)] = 54.2909° α3 = tan−1 [tan(β3 ) + ] = 15.6460°
2ϕ 2 ϕ

Stages Temperature and Pressures

γg
∆TActual γg−1
PO 3 = PO1 (1 − )
ηT TO1

# 𝐓𝐎 𝟏 [K] 𝐓𝐎 𝟑 [K] 𝐏𝐎 𝟑 [Pa] 𝐏𝐎 𝟑 [Pa]

1 1350 1 264.4316 478 021.1515 358 041.3624
2 1 264.431553 1 178.8631 358 041.3624 262 777.8799

Mean Radius
 U
rm = = 0.1435 m
2π ∙ N[rps]

 Stage 1

Plane 2

Ca m
C2 = = 394.0584
cos α2 s
TO2 = TO1 = 1350 K C2 2
(T2 − T2 ′) = λN = 3.3816 K
2CPg
C2 2
T2 = TO2 − = 1 282.3684 K
2CPg T2′ = T2 − (T2 − T2 ′) = 1 278.9869 K
γg PO1
PO2 γg − 1 γg−1 P2 = = 385 040.0519 Pa
=( ) = 1.8524 PO
PC 2 ( P 1)
2
γg
PO2 TO γg−1 P2 kg
= ( 1) = 1.2415 ρ2 = = 1.0462 3
P2 T2 ′ R ∙ T2 m

ṁa C2
A2 = = 0.0374 m2 M= = 0.5626
ρ2 ∙ Ca √γg ∙ R ∙ T2
A2 ∙ N[rps]
h2 = = 0.0415 m
U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h2 h2
rr = rm − = 0.1228 m rt = rm + = 0.1643 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3376
rr

Plane 1

Ca m
C1 = C3 = = 238.8503
cos α3 s
TO1 = 1 350 K C1 2
T1 = TO1 − = 1 325.1527 K
2CPg
γg PO1
PO1 TO γg−1 P1 = = 443 763.3940 Pa
= ( 1) = 0.9283 PO1
P1 T1 ′ (P )
1
 P1 kg
ρ1 = = 1.1668 3
R ∙ T1 m
ṁa A1 ∙ N[rps]
A1 = = 0.0335 m2 h1 = = 0.0372 m
ρ1 ∙ Ca U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1250 m rt = rm + = 0.1621 m
2 2
rt
= 1.2975
rr

Plane 3

Ca m
C1 = C3 = = 238.8503
cos α3 s
TO3 = 1 264 .4316 K C3 2
T3 = TO3 − = 1 239.5842 K
2CPg
γg
P3 kg
T3 γg −1 ρ3 = = 0.9295 3
P3 = PO3 ( ) = 330 696.9403 Pa R ∙ T3 m
TO3
ṁa A3 ∙ N[rps]
A3 = = 0.0405 m2 h3 = = 0.0467m
ρ3 ∙ Ca U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1202 m rt = rm + = 0.1669 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3882
rr

- 1 2 3
A 0.0335 0.0374 0.0421
h 0.0372 0.0415 0.0467
rt 0.1250 0.1228 0.1202
rr 0.1621 0.1643 0.1669
rt /rr 1.2975 1.3376 1.3882

Rotor Efficiency
 T2
T3′′ = γg −1 = 1 234.5431 K
P2 γg
(P )
3

Ca3 m
V3 = = 394.0584
cos β3 s

T3 − T3′′
λ𝑅 = = 0.0745
V2
(2C3 )
Pg

Checkpoint: 𝛌𝑹 > 𝛌𝑵

Variation of Gas Angles

- Root

rm rm
α2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 58.4089° α3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 18.4919°
rr 2 rr 3
rm rr U
β2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = 34.0358°
rr 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rr U
β3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 51.6715°
rr 3 rm 3 Ca3

- Tip

rm rm
α2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 50.5581° α3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 13.5450°
rt 2 rt 3
rm rt U
β2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = −3.2048°
rt 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rt U
β3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 56.8769°
rt 3 rm 3 Ca3
 60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1

-10

α.2 α.3 β.2 β.3

Root Mach Number @ Plane 2

Ca2 m C2r 2
V2r = = 277.5471 T2r = TO2 − = 1 266.0416 K
cos β2r s 2CPg

Ca2 m V2r
C2r = = 439.0540 M2r = = 0.3988
cos α2r s
√γg ∙ R ∙ T2r
[Less than 0.8]

Determination of Vanes & Blades Number

Optimum Pitch/Chord Ratio

Stator Rotor
h1 + h2 h2 + h3
hs = = 0.0393 m hs = = 0.0441 m
2 2
hs hr
cs = = 0.0112 m cr = = 0.0126 m
(h/c ) (h/c )
s/c opt = 0.84 s/c opt = 0.84
ss = cs (s/c)OPTs = 0.0095 m sr = cr (s/c)OPTr = 0.0106 m
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ns = = 95.1598 ≈ 96 nr = = 84.9133 ≈ 83
ss sr
Next even number. Nearest prime number.
Corrected Values

Stator Rotor
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ss = = 0.0094 m sr = = 0.0109 m
ns nr
 ss sr
cs = = 0.0112 m cr = = 0.0126 m
(s/c)OPTs (s/c)OPTr
h h
= 3.5 = 3.5
cs cr
 Stage 2

Plane 2

Ca m
C2 = = 394.0584
cos α2 s
TO2 = TO1 = 1 264.4316 K C2 2
(T2 − T2 ′) = λN = 3.3816 K
2CPg
C2 2
T2 = TO2 − = 1 196.8000 K
2CPg T2′ = T2 − (T2 − T2 ′) = 1 193.4184 K
γg PO1
PO2 γg − 1 γg−1 P2 = = 284 084.4527 Pa
=( ) = 1.8524 PO1
PC 2 (P )
2
γg
PO2 TO γg−1 P2 kg
= ( 1) = 1.2603 ρ2 = = 0.8271 3
P2 T2 ′ R ∙ T2 m

ṁa C2
A2 = = 0.0473 m2 M= = 0.5824
ρ2 ∙ Ca √γg ∙ R ∙ T2
A2 ∙ N[rps]
h2 = = 0.0525 m
U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h2 h2
rr = rm − = 0.1173 m rt = rm + = 0.1698 m
2 2
rt
= 1.4471
rr

Plane 1

Ca m
C1 = C3 = = 238.8503
cos α3 s
TO1 = 1 264.4316 𝐾 C1 2
T1 = TO1 − = 1 239.5842 𝐾
2CPg
γg
PO1 TO γg−1
= ( 1) = 0.9236
P1 T1 ′
 PO1 P1 kg
P1 = = 330 696.9403 Pa ρ1 = = 0.9295 3
PO1 R ∙ T1 m
(P )
1

ṁa A1 ∙ N[rps]
A1 = = 0.0421 m2 h1 = = 0.0467 m
ρ1 ∙ Ca U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1202 m rt = rm + = 0.1669 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3882
rr

Plane 3

Ca m
C1 = C3 = = 238.8503
cos α3 s
TO3 = 1 178.8631 𝐾 C3 2
T3 = TO3 − = 1 154.0158 K
2CPg
γg
P3 kg
T3 γg−1 ρ3 = = 0.7286 3
P3 = PO3 ( ) = 241 298.4317 Pa R ∙ T3 m
TO3
ṁa A3 ∙ N[rps]
A3 = = 0.0537 m2 h3 = = 0.0595 m
ρ3 ∙ Ca U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1138 m rt = rm + = 0.1733 m
2 2
rt
= 1.5634
rr

- 1 2 3
A 0.0421 0.0473 0.0537
h 0.0467 0.0525 0.0595
rt 0.1202 0.1173 0.1138
rr 0.1669 0.1698 0.1733
rt /rr 1.3882 1.4471 1.5234

Rotor Efficiency
 T2 Ca3 m
T3′′ = γg −1 = 1148.9777 K V3 = = 394.0584
cos β3 s
P2 γg
(P )
3
T3 − T3′′
λ𝑅 = = 0.0744
V2
(2C3 )
Pg

Checkpoint: 𝛌𝑹 > 𝛌𝑵

Variation of Gas Angles

- Root

rm rm
α2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 59.5665° α3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 19.4615°
rr 2 rr 3
rm rr U
β2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = 38.4519°
rr 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rr U
β3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 50.9800°
rr 3 rm 3 Ca3

- Tip

rm rm
α2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 49.6307° α3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 13.0594°
rt 2 rt 3
rm rt U
β2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = −7.8482°
rt 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rt U
β3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 57.5634°
rt 3 rm 3 Ca3
 60.0000

50.0000

40.0000

30.0000

20.0000

10.0000

0.0000
0 1

-10.0000

α.2 α.3 β.2 β.3

Root Mach Number @ Plane 2

Ca2 m C2r 2
V2r = = 293.6931 T2r = TO2 − = 1 174.6352 K
cos β2r s 2CPg

Ca2 m V2r
C2r = = 454.0621 M2r = = 0.4381
cos α2r s
√γg ∙ R ∙ T2r
[Less than 0.8]

Determination of Vanes & Blades Number

Optimum Pitch/Chord Ratio

Stator Rotor
s/c opt = 0.84 s/c opt = 0.84
h1 + h2 h2 + h3
hs = = 0.0496 m hs = = 0.0560 m
2 2
hs hr
cs = = 0.0142 m cr = = 0.0160 m
(h/c ) (h/c )
 ss = cs (s/c)OPTs = 0.0119 m sr = cr (s/c)OPTr = 0.0135 m
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ns = = 75.5023 ≈ 76 nr = = 66.8224 ≈ 67
ss sr
Next even number. Nearest prime number.
Corrected Values

Stator Rotor
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ss = = 0.0119 m sr = = 0.0135 m
ns nr
ss sr
cs = = 0.0142 m cr = = 0.0160 m
(s/c)OPTs (s/c)OPTr
h h
= 3.5 = 3.5
cs cr
 Power Turbine
 Input Data
Degree of Reaction Λ = 0.55
Nozzle Efficiency λN = 0.05
Flow Coefficient ϕ = 0.9
Height-Chord Ratio h/c = 3.5
Axial Velocity Ca = 230 m/s
Peripheral Velocity U = Ca /ϕ = 255.5555 m/s
Low Speed Rotor RPM 13 300 rpm
Temperature Difference Per Stage ΔTS = 120 K
Inlet Temperature Tin = 1 161.9374 K
Inlet Pressure Pin = 262 089.3218 Pa
Output Temperature Tout = 961.9374 K
Output Pressure Pout = 123 043.6811 Pa

Number of Stages
∆TTurbine ∆TActual =
∆TTurbine
= 85.5684 K K
NS = = 1.6667 ≈ 2 NS
∆TStages
Temperature Drop Coefficient (3 to 5)
2CPg ∙ ∆TActual
φ= = 3.0082
u2
Gas Angles
1 φ 1
β2 = tan−1 [ ( − 2Λ)] = 12.6540° α2 = tan−1 [tan(β2 ) + ] = 53.1774°
2ϕ 2 ϕ

1 φ 1
β3 = tan−1 [ ( + 2Λ)] = 55.3474° α3 = tan−1 [tan(β3 ) + ] = 18.5531°
2ϕ 2 ϕ

Stages Temperature and Pressures

γg
∆TActual γg−1
PO 3 = PO1 (1 − )
ηT TO1

# 𝐓𝐎 𝟏 [K] 𝐓𝐎 𝟑 [K] 𝐏𝐎 𝟏 [Pa] 𝐏𝐎 𝟑 [Pa]

1 1 161.9375 1 076.3690 262208.9019 187041.8514
2 1 076.3690 990.8006 187041.8514 129723.3537
Mean Radius
 U
rm = = 0.1834 m
2π ∙ N[rps]

 Stage 1

Plane 2

Ca m
C2 = = 383.7555
cos α2 s

TO2 = TO1 = 1 161.9375 K C2 2

(T2 − T2 ′) = λN = 3.2071 K
2CPg
C2 2
T2 = TO2 − = 1 097.7963 K
2CPg T2′ = T2 − (T2 − T2 ′) = 1 094.5892 K
γg PO1
PO2 γg − 1 γg−1 P2 = = 206 463.4289 Pa
=( ) = 1.8524 PO
PC 2 ( P 1)
2
γg
PO2 TO γg−1 P2 kg
= ( 1) = 1.2700 ρ2 = = 0.6553 3
P2 T2 ′ R ∙ T2 m

ṁa C2
A2 = = 0.0597 m2 M= = 0.5922
ρ2 ∙ Ca √γg ∙ R ∙ T2

A2 ∙ N[rps]
h2 = = 0.0518 m
U

- Root radius - Tip Radius

h2 h2
rr = rm − = 0.1576 m rt = rm + = 0.2094 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3287
rr

Plane 1

Ca m
C1 = C3 = = 242.6086
cos α3 s

TO1 = 1 161.9375 K C1 2
T1 = TO1 − = 1136.3021 K
2CPg
 γg P1 kg
PO1 TO γg−1 ρ1 = = 0.7353 3
= ( 1) = 0.9146 R ∙ T1 m
P1 T1 ′

PO1
P1 = = 239 807.3324 Pa
PO1
(P )
1
ṁa A1 ∙ N[rps]
A1 = = 0.0532 m2 h1 = = 0.0462 m
ρ1 ∙ Ca U
- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1604 m rt = rm + = 0.2066 m
2 2
rt
= 1.2878
rr
Plane 3

Ca m C3 2
C1 = C3 = = 242.6086 T3 = TO3 − = 1 050.7336 K
cos α3 s 2CPg
TO3 = 1 076.3690 K
γg ṁa
T3 γg−1 A3 = = 0.0695 m2
P3 = PO3 ( ) = 169 837.2963 Pa ρ3 ∙ Ca
TO3
A3 ∙ N[rps]
P3 kg h3 = = 0.0603 m
ρ3 = = 0.5632 3 U
R ∙ T3 m

- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1534 m rt = rm + = 0.2136 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3930
rr

- 1 2 3
A 0.0532 0.0597 0.0695
h 0.0462 0.0518 0.0603
rt 0.1604 0.1576 0.1534
rr 0.2066 0.2094 0.2136
rt /rr 1.2878 1.3287 1.3930
Rotor Efficiency

T2 Ca3 m
T3′′ = γg −1 = 1 045.5267 K V3 = = 404.5026
cos β3 s
P2 γg
(P )
3
T3 − T3′′
λ𝑅 = = 0.0731
V3 2
(2C )
Pg

Checkpoint: 𝛌𝑹 > 𝛌𝑵

Variation of Gas Angles

- Root

rm rm
α2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 57.2575° α3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 21.8792°
rr 2 rr 3

rm rr U
β2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = 30.9988°
rr 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rr U
β3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 53.0657°
rr 3 rm 3 Ca3

- Tip

rm rm
α2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 49.4899° α3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 16.0814°
rt 2 rt 3

rm rt U
β2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = −5.5690°
rt 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rt U
β3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 57.7004°
rt 3 rm 3 Ca3
 60.0000

50.0000

40.0000

30.0000

20.0000

10.0000

0.0000
0 1

-10.0000

α.2 α.3 β.2 β.3

Root Mach Number @ Plane 2

Ca2 m C2r 2
V2r = = 268.3223 T2r = TO2 − = 1083.1774 K
cos β2r s 2CPg

Ca2 m V2r
C2r = = 425.2447 M2r = = 0.4168
cos α2r s
√γg ∙ R ∙ T2r

[Less than 0.8]

Determination of Vanes & Blades Number

Optimum Pitch/Chord Ratio:

Stator Rotor
s/c = 0.84 s/c = 0.83
h1 + h2 h2 + h3
hs = = 0.0490 m hr = = 0.0560 m
2 2
hs hr
cs = = 0.0140 m cr = = 0.0160 m
(h/c ) (h/c )
ss = cs (s/c)OPTs = 0.0118 m sr = cr (s/c)OPTr = 0.0133 m
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ns = = 98.0814 ≈ 100 nr = = 86.7661 ≈ 87
ss sr
Next even number. Next prime number.
Corrected Values

Stator Rotor
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ss = = 0.0115 m sr = = 0.0133 m
ns nr
 ss sr
cs = = 0.0140 m cr = = 0.0160 m
(s/c)OPTs (s/c)OPTr
h h
= 3.5 = 3.5
cs cr
 Stage 2

Plane 2

Ca m γg
C2 = = 383.7555 PO2 TO γg−1
cos α2 s = ( 1) = 1.2952
P2 T2 ′
TO2 = TO1 = 1 076.3690 K
PO1
P2 = = 144 414.2749 Pa
PO1
C2 2 (P )
T2 = TO2 − = 1 012.2278 K 2
2CPg
P2 kg
2 ρ2 = = 0.4971 3
C2 R ∙ T2 m
(T2 − T2 ′) = λN = 3.2071 K
2CPg
ṁa
A2 = = 0.0787 m2
T2′ = T2 − (T2 − T2 ′) = 1 009.0207 K ρ2 ∙ Ca

γg C2
PO2 γg − 1 γg−1 M= = 0.6167
=( ) = 1.8524 √γg ∙ R ∙ T2
PC 2
A2 ∙ N[rps]
h2 = = 0.0683 m
U

- Root radius - Tip Radius

h2 h2
rr = rm − = 0.1493 m rt = rm + = 0.2176 m
2 2
rt
= 1.4572
rr

Plane 1

Ca m C1 2
C1 = C3 = = 242.6086 T1 = TO1 − = 1 050.7336 K
cos α3 s 2CPg

TO1 = 1 076.3690 K γg
PO1 TO γg−1
= ( 1) = 0.9080
P1 T1 ′
 PO1 ṁa
P1 = = 169 837.2963 Pa A1 = = 0.0695 m2
PO1 ρ1 ∙ Ca
(P )
1
A1 ∙ N[rps]
h1 = = 0.0603 m
P1 kg U
ρ1 = = 0.5632 3
R ∙ T1 m

- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1534 m rt = rm + = 0.2136 m
2 2
rt
= 1.3930
rr

Plane 3

Ca m P3 kg
C1 = C3 = = 242.6086 ρ3 = = 0.4217 3
cos α3 s R ∙ T3 m

TO3 = 990.8006 K ṁa

A3 = = 0.0928 m2
ρ3 ∙ Ca
C3 2
T3 = TO3 − = 965.1652 K A3 ∙ N[rps]
2CPg h3 = = 0.0805 m
U
γg
T3 γg−1
P3 = PO3 ( ) = 116 800.7160 Pa
TO3

- Root radius - Tip Radius

h1 h1
rr = rm − = 0.1432 m rt = rm + = 0.2237 m
2 2

rt
= 1.5620
rr
 - 1 2 3
A 0.0695 0.0787 0.0928
h 0.0603 0.0683 0.0805
rt 0.1534 0.1493 0.1432
rr 0.2136 0.2176 0.2237
rt /rr 1.3930 1.4572 1.5620

Rotor Efficiency

T2 Ca3 m
T3′′ = γg −1 = 959.9628 K V3 = = 404.5026
cos β3 s
P2 γg
(P )
3
T3 − T3′′
λ𝑅 = = 0.0730
V2
(2C3 )
Pg

Checkpoint: 𝛌𝑹 > 𝛌𝑵

Variation of Gas Angles

- Root

rm rm
α2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 58.6415° α3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 23.2644°
rr 2 rr 3

rm rr U
β2r = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = 36.3736°
rr 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rr U
β3r = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 52.3743°
rr 3 rm 3 Ca3

- Tip

rm rm
α2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 ] = 48.3944° α3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 ] = 15.3896°
rt 2 rt 3

rm rt U
β2t = tan−1 [( ) tan α2 − ( ) ] = −10.8538°
rt 2 rm 2 Ca2

rm rt U
β3t = tan−1 [( ) tan α3 − ( ) ] = 58.4723°
rt 3 rm 3 Ca3
 60.0000

50.0000

40.0000

30.0000

20.0000

10.0000

0.0000
0 1

-10.0000

α.2 α.3 β.2 β.3

Root Mach Number @ Plane 2

Ca2 m C2r 2
V2r = = 285.6548 T2r = TO2 − = 991.2899 K
cos β2r s 2CPg

Ca2 m V2r
C2r = = 441.9749 M2r = = 0.4639
cos α2r s
√γg ∙ R ∙ T2r

[Less than 0.8]

Determination of Vanes & Blades Number

Optimum Pitch/Chord Ratio

Stator Rotor
s/c = 0.84 s/c = 0.83
h1 + h2 h2 + h3
hs = = 0.0643 m hs = = 0.0744 m
2 2
hs hr
cs = = 0.0184 m cr = = 0.0213 m
(h/c ) (h/c )
 ss = cs (s/c)OPTs = 0.0154 m sr = cr (s/c)OPTr = 0.0179 m
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ns = = 74.7400 ≈ 76 nr = = 64.5774 ≈ 67
ss sr
Next even number. Nearest prime number.
Corrected Values

Stator Rotor
2π ∙ rm 2π ∙ rm
ss = = 0.0152 m sr = = 0.0146 m
ns nr
ss sr
cs = = 0.0184 m cr = = 0.0213 m
(s/c)OPTs (s/c)OPTr
h h
= 3.5 = 3.5
cs cr