Antologia de Ingles Pre Intermedio

Past perfect
Past Perfect
The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place
once or many times before another point in the past. Read on for detailed
descriptions, examples, and present perfect exercises.
Past Perfect Forms
The past perfect is formed using had + past participle. Questions are indicated by
inverting the subject and had. Negatives are made with not.
 Statement: You had studied English before you moved to New York.
 Question: Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
 Negative: You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Past Perfect Uses
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action
in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the
past.
Examples:
 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
 A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
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Especialidad de Inglés, curso Inglés Intermedio.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous
Verbs)
With non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use
the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another action in the past.
Examples:
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than
forty years.
Although the above use of past perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs
and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and
"study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous
verbs.
IMPORTANT: Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases
with the past perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can be used
instead of the past perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The
words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the past perfect is
optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.
• She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with
them in 1996.
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HOWEVER
If the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, past perfect is not
optional. Compare the examples below. Here past perfect is referring to a lack of
experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, simple past
cannot be used.
Examples:
• She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
• She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
• Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
Active
• Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's
license. Passive
Future perfect
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Zero Conditionals
When we are thinking about facts which are generally true, we use:
If + Present Simple, Present Simple
 If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.

 If you stand in the rain, you get wet.
 If you heat ice, it melts.
Explanation: You can see in the examples about the condition it always has the
same result.
 Notice how we use a comma after the first present simple tense clause.
We can also reverse the order and use:

Present Simple + If + Present Simple
 Notice how the comma is not necessary with this word order.
 You get wet if you stand in the rain.

 Ice melts if you heat it.
 I can't sleep if I drink coffee at night.
 Plants die if you don't water them.
You can also use (when, if, even if, only if, as long as, provided, supposing, unless,
but for, if necessary, if so, in case and others)
Exercises: Rewrite in the correct order
1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)
_______________________________________________________________
2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)
_______________________________________________________________
3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)
_______________________________________________________________
4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)
_______________________________________________________________
5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)
_______________________________________________________________
6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)
_______________________________________________________________
7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers)
_______________________________________________________________
8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight)
_______________________________________________________________
9. (you / heat ice / it / melt)
_______________________________________________________________
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First Conditional
When we are thinking about a possible situation in the future, we use:
If + Present verb, future verb
This structure is common when talking about possible plans, promises, warnings,
threats or for persuading someone. We are predicting a likely result in the future if
a condition is fulfilled.
If + Simple Present, Will / Won't ...
If I go to Paris next month for work, I'll visit the Eiffel Tower (Plans)
If I have time, I will help you. (Promise)
If you touch that wire, you will get an electric shock. (Warning)
If you eat my chocolate that is in the fridge, you'll sleep outside with the
dog.(Threat)
If you take me to the mall, I'll buy you an ice cream. (Persuasion)
 Notice how we use a comma after the present tense clause.

Future Verb + If + Present Simple
I will be annoyed if they don't arrive on time.
You will get a better job if you can speak English.
You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.
The dog will bite you if you pull its tail.
C Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use the First
Conditional.
1 If my aunt comes to visit, she .................................... (give) us a present.
2 If it doesn’t rain, we .................................... (go) to the beach.
3 If it .................................... (snow) tonight, we will make a snowman tomorrow.
4 If you don’t try, you .................................... (not succeed).
5 If you .................................... (bring) the sandwiches for the picnic, I will bring the
drinks.
6 If he talks too long, his parents .................................... (not let) him use the
phone.
7 He will turn on the heater if it .................................... (get) too cold.
8 You won’t understand the questions unless you .................................... (read)
the book.
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Modal Verbs in First Conditional
Normally WILL is used in the main clause of first conditional sentences. However
you can also use the modal verbs MAY, MIGHT and COULD when something is a
possible consequence (and not a certain one) in the future.
If you are nice to me, I may buy you a gift when I'm in Peru.
If they train a little harder, they might win the match.
If he doesn't do his work, he could get fired.
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets and modal verbs. Use the
First Conditional.
1 If we ................................. (go) to London, we ...................... (visit) my friend
George.
2 If she ................................. (do) well in her exams, my sister ...................... (go)
to university.
3 Jenny ...................... (not eat) supper if she ................................. (eat) all that ice
cream.
4 My brother ...................... (drive) us to the cinema if we ...................... (ask) him.
5 Uncle Tim ............... .................. (phone) us if he ................................. (want) to
come with us.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Second Conditional
When we are thinking about a situation in the present or future that
is hypothetical, imaginary, unlikely or impossible, we use:
If + Past Simple, ...Would + Verb

We use a past verb though are imagining the present or the future to be different.
The second clause of subject + would + verb (conditional verb) is conditional to the
first clause happening (or will only happen if the first part/clause happens).
Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.
Explanation: It is unlikely that I will win the lottery, but I'm going to hypothetically
imagine that I did win. In that situation I would travel around the world. So in order
for me to travel around the world, I would need the first clause (the condition or
situation) to happen, that is, for me to win the lottery first.
 If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. (Though I am unlikely to
win the lottery)
 If I knew his name, I would tell you.
 If I didn't have a headache, I would go to the party.
 If I became President, I would reduce the salaries of all politicians. (Though
it is unlikely I will become President)
Notice how we use a comma after the past tense clause.

Conditional verb (would + verb) + If + Past Simple
 I would be happy if I had more free time.

 I would tell you the answer if I knew what it was.
 There would be fewer accidents if everyone drove more carefully.
 We would have a lot of money if we sold our house.
 Would she come if I paid for her flight?
 Would you accept the job if they offered it to you?
 What would you do if you won the lottery?
 What would you do if you saw a U.F.O?
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Subjunctive Mood
If I were ...
Note that with the verb To Be we use IF + I / HE / SHE / IT + WERE
The reason we use WERE instead of WAS is because the sentence is in the
Subjunctive mood.
 If I were not in debt, I would quit my job.

 If he were taller, he'd be accepted into the team.
 She would still be correcting my grammar if she were still alive.
Though in informal English, you will hear some people say If I was... If he
was... etc. This usage doesn't sound good though unfortunately is common.
Could in Second Conditional sentences

COULD can be used instead of WOULD to make the hypothetical present or future
more likely.
 If he trained every day, he could represent his country

 If I had a little more money, I could buy a car.
Exercises
1. What would you do if you suddenly (win) ______________________ half a
million dollars?
2. If he (get up) ______________________ earlier, he'd get to work on time.
3. If we (have) ______________________ more time, I could tell you more about
it.
4. If you (sell) ______________________ more products, you'd earn more money.
5. I could help you if you (trust) ______________________ me more.
6. His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) ______________________ some new
tires.
7. The children could be better swimmers if the (go) ______________________
swimming more frequently.
8. I wouldn't mind having children if we (live) ______________________ in the
country.
9. If I (be) ______________________ you, I wouldn't worry about going to
university.
10. If I (have) ______________________ any money, I'd give you some.
11. Your parents (be) ______________________ a lot happier if you phoned them
more often.
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Third Conditional
When we are talking about something in the past which cannot be altered now, we
use:
If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle
EXAMPLE: If you had studied all of these grammar pages, you would have passed
the exam.
Explanation: You can not alter or change the past. You didn't study in the past
(something you cannot change now) so you didn't pass the exam. It is an
imaginary situation that didn't happen.
If you had been more careful, you wouldn't have had an accident.
If I had seen you, I would have said hello.
If he had asked me, I would have helped him.
If you had studied, they would have passed the exam.
If I had known, I wouldn't have done that.
Notice how this tense can be used to say that you regret doing something or when
you are telling someone off (reproaching someone). This type of conditional can
also be used when making excuses.
 We can also change the word order of the sentence.
Would have + If + past perfect
EXAMPLE: You would have passed the exam if you had studied all of these
grammar pages.
I wouldn't have left my job if I had known how difficult it is to find another one.
I would have taken a photo if I had brought my camera with me.
He would have died if the ambulance hadn't arrived quickly.
She would have gone to your birthday party if she hadn't been sick.
He wouldn't have become lost if he had taken the map with him.
The team would have won if the referee hadn't taken the bribe.
You wouldn't have needed fillings if you had brushed your teeth more frequently.
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Choose the correct response for each of the sentences:
REMEMBER: The third conditional is used to talk about unreal situations in the
past (things that were impossible, that didn't happen, etc.)
Other modal verbs that you can use: could have , might have, would have.
1. If they hadn't been drunk, the doorman _________.

a) would have let them in
b) had let them in
2. If you _________ your last exam, you would have graduated in May.
a) have not failed
b) hadn't failed
3. My mother _________ this apartment if she had known it was so noisy.

a) wouldn't have rented
b) did not rent
4. I would not ________ to see this movie if I had known how boring it was.
a) go
b) have gone
5. If I hadn't lost my cellphone, I ________ you.

a) would have called
b) would call
6. If I hadn't driven so fast, I ________ into an accident.

a) would not get
b) would not have gotten
7. If the store ________ open, I would have bought some food.

a) would be
b) had been
8. I ________ on time if I hadn't missed the bus.

a) had been
b) would have been
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Conditional Summary Chart
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Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive was formerly used in English for situations that were improbable
or that expressed a wish. It is only rarely used in modern British English. It is,
however, found in certain set phrases and in very formal forms of speech and
writing.
 God save the Queen!
 God bless you!
 God help us!
 Heaven help us!
 Heaven forbid that that should happen to me.
 Suffice it to say he escaped with only a caution.
The present subjunctive

The form in the present tense is exactly the same as the base form in all persons
of the verb. That is, there is no -s on the 3rd person singular.The subjunctive is
used, in very formal English, in subordinate clauses that follow verbs expressing a
desire, a demand, a formal recommendation, or a resolve.
 I only ask that he cease behaving in this extraordinary manner.

 It is vital that they be stopped at once.
 Is it really necessary that she work all hours of the day?
 I demand that he do something to make up for this.
The clause containing the subjunctive is linked to the main clause with that.
 This use of the subjunctive is more common in American English than in British
English. British speakers usually take advantage of other ways of expressing the
same message, especially in less formal speech.
 I only ask that he should cease behaving in this extraordinary manner.

 It is vital that they are stopped at once.
 It is vital to stop them at once.
 Is it really necessary for her to work all hours of the day?
 I demand that he does something to make up for this.
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The past subjunctive
In written English and in very formal speech, the past subjunctive form were is
sometimes used with the 1st and 3rd person singular, in place of the normal past
form was.The past subjunctive may be used:
 after if or I wish, to express regret or longing

 If your father were alive he would help you.
 If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari.
 I wish I were taller.
 If only he were here now!
 after as if/as though and similar expressions, to express doubt or
improbability.
 You talk to him as if he were your slave!

 Some people behave as though dogs were human.
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Comparative, Superlative and Equative form of the adjectives.
One-syllable Adjectives
To form the comparative, we add -er to the end of the adjective.
To form the superlative, we add -est to the end of the adjective.
1.* When an adjective ends in the letter E, we just add the -R (for comparatives) or
-ST (for superlatives). We do not write double E together.
Wider (correct) not wideer (incorrect).
2 ** When an adjective ends in a consonant + short vowel + consonant (C + V +
C), we normally double the last letter. big - bigger - biggest, wet - wetter - wettest
 London is bigger than Santiago.

 Mike is taller than John but James is the tallest.
 Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
 It is the oldest building in the village.
 I want a faster car.
Notice how comparatives are often followed by than when comparing two things or
people.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
small smaller the smallest

cold colder the coldest
light lighter the lightest
wide * wider the widest
hot ** hotter the hottest
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Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y
To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add -ier to the end of the adjective.
To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add -iest to the end of the adjective.
crazy crazier the craziest

happy happier the happiest
early earlier the earliest
 It was the happiest day of my life.

 My joke was funnier than yours.
 This section is easier than the rest.
Adjectives with Two or more Syllables

For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc),
we usemore for comparatives and the most for superlatives.
handsome more handsome the most handsome

nervous more nervous the most nervous
enthusiastic more enthusiastic the most enthusiastic
 My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours.

 Alex is more intelligent than you but I am the most intelligent.
 It was the most wonderful day I have ever had.
Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

narrow - narrower, simple - simpler, quiet - quieter
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Exceptions Forms
good better the best

bad worse the worst
far *** further / farther the furthest / farthest
little less the least
many/much more the most
old **** older/elder the oldest / eldest
 I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best.

 Steve is a worse liar than me but Adrian is the worst.
*** Farther - Further

Further / farther, furthest / farthest are all used for distance.
Only Further / furthest are used to mean 'additional' or 'more advanced'.
 Puerto Montt is further / farther than Valdivia is from here (in Santiago).
 If you require further information, please contact reception.
Remember that the opposites of 'more' and 'most' are 'less' and 'least',
respectively.
**** Older - Eldest
We use elder / eldest when we are talking about family relationships and normally
only before a noun (not by itself unless it is a pronoun).
 He is my elder brother. (We cannot say: My brother is elder than me. -

incorrect)
 The eldest sister would pass on her dresses to the younger one.
Comparative and Superlative of ILL

When comparing how ill people are, you will normally
hear worse or the worst and not "illeror illest". Some people may prefer to
replace ill with sick (sicker, sickest) when comparing.
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Summary Chart
Characteristics Adjective Comparative Superlative Equative

-er -est As------ as
ONE syllable Fast Faster than The fastest As fast as
Young Younger than The youngest As young as
One syllable Nice Nicer than The nicest As nice as
Ending in E Strange Stranger than The strangest As strange
as
One syllable Big Bigger than The biggest As big as
Consonant + Hot Hotter than The hottest As hot as
Short Vowel+ Thin Thinner than The thinnest As thin as
Consonant sound
Two syllables Happy Happier than The happiest As happy
Ending in - Y crazy Crazier than The craziest As crazy
Two or More Famous More famous The most famous As famous

syllables Beautiful More beautiful The most beautiful As beautiful
Exceptions Good Better The best As good
Bad Worse The worst As bad
Far Further/farther The furthest As far
Elder The farthest As old
Old (person) Less The least As little
Little(quantity) more The most As many as
Many
Put the adjectives between brackets in the correct form
1. My brother has a (tidy)___________________ room than me.

2. Australia is (big) __________________than England.
3. I'm (good__________________ now than yesterday.
4. She's got (little) __________________money than you, but she doesn't
care.
5. He thinks Chinese is (difficult) __________________language in the world
6. Valencia played (bad) __________________ than Real Madrid yesterday.
7. Cats are not (intelligent) __________________as dogs.
8. Show me (good) __________________ restaurant downtown.
9. (hot) __________________desert of all is the Sahara and it's in Africa.
10. Who is (talkative) __________________person in your family?
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Present Perfect
The present perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action has taken
place once or many times before now. The present perfect is most frequently used
to talk about experiences or changes that have taken place, but there are other
less common uses as well. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and
present perfect exercises.
Present Perfect Forms
The present perfect is formed using has/have + past participle. Questions are
indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives are made with not.
 Statement: You have seen that movie many times.

 Question: Have you seen that movie many times?
 Negative: You have not seen that movie many times.
Present Perfect Uses
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the present perfect
with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I
was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN
use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once,
many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
 I have seen that movie twenty times.

 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in California.
 People have traveled to the Moon.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
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How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is

best to associate present perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the present perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I
have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never
had a certain experience. The present perfect is NOT used to describe a specific
event.
Examples:
 I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe
you have been there once, or several times.
 I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
 I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
 I think I have seen that movie before.
 He has never traveled by train.
 Joan has studied two foreign languages.
 A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the present perfect to talk about change that has happened over a
period of time.
Examples:
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.

 The government has become more interested in arts education.
 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the
Asian studies program was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
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TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
 Man has walked on the Moon.

 Our son has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected has not
happened. Using the present perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the
action to happen.
Examples:
 James has not finished his homework yet.

 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
 Bill has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the present perfect to talk about several different actions which have
occurred in the past at different times. Present perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
 The army has attacked that city five times.

 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why
she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the present perfect it means that something has happened at some
point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not
important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can
do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this
month, so far, up to now, etc.
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Examples:
• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked
for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means
the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple
past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a
specific time, so it requires present perfect.
Examples:
• I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the
present perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up
until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations
which can be used with the present perfect.
Examples:
• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of present perfect is normally limited to non-continuous
verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach,"
and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-
continuous verbs.
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ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is
still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Positive Negative Question
I / you / we / I have been I have not been Have I been
they speaking. speaking. speaking?
he / she / it He has been He has not been Has he been
speaking. speaking. speaking?
Exceptions in Spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example
final e is dropped come – coming
(but: ee is not changed) agree – agreeing
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting
l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British travel – travelling
English)
final ie becomes y lie – lying
Use of Present Perfect Progressive
 Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: she has been writing for two hours.
 Action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: i have been living here since 2001.
 Finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon.
Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive

 all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
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Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).
1. He (work) __________________in this company since 1985.
2. I (wait) __________________ for you since two o'clock.
3. Mary (live) __________________in Germany since 1992.
4. Why is he so tired? He (play) __________________tennis for five hours.
5. How long (learn / you)__________________English?
6. We (look for)__________________ the motorway for more than an hour.
7. I (live) __________________without electricity for two weeks.
8. The film (run / not) __________________for ten minutes yet, but there's a
commercial break already.
9. How long (work / she) __________________in the garden?
10. She (not / be) __________________in the garden for more than an hour.
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For and Since
Other useful time expressions used in present perfect continuous.
since so far
lately how long?
up to now for a long time
for recently
for ages all day, all week..
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Exercises: Using For and Since for the present perfect continuous.
Decide whether you have to use “since” or “for”.
1. I have been waiting __________________4 o’clock.

2. Sue has only been waiting __________________20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English __________________six years.
4. Fred and Frida have been learning French__________________1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together __________Valentine’s Day.
6. I haven’t been on holiday _________________ last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money _________________ many years.
8. I haven’t eaten anything __________________breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV _________________ hours.
10. We have been living here _________________ 2 months.
Write the 2 words missing
a. The poor man ______________________ waiting at the corner for an hour.
b. I ___________________________ practicing the piano for twenty minutes.
c. How long _______________ you ________________learning English?
c. How long ________________ you ________________living in this city?
e. The students ____________________________ waiting for the results.
f. Henry __________________________ watching TV since seven o'clock.
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Modal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
1. Use of Modal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity

Modal Verbs can be used to talk about obligation, freedom and necessity to do
something. We use the following modal verbs:
Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t have to, Needn’t, Don’t Need to + infinitive
2. Talking about Obligation and Necessity in the present
2.1 Obligation
Have to and must are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference
between the way they are used.
Have to shows us that the obligation comes from somebody else. It’s a law or a
rule and the speaker can’t change it.
In Britain you have to wear a seat belt when you drive

Must shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker. It isn’t a law or a rule.
 I must finish this before I go home

 Sometimes if the speaker agrees with an external rule they will use must
In Britain you must wear a seat belt when you drive.

Need to , have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many
times, need to is used to express something that is less urgent, something in which
you have a choice.
 I have to work late tonight

 I need to work late tonight
2.2 Forbidden
If something is forbidden must not / mustn’t + base form of the verb

 You must not drive drink and drive.
 You mustn’t leave medicines where children can find them.
2.3 No obligation
We use don’t have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if
you want to but it’s not compulsory.
don’t /doesn’t /didn’t + have to + base form of the verb
You don’t have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but it’s
OK if you don’t.
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needn’t + base form of the verb
 You needn’t worry about me. I’ll be fine.
3.Talking about Obligation and Necessity in the past
There is no past form of must so we use had to

had to / needed to + base form of the verb
 I had to work late last night.

 I needed to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.
Note: have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many times,
need to is used to express something that is less urgent, something in which you
have a choice.
3.Talking about Obligation and Necessity in the future
There is no future form of must so we use have to
will have to / will need to + infinitive
 I will have to work late last night.

 I will need to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.
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Conjunction Words
Words which connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences are

called conjunctions (to conjoin = join, unite). The most common ones are 'and',
'or' and 'but'. These words all have different nuances and connotations but they
all help to build up meaningful relationships within a sentence.
Cohesive Devices
It is the flow of sentences and paragraph form one to another; it involves
tying together old and new information or additional information.
There are three basic types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating conjunctions: used to connect two independent clauses

2. Subordinating conjunctions: used to establish the relationship between
the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence
3. Correlative conjunctions: used to join various sentence elements which
are grammatically equal
Coordinating Conjunctions
Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the
conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words,
phrases, and independent clauses.
Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of

transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.
Examples:
We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson]
The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a
word and a comma. [Larry Wall]
And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating
conjunctions.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs
that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a
comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the
main clause.
Examples:
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail.
[Abraham Maslow]
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]
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List of some Conjunction words
Concession Condition Comparison
though if than
although only if rather than
even though unless whether
while until as much as
provided that whereas
assuming that
even if
in case (that)
lest
Place Time Reason
where after because
wherever as long as since
as soon as so that
before in order (that)
by the time why
now that
once
since
till
until
when
whenever
while
Manner Relative Adjective Relative Pronoun
how that who
as though what whoever
as if whatever whom
which whomever
whichever whose
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Correlative Conjunctions
They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the
relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and
thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and
plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb
is singular or plural.
as . . . as if . . . then
just as . . . so not . . . but
both . . . and what with . . . and
hardly . . . when whether . . . or
either . . . or not only . . . but also
neither . . . nor no sooner . . . than
rather . . . than
Conjunctive Adverbs
They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical
relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.
Similar to And Similar to But Similar to So

also however
accordingly
besides nevertheless
consequently
furthermore nonetheless
hence
likewise still
meanwhile
moreover instead
then
otherwise
therefore
rather
thus
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Tag Questions
You speak English, don't you?
A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a

mini-question. We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. They mean something
like: "Is that right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure of a tag question is:
positive statement negative tag
Snow is white, isn't it?
negative statement positive tag
You don't like me, do you?
Notice that the tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or main verb when be) from the
statement and changes it to negative or positive.
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Positive Statement Tag Questions
Look at these examples with positive statements. You will see that most of the
time, the auxiliary verb from the positive statement is repeated in the tag and
changed to negative.
(+) positive statement (-) negative tag
subject auxiliary main auxiliary not personal pronoun

verb same as subject
You are coming, are n't you?
We have finished, have n't we?
You do like coffee, do n't you?
You like coffee, do n't you?
They will help, wo n't they?
I can come, can 't I?
We must go, must n't we?
He should try harder, should n't he?
You are English, are n't you?
John was there, was n't he?
Notice:
 The use of do in the two coffee questions. Remember that in Present
Simple, do is optional in positive statements (You like coffee/You do like
coffee). But the do must appear in the tag. The same applies to Past
Simple did.
 In last two questions, no auxiliary for main verb be in Present Simple and
Past Simple. The tag repeats the main verb.
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Negative Statement Tag Questions
Look at these examples with negative statements. Notice that the negative verb
in the original statement is changed to positive in the tag.
(-) negative statement (+) positive tag
subject auxiliary main auxiliary personal

verb pronoun
same as
subject
It is n't raining, is it?
We have never seen that, have we?
You do n't like coffee, do you?
They will not help, will they?
They wo n't report us, will they?
I can never do it right, can I?
We must n't tell her, must we?
He should n't drive so fast, should he?
You wo n't be late, will you?
You are n't English, are you?
John was not there, was he?
Notice:
 won't is the contracted form of will not
 The tag repeats the auxiliary verb, not the main verb. Except, of course, for
the verb be in Present Simple and Past Simple.
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Answering Tag Questions
How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we
may repeat the tag and reverse it (They don't live here, do they? Yes, they do). Be
very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an opposite
system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer
in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!
Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects
the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.
For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the
correct answers:
tag question correct notes

answer
Snow is white, isn't it? Yes (it is). Answer is same But notice change
in both cases - of stress when
Snow isn't white, is it? Yes it is! because snowis answerer does not
white! agree with questioner.
Snow is black, isn't it? No it isn't! Answer is same

in both cases -
Snow isn't black, is it? No (it isn't). because snowis
not black!
Here are some more examples, with correct answers:
 The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
 The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
 The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
 Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
 Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
 Men don't have babies, do they? No.
 The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.
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Tag Question Special Cases
Negative adverbs
The adverbs never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely have a negative
sense. Even though they may be in a positive statement, the feeling of the
statement is negative. We treat statements with these words like negative
statements, so the question tag is normally positive. Look at these examples:
positive statement positive tag

treated as negative statement
He never came again, did he?
She can rarely come these days, can she?
You hardly ever came late, did you?
I barely know you, do I?
You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?
Intonation
We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice.
With rising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it
sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real answer:
intonation
You don't know where my wallet is, do you? / rising real question
It's a beautiful view, isn't it? \ falling not a real question
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Imperatives
Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the
sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We
usewon't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.
imperative + question tag notes
Take a seat, won't you? polite invitation
Help me, can you? quite friendly
Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?)
Close the door, would you? quite polite
Do it now, will you. less polite
Don't forget, will you. with negative imperatives only will is possible
Same-way tag questions
Although the basic structure of tag questions is positive-negative or negative-

positive, it is sometimes possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative
structure. We use same-way tag questions to express interest, surprise, anger etc,
and not to make real questions.
Look at these positive-positive tag questions:

 So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!
 She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
 So you think that's funny, do you? Think again.
Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile:
 So you don't like my looks, don't you? (British English)
Asking for information or help
Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a
negative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For
example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do
you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You
wouldn't know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more
examples:
 You don't know of any good jobs, do you?

 You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
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Some More Special Cases
example notes
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven’t I? use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post,did it? treat statements with nothing, nobody
etclike negative statements
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)
Mixed Examples of Tag Questions
Here is a list of examples of tag questions in different contexts. Notice that some
are "normal" and others seem to break all the rules:
 But you don't really love her, do you?  You never come on time, do you?
 This'll work, won't it?  You couldn't help me, could you?
 Oh you think so, do you?  You think you're clever, do you?
 Well, I couldn't help it, could I?  So you don't think I can do it, don't
 But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you? you? (British English)
 We'd never have known, would we?  Shut up, will you!
 Oh you do, do you?  She can hardly love him after all that, can
 The weather's bad, isn't it? she?
 You won't be late, will you?  Nothing will happen, will it?
 Nobody knows, do they?
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Relative Clauses
 They are divided into defining and non- defining relative clauses.
 To construct relative clauses we need relative pronouns
Write relative pronouns in the correct place in the mind map: when, which, who,
whose, that, where.
There are two types of relative clause. These are called defining relative clauses and
non-defining relative clauses.
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Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses tell us extra information about a noun. We know which
noun we are talking about. They don't tell us essential information. We use commas
around the relative clause. For example:
-The Mona Lisa, which is the most famous painting in the world, was painted by da
Vinci. We know which painting. The painting called "The Mona Lisa".
-Germany, who beat Brazil 7-1, will win the World Cup. We know the name of the team.
-The Hilton hotel, where you can have a drink on the 23rd floor, is the tallest building in
Manchester. We know the name of the hotel.
-I like evenings best, when the sun is going down and the sky is turning red. We know
when evenings are.
-That dog, whose owner never feeds it, always barks! We know which dog: "that dog".
We are pointing to it.
Notes:
 extra information
 use commas
 use who/which. We cannot use that
Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses tell us essential information about a noun. We do not know
which person/thing we are talking about. We need more information. We do not use
commas around the relative clauses. For example:
The painting which was stolen last night is very valuable. The painting which was not
stolen is not very valuable. There is more than one painting. We need essential
information to tell us which painting we are talking about: the stolen painting, or the not
stolen painting?
The team who won the World Cup were very popular. There are many football teams.
We need to know which team we are talking about.
I like evenings when the sun is bright and red. There are lots of different kinds of
evenings. We need to know which evenings are preferred.
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The dog whose owner is tall always barks. The dog whose owner is short is always
quiet. There are two dogs. We need essential information to tell us which dog always
barks.
Notes:
 essential information
 don't use commas
 use who/which. We can use that instead of who/which
 Can remove the pronoun when the pronoun talks about an object, for example:
I bought some shoes. The shoes are black. Both these sentences talk about shoes, but
in the first sentence, shoes are the object (What did I buy? I bought some shoes). We
can join these sentences like this:
 The shoes which I bought are black.

 The shoes that I bought are black.
 The shoes I bought are black.
When the relative pronoun talks about an object, we can remove it:
I saw a film last night. It was really interesting (becomes)
The film which I watched last night was really interesting.
The film that I watched last night was really interesting.
The film I watched last night was really interesting.
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Exercise
Defining Relative Clauses Exercise

Make one sentence from the two short ones.
The sentence in italics should become the relative clause. The relative pronoun is the
subject of the relative clause.
1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete.

_______________________________________________________________
2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.
_______________________________________________________________
3. I sent an email to my brother. My brother lives in Australia.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was very friendly.
_______________________________________________________________
5. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to my father.
_______________________________________________________________
6. I dropped a glass. The glass was new.
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_______________________________________________________________
7. She loves books. The books have happy endings.
_______________________________________________________________
8. They live in a city. The city is in the north of England.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The man is in the garden. The man is wearing a blue jumper.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The girl works in a bank. The girl is from India.
_______________________________________________________________
11. My sister has three children. My sister lives in Australia.
_______________________________________________________________
12. The waiter was rude. The waiter was wearing a blue shirt.
_______________________________________________________________
13. The money is in the kitchen. The money belongs to John.
_______________________________________________________________
14. The table got broken. The table was my grandmother’s.
_______________________________________________________________
15. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago.
_______________________________________________________________
Non defining relative clauses exercises
Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. Dublin, ____________is the capital of Ireland, is my favorite city.

2. Amelia, ____________mother is from Shanghai, speaks English and Chinese
fluently.
3. This smartphone, ______________ I bought last week, takes great photos.
4. Buckingham Palace, _______________the Queen of England lives, is in the center of
London.
5. Ferraris, _______________ are made in Italy, are very expensive.
6. Russell Crowe, ________________starred in Gladiator, was born in New Zealand.
7. Emily, ______________ brother is a singer, is in my English class.
8. Mr Kemp, __________________teaches physics, is going to retire next year.
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Write a brief definition of defining relative clause
Write a brief definition of Non-defining relative clause
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Passive Voice Vs. Active Voice
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known,
however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone
(e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)
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Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future I /WILL Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Auxilary verbs Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
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Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
is writing a letter.
Present Active: Rita
Progressive
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Progressive
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
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Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the
two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to
transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is
usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal
passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as
there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an
intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive
is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German,
Latin). In English,Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think,
know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than
men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
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The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb
of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive
construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an
active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Review on Progressive and Perfect Progressive
Progressives Vs. Perfect Progressive

Tenses FORM EXAMPLE
Present
Present progressive Subject pronoun + am/is/are + I am studying now.
verb-ing.
Present perfect Subject pronoun + has/ have + We have been eating
progressive been + verb- ing.. pizza.
Past
Past Progressive Subject+ was/were + verb-ing
I was reading the
newspaper
They were watching TV in
the living room
Past Perfect Subject + has/have + been + I had been eating a lot of
Progressive verb-ing cake.
I hadn´t been eating a lot
of cake?
Had I been eating …?
Future
Future Progressive Subject pronoun + will be + I will be running to school
verb – ing just to be on time.
Future Perfect Subject pronoun + will + have Next year, I will have been
Progressive been + verb-ing working here for 3 years.
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VERBS AND PHRASAL VERBS
LISTS
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IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
1. arise arose arisen surgir
2. be was / were been ser
3. beat beat beaten golpear
4. become became become convertirse
5. begin began begun comenzar
6. bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar
7. bite bit bitten morder
8. bleed bled bled sangrar
9. blow blew blown soplar
10. break broke broken romper
11. bring brought brought traer
12. build built built construir
13. buy bought bought comprar
14. catch caught caught atrapar
15. choose chose chosen elegir
16. come came come venir
17. cost cost cost costar
18. creep crept crept arrastrarse
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19. cut cut cut cortar
20. deal dealt dealt dar, repartir
21. do did done hacer
22. draw drew drawn dibujar
23. dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
24. drink drank drunk beber
25. drive drove driven conducir
26. eat ate eaten comer
27. fall fell fallen caer
28. feed fed fed alimentar
29. feel felt felt sentir
30. fight fought fought pelear
31. find found found encontrar
32. flee fled fled huir
33. fly flew flown volar
34. forget forgot forgotten olvidar
35. forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
36. forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
37. freeze froze frozen congelar
38. get got got tener, obtener
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39. give gave given dar
40. go went gone ir
41. grind ground ground moler
42. grow grew grown crecer
43. hang hung hung colgar
44. have had had tener
45. hear heard heard oír
46. hide hid hidden esconderse
47. hit hit hit golpear
48. hold held held tener, mantener
49. hurt hurt hurt herir, doler
50. keep kept kept guardar
51. kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
52. know knew known saber
53. lead led led encabezar
54. learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender
55. leave left left dejar
56. lend lent lent prestar
57. let let let dejar
58. lie lay lain yacer
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59. lose lost lost perder
60. make made made hacer
61. mean meant meant significar
62. meet met met conocer, encontrar
63. pay paid paid pagar
64. put put put poner
65. quit quit/quitted quit/quitted abandonar
66. read read read leer
67. ride rode ridden montar, ir
68. ring rang rung llamar por teléfono
69. rise rose risen elevar
70. run ran run correr
71. say said said decir
72. see saw seen ver
73. sell sold sold vender
74. send sent sent enviar
75. set set set fijar
76. sew sewed sewn/sewed coser
77. shake shook shaken sacudir
78. shine shone shone brillar
Página 53 de 85
79. shoot shot shot disparar
80. show showed shown/showed mostrar
81. shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk encoger
82. shut shut shut cerrar
83. sing sang sung cantar
84. sink sank sunk hundir
85. sit sat sat sentarse
86. sleep slept slept dormir
87. slide slid slid deslizar
88. sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar
89. speak spoke spoken hablar
90. spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear
91. spend spent spent gastar
92. spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
93. split split split partir
94. spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled estropear
95. spread spread spread extenderse
96. stand stood stood estar de pie
97. steal stole stolen robar
98. sting stung stung picar
Página 54 de 85
stink stank/stunk stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn romper
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
tread trode trodden/trod pisar
understand understood understood entender
wake woke woken despertarse
wear wore worn llevar puesto
weave wove woven tejer
weep wept wept llorar
win won won ganar
wring wrung wrung retorcer
write wrote written escribir
Página 55 de 85
200 PHRASAL VERBS WITH MEANINGS
Phrasal
Meaning Example
Verb
To take action because of The police were ACTING ON a tip

Act on something like information from an informer and caught the
received. gang red-handed.
Perform something with actions They ACTED OUT the story on

Act out
and gestures.. stage.
My computer’s ACTING UP; I think I

Act up Behave badly or strangely.
might have a virus.
You have to ADD the VAT ON to the

Add on Include in a calculation.
price they give.
We ADDED UP the bill to check it

Add up To make a mathematical total.
was correct.
Affect- usually used in the

negative to show that something
Agree I feel terrible- that food didn’t AGREE
has had a negative effect,
with WITH my stomach.
especially is it makes you feel
bad.
The magazine is AIMED AT

Aim at To target.
teenagers.
Include something in a plan or You should ALLOW FOR delays

Allow for
calculation. when planning a journey.
The rules don’t ALLOW OF any

Allow of Make possible, permit.
exceptions.
Try to get something indirectly, He’s been ANGLING FOR an invitation,

Angle for but I don’t want him to come.
by hinting or suggesting.
Página 56 de 85
Her mother was shocked when she
Answer To reply rudely to someone in
started ANSWERING her BACK and
back authority.
refusing to help.
Argue Beat someone in a debate, The teacher tried to ARGUE the girl
down discussion or argument. DOWN, but she couldn’t.
Persuade someone to drop the

Argue She ARGUED him DOWN ten
price of something they’re
down percent.
selling.
If we can’t ARGUE our differences

Argue Argue about a problem to find a
OUT, we’ll have to take them to
out solution.
court.
Ask how someone is doing,

Ask
especially professionally and in He ASKED ABOUT my father.
about
terms of health.
Jenny rang earlier and ASKED

Enquire about someone’s health,
Ask after AFTER you, so I told her you were
how life is going.
fine.
Ask Ask a number of people for I have no idea, but I’ll ASK AROUND
around information of help. at work and see if anyone can help.
To invite somebody into your

Ask in Jon’s at the door.’ ‘ASK him IN.’
house.
He wanted to ASK her OUT but was

Ask out To invite someone for a date.
too shy.
They have ASKED us OVER for

Ask over Invite.
drinks on Friday.
Ask
Invite someone. We ASKED John ROUND for diner.
round
Auction They AUCTIONED OFF their property

Sell something in an auction. as they were heavily in debt.
off
Página 57 de 85
Back The crowd BACKED AWAY when
Retreat or go backwards.
away the man pulled a knife.
Back Retract or withdraw your position She refused to BACK DOWN and
down or proposal in an argument. was fired.
Enter a parking area in reverse He prefers to BACK his car INTO the
Back into
gear. garage.
The police told the protesters to

Back off Retreat.
BACK OFF.
He BACKED OUT two days before

Fail to keep an arrangement or
Back out the holiday so we gave the ticket to
promise.
his sister
Back out Fail to keep an agreement, She BACKED OUT OF the

of arrangement. agreement at the last minute.
You should always BACK UP

important files and documents so
Back up Make a copy of computer data. that you won’t lose all your work if
something goes wrong with the
hardware.
Don’t bag out BAG OUT Australian

Bag out Criticise.
English.
Confuse or make things The new project has BALLED me

Ball up
complicated. UP- I have no idea what to do.
Persuade someone to drop the

Bargain I BARGAINED her DOWN to half
price of something they’re
down what she originally wanted.
selling.
Bash If you BASH your monitor ABOUT

Mistreat physically.
about like that, it won’t last long.
Bash in Break, damage or injure by hitting. The burglars BASHED the door IN to enter the house.
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Write something quickly without I BASHED the essay OUT the night
Bash out
much preparation. before I had to hand it in.
The police ARE AFTER him because

Be after Try to find or get.
of the theft.
The next bus should BE ALONG in

Be along Arrive.
the next quarter of an hour or so.
She’s AWAY on business for three

Be away Be elsewhere; on holiday, etc..
weeks.
Be cut Be suitable, have the necessary She’s not CUT OUT FOR this kind of
out for qualities. work.
She was very CUT UP about coming second

Be cut up Be upset. as she thought she deserved to win.
He’s BEEN DOWN since his partner

Be down Be depressed.
left him.
Be fed Be bored, upset or sick of

I AM FED UP of his complaints.
up something.
Be taken I WAS very TAKEN WITH the

Like something.
with performance- it was superb.
Be up Be out of bed. She’s not UP yet.
Bear She spotted him on the other side of

Move towards.
down on the room and BORE DOWN ON him.
The judge’s character may well

Bear on Influence, affect.
BEAR ON the final decision.
Confirm that something is Statistics BEAR OUT the

Bear out
correct. government’s positions on the issue.
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How are you BEARING UP under
Bear up Resist pressure.
the strain?
Bear up Cope with something difficult or He’s BEARING UP UNDER the

under stressful. pressure.
Please BEAR WITH me a moment

Bear with Be patient.
while I finish this email.
The sun WAS really BEATING

Beat
Strong sunshine. DOWN and we couldn’t stay
down
outdoors.
The marathon runner barely BEAT

Beat out Narrowly win in competition.
OUT his rival at the tape.
The mugger BEAT him UP and stole

Beat up Attack violently.
his wallet.
Belong Be in the correct or appropriate Does this disc BELONG WITH those
with location with other items. on the shelf?
Bend I BENT DOWN to pick it up off the

Lower the top half of your body.
down floor.
Big up Exaggerate the importance. He BIGS himself UP all the time.
Bitch up Spoil or ruin something. I BITCHED UP the interview.
He BLACKED OUT and collapsed on

Black out Fall unconscious.
the floor.
Leave the ground- spaceship or The space shuttle BLASTED OFF on

Blast off
rocket. schedule yesterday.
I couldn’t drive here this morning

Park a car and obstruct another
Block in because someone had BLOCKED
car.
me IN.
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Obstruct an exit to prevent The police BLOCKED OFF the road
Block off
people from leaving. after the murder.
Blow
Impress greatly. Her first novel BLEW me AWAY.
away
Blow When the wind forces something A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the
down to fall. storm.
Arrive, sometimes suddenly or He BLEW IN from Toronto early this

Blow in
unexpectedly. morning.
We were going to meet last night,

Blow off Not keep an appointment. but she BLEW me OFF at the last
minute.
The bomb BLEW UP without any

Blow up Explode.
warning.
The anger BOILED UP in me when I

Boil up Feel a negative emotion strongly.
saw what they had done.
Bone up I need to BONE UP ON my French

Study hard for a goal or reason.
on grammar for the test.
WE took a taxi from the airport to the

Book in Check in at a hotel.
hotel and BOOKED IN.
I CALLED him UP as soon as I got to

Call up Telephone.
a phone to tell him the news.
Calm Stop being angry or emotionally When I lose my temper, it takes ages
down excited. for me to CALM DOWN again.
Have an opposite effect on

The airport taxes CANCELLED OUT
Cancel something that has happened,
the savings we had made on the
out taking things back to the
flight tickets.
beginning.
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Finish or complete, often with She CAPPED OFF the meeting with
Cap off
some decisive action. a radical proposal.
I don’t CARE FOR fizzy drinks; I

Care for Like.
prefer water.
The team got CARRIED AWAY

Carried Get so emotional that you lose when they won the championship
away control. and started shouting and throwing
things around.
They hope the new management will

Carry
Make something progress. be able to CARRY the project
forward
FORWARD.
She CARRIED OFF the first prize in

Carry off Win, succeed.
the competition.
CARRY ON quietly with your work

Carry on Continue.
until the substitute teacher arrives.
Jane spent a long time looking at

Decide houses before she bought one, but
Choose, select.
upon eventually DECIDED UPON one
near her office.
Become quieter or inaudible (of a The last notes DIED AWAY and the
Die away
sound). audience burst into applause.
When the parts of a plant above

Die back ground die, but the roots remain The plant DIES BACK in the winter.
alive.
It was on the front pages of all the

Die down Decrease or become quieter. papers for a few days, but the
interest gradually DIED DOWN.
I’m DYING FOR the weekend- this

Die for Want something a lot.
week’s been so hard.
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Most of the elm trees in the UK DIED
Die off Become extinct. OFF when Dutch elm disease
arrived.
Some scientists say that the

dinosaurs DIED OUT when a comet
Die out Become extinct or disappear.
hit the earth and caused a nuclear
winter.
We were starving so we really DUG

Dig in Start eating greedily.
IN when the food finally did arrive.
She DUG INTO her handbag and

Dig into Reach inside to get something.
pulled out a bunch of keys.
Praise someone in an excessive She FAWNED OVER the inspectors

Fawn
way to get their favour or in the hope that they would give her
over
something from them. a good grade.
Eat a food as part of an animals The gecko FEEDS OFF mosquitoes

Feed off
diet. and other insects.
Feed on Give someone a particular food. He FEEDS his cat ON dry food.
Give someone a lot of food to

She’s been ill for a fortnight so we’re
Feed up restore their health, make them
FEEDING her UP.
bigger, etc.
Someone FELT me UP in the club

Feel up Touch sexually, grope.
as I was trying to get to the bar.
Feel up I’m so tired. I don’t think I FEEL UP

Feel capable of doing something.
to TO going out tonight.
Get Nowadays, you need IT skills if you

Progress.
ahead want to GET AHEAD.
Get I work at home in the evening to

Move in front of.
ahead of GET AHEAD OF schedule.
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Get It’s late; we must be GETTING
Leave.
along ALONG.
Stop doing something that has I GAVE UP taking sugar in tea and
Give up
been a habit. coffee to lose weight.
Hit on Have an idea. I suddenly HIT ON the solution
Stop someone from attacking or Chelsea couldn’t HOLD their

Hold off
beating you. opponents OFF and lost the game.
Could you HOLD ON for a minute;

Hold on Wait.
she’ll be free in a moment.
Hook up Meet someone. We HOOKED UP at the conference.
It took me ages to HUNT OUT the

Hunt out Search until you find something.
photos.
They have JACKED UP the price of

Jack up Increase sharply.
oil this month.
Apply or operate something Jack JAMMED ON the brakes when

Jam on
forcefully. the rabbit ran in front of his car.
Talk just for the point of talking That shows that your interest is not
Jaw
rather than having anything to in helping the student, but in
away
say. JAWING AWAY.
The show was getting stale so they

Make something more
Jazz up JAZZED it UP with some new
interesting or attractive.
scenes.
Keep I KEEP a dictionary AROUND when

Keep something near you.
around I’m doing my homework.
She found the course hard but she

Keep at Continue with something difficult. KEPT AT it and completed it
successfully.
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Keep Don’t allow someone near Medicines should always be KEPT
away something. AWAY from children.
Keep The police told the crowd to KEEP

Maintain a safe distance.
back BACK from the fire.
Plan things to fit or suit people or Promotions are KEYED TO people’s

Key to
situations. abilities.
Make someone excited or

Key up The noise got us KEYED UP.
nervous.
Kick We KICKED the idea ABOUT at the

Discuss.
about meeting.
Her hayfever didn’t feel half as bad

Kick in When a drug starts to take effect. once the antihistamines had KICKED
IN.
The family KICKED the au pair OUT

when they found out that she was
Kick out Expel.
planning to move to work for another
household.
We KNOCKED OFF early on Friday

Knock off Finish work for the day.
to avoid the rush hour queues.
Lash Secure something with ropes or We LASHED the tarpaulin DOWN to

down cords. stop the wind blowing it away.
He LASHED INTO them for messing

Lash into Criticise someone strongly.
thins up.
He LASHED OUT and broke the

Lash out Suddenly become violent.
man’s nose.
They LAID ON a buffet lunch at the

Lay on Organise, supply.
conference.
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They LAID OUT thousands of
Lay out Spend money.
pounds on their wedding reception.
The doorstaff didn’t LET him IN the

Let in Allow someone to enter. nightclub because he was wearing
jeans.
The judge LET him OFF with a fine

Let off Not punish. rather than a prison sentence since it
was his first offence.
We have LINED UP a lot of meetings

Line up Arrange events for someone.
for them.
Link up Connect, join. The train LINKS UP the cities.
Follow a belief system to guide

Live by He tries hard to LIVE BY the Bible.
your behaviour.
If I fail the test and everyone else

Live Stop being embarrassed about
passes, I’ll never be able to LIVE it
down something.
DOWN.
It’s hard to LIVE WITH the pain of a

Live with Accept something unpleasant.
serious illness.
Enter a restricted area on a I had forgotten my password and

Log in
computer system. couldn’t LOG IN.
Enter a restricted area of a I LOGGED INTO the staff intranet to

Log into
computer system. check my email.
When she’d finished working on the

Log off Exit a computer system. spreadsheet, she LOGGED OFF and
left the office.
He entered his password for the

Log on Enter a computer system.
college intranet and LOGGED ON.
Página 66 de 85
Danny closed the programs and
Log out Exit a computer system. LOGGED OUT when it was time to
go home.
Consult a reference work

I didn’t know the correct spelling so I
Look up (dictionary, phonebook, etc.) for
had to LOOK it UP in the dictionary.
a specific piece of information..
He MAGICKED the bill AWAY and

Magic Make something disappear
paid for us all before I could get my
away quickly.
wallet out.
Make The police MADE AFTER the stolen

Chase.
after car.
Make
The thieves MADE AWAY WITH the
away Steal.
painting.
with
I thought you weren’t coming, so I

Make it Arrive or get a result.
was really pleased you MADE IT.
Make it Try to compensate for doing He tried to MAKE IT UP TO her, but

up to something wrong. she wouldn’t speak to him.
What do you MAKE OF your new

Make of Understand or have an opinion.
boss?
They MADE OFF when they heard

Make off Leave somewhere in a hurry.
the police siren.
Mix sources of audio, video or She MASHED UP the songs into a

Mash up
other computer sources.. single track.
Melt Heat something solid, especially They MELTED the gold statue
down metal, until it becomes liquid. DOWN and turned it into gold bars.
The children were MESSING

Mess Not be serious, not use
ABOUT with the TV remote control
about something properly.
and broke it.
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I always MIX those two sisters UP
Mix up Confuse.
because they look so like each other.
Move They MOVED INTO the house as

Start living in a place.
into soon as it was ready.
Could you MOVE UP and let me sit

Move up Move to make space.
down?
Nail They are having trouble NAILING

Succeed in getting, achieve.
down DOWN the contract.
Name Give someone a name to I was NAMED AFTER my uncle who

after remember another person. died in the war.
I am not sure which university to

Narrow Remove less important options
apply to, but I have NARROWED my
down to make it easier to choose.
list DOWN to three.
I’m going to NERD OUT and not go

Nerd out Play safe and avoid taking a risk.
on the river trip.
I OPTED FOR an endowment

Opt for Choose.
mortgage and lost a lot of money.
Choose to be part or a member If you want them to notify you of

Opt in
of something. updates, you have to OPT IN.
Choose to be a member or part

Opt into I OPTED INTO the scheme.
of something.
The UK OPTED OUT of a lot of EU

Choose not to be part of
Opt out legislation on working hours and
something.
conditions.
Pack in Stop doing something. I’m trying to PACK IN smoking.
His boss PACKED him OFF to a

Pack off Send someone away.
regional office.
Página 68 de 85
Pack out Fill a venue. The stadium was PACKED OUT.
Pack up Stop doing something. You should PACK UP smoking.
Pad I’m too tired to come home; can I

Sleep somewhere for the night.
down PAD DOWN here tonight?
Make a text longer by including I couldn’t think of much to write, so I

Pad out extra content, often content that PADDED the essay OUT with a few
isn’t particularly relevant. lengthy quotes.
Pal Be friendly and spend time with

We PALLED AROUND at university.
around someone.
We PALLED UP when I started

Pal up Become friends.
working with her.
Sadly, Georgia’s uncle PASSED

Pass
Die. AWAY yesterday after a short
away
illness.
Pass I felt awful when the teacher started

Return.
back to PASS BACK the exam papers.
I was just PASSING BY when I saw

Pass by Go past without stopping.
the accident.
I tried to PATCH things UP after the

Patch up Fix or make things better. argument, but they wouldn’t speak to
me.
I PAID BACK the twenty pounds I’d

Pay back Repay money borrowed.
borrowed.
Their patience PAID OFF when he

Produce a profitable or
Pay off finally showed up and signed the
successful result.
contract.
Leave a group by moving in a different Some of the crowd PEELED AWAY to get out of
Peel away
direction. the crush.
Página 69 de 85
I PEGGED the washing OUT after it
Peg out Put washing outside to dry.
stopped raining.
They are PHASING IN the reforms

Phase in Introduce gradually.
over the next two years.
They have introduced a compact

Phase edition of the newspaper and are
Remove gradually.
out PHASING OUT the broadsheet
edition over the next few months.
I wasn’t very hungry so I just

Pick at Eat unwillingly.
PICKED AT my food.
While you’re in town, can you PICK

Pick up Collect. UP my trousers from the Dry
Cleaner?
The food was great, so I really

Pig out Eat a lot.
PIGGED OUT.
Work just keeps on PILING UP and I

Pile up Accumulate.
really can’t manage to get it all done.
Discover exact details about The government can’t PIN DOWN

Pin down
something. where the leak came from.
The police tried to PIN the crime ON

Pin on Attach the blame to someone.
him.
Fix something to a wall, or other I PINNED the notice UP on the

Pin up
vertical surface, with a pin. board
He’s been PINING AWAY since his

Pine Suffer physically because of
wife died and is a shadow of his
away grief, stress, worry, etc.
former self.
Pipe The lecturer asked the students to

Be quiet (often as an imperative).
down PIPE DOWN and pay attention.
Página 70 de 85
At first, no one answered, then finally
Pipe up To speak, raise your voice.
someone PIPED UP.
Pretend to agree or accept

I disagreed with the idea but I had to
Play something in order to keep
PLAY ALONG because everyone
along someone happy or to get more
else liked it.
information.
Play The children were PLAYING

Be silly.
around AROUND and being annoying.
The children PLAYED UP all evening

Play up Behave badly.
and drove the babysitter mad.
Connect machines to the He PLUGGED the TV IN and turned

Plug in
electricity supply. it on full blast.
Plump Put something in a place without He PLUMPED his bag DOWN and
down taking care. kicked his shoes off.
Plump
Choose. I PLUMPED FOR the steak frites.
for
He POINTED OUT that I only had

Make someone aware of
Point out two weeks to get the whole thing
something.
finished.
Move things around or search in

Poke I POKED ABOUT in my CD
a casual way to try to find
about collection to see if I could find it.
something.
Move things around or search in

Poke I POKED AROUND in my desk to
a casual way to try to find
around see if the letter was there.
something.
She POLISHES OFF half a bottle of

Polish off Finish, consume.
gin every night.
I need to POLISH UP my French

Polish up Improve something quickly.
before I go to Paris.
Página 71 de 85
He POPPED IN for a coffee on his
Pop in Visit for a short time.
way home.
He’s always POPPING OFF when

Pop off Talk loudly, complain.
things don’t suit him.
Turn a computer or electronic

I POWERED UP my laptop and
Power up device on so that it is ready to
started work.
use.
In rural areas where they have a

monopoly, some garages PRICE UP
Price up Charge more for something.
fuel because there’s nowhere else to
buy it.
Pull The lorry was going slowly but we

Overtake, move in front.
ahead managed to PULL AHEAD.
The traffic was so bad that it took me

Pull out Move into traffic.
ages to PULL OUT.
Página 72 de 85
FUENTES DIGITALES
https://agendaweb.org/verbs/conditional-second-exercises.html
https://www.grammar.cl/english
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-second-conditionals-exercises.html#.Xfeu0dR6SXY
https://gohighbrow.com/modals-to-talk-about-the-past-third-conditional/
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-grammar-
comparatives-superlatives.php
https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html
https://www.colomboarmenia.com/files/documentos/6820140219091338.pdf
https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/86131411609363160/
https://www.grammarbank.com/present-perfect-progressive.html
https://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/conjunctions.html
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_03_022e?cc=mx&selLangua
ge=en
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CERTIFICATION PAPERS
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Final test
Total score Level
0 - 15 Beginner
16 - 24 Elementary
25 - 32 Pre-intermediate
33 - 39 Intermediate
40 - 45 Upper Intermediate
46 - 50 Advanced
GRAMMAR
BEGINNER
1. I ______ from France.

a) is
b) are
c) am
d) be
2. This is my friend. ______name is Peter.
a) Her
b) Our
c) Yours
d) His
3. Mike is ______
a) my sister’s friend
b) friend my sister
c) friend from my sister
d) my sister friend’s
BEGINNER / ELEMENTARY
4. My brother is _______ artist.
a) the
b) an
c) a
d) 
Página 78 de 85
5. ______ 20 desks in the classroom.
a) This is
b) There is
c) They are
d) There are
6. Paul ____ romantic films.

a) likes not
b) don’t like
c) doesn’t like
d) isn’t likes
7. Sorry, I can’t talk. I ______ right now.

a) driving
b) ‘m driving
c) drives
d) drive
8. She _____ at school last week.
a) didn't be
b) weren’t
c) wasn’t
d) isn’t
9. I _____ the film last night.
a) like
b) likes
c) liking
d) liked
ELEMENTARY
10. ______ a piece of cake? No, thank you.
a) Do you like
b) Would you like
c) Want you
d) Are you like
11. The living room is _______ than the bedroom.

a) more big
b) more bigger
c) biggest
d) bigger
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12. The car is very old. We’re going _______ a new car soon.
a) to buy
b) buying
c) to will buy
d) buy
13. Jane is a vegetarian. She ________ meat.

a) sometimes eats
b) never eats
c) often eats
d) usually eats
ELEMENTARY UNIT 3 / PRE-INTERMEDIATE
14. There aren’t ____ buses late in the evening.

a) some
b) any
c) no
d) a
15. The car park is _____ to the restaurant.

a) next
b) opposite
c) behind
d) in front
16. Sue ____ shopping every day.

a) is going
b) go
c) going
d) goes
17. They _____ in the park when it started to rain heavily.

a) walked
b) were walking
c) were walk
d) are walking
PRE-INTERMEDIATE / INTERMEDIATE
18. ____ seen fireworks before?
a) Did you ever
b) Are you ever
c) Have you ever
d) Do you ever
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19. We’ve been friends ________ many years.
a) since
b) from
c) during
d) for
20. You _____ pay for the tickets. They’re free.
a) have to
b) don’t have
c) don’t need to
d) doesn’t have to
21. Jeff was ill last week and he _____ go out.
a) needn't
b) can’t
c) mustn’t
d) couldn’t
22. These are the photos ____ I took on holiday.
a) which
b) who
c) what
d) where
23. We’ll stay at home if it _______________ this afternoon.
a) raining
b) rains
c) will rain
d) rain
24. He doesn’t smoke now, but he ______ a lot when he was young.
a) has smoked
b) smokes
c) used to smoke
d) was smoked
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25. Mark plays football ____ anyone else I know.
a) more good than
b) as better as
c) best than
d) better than
26. I promise I ______ you as soon as I’ve finished this cleaning
a) am helping
b) going to help
c) have helped
27. This town _______ by lots of tourists during the summer.
a) visits
b) visited
c) is visiting
d) is visited
INTERMEDIATE / UPPER-INTERMEDIATE
28. He said that his friends ____________ to speak to him after they lost the football match.
a) not want
b) weren’t
c) didn’t want
d) aren’t wanting
29. How about _____ to the cinema tonight?

a) going
b) go
c) to go
d) for going
30. Excuse me, can you _______ me the way to the station, please?
a) give
b) take
c) tell
d) say
31. I wasn’t interested in the performance very much. ____.

a) I didn’t, too.
b) Neither was I.
c) Nor I did.
d) So I wasn’t.
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32. Take a warm coat, _______________ you might get very cold outside.
a) otherwise
b) in case
c) so that
d) in order to
33. ______ this great book and I can’t wait to see how it ends.
a) I don’t read
b) I’ve read
c) I’ve been reading
d) I read
UPPER INTERMEDIATE
34. What I like more than anything else _______ at weekends.
a) playing golf
b) to play golf
c) is playing golf
d) is play golf
35. She ____ for her cat for two days when she finally found it in the garage.
a) looked
b) had been looked
c) had been looking
d) were looking
36. We won’t catch the plane _____ we leave home now! Please hurry up!
a) if
b) providing that
c) except
d) unless
37. If I hadn’t replied to your email, I_______ here with you now.
a) can’t be
b) wouldn’t be
c) won’t be
d) haven’t been
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38. Do you think you _______ with my mobile phone soon? I need to make a call.
a) finish
b) are finishing
c) will have finished
d) are finished
39. I don’t remember mentioning ______ dinner together tonight.
a) go for
b) you going to
c) to go for
d) going for
40. Was it Captain Cook ______________ New Zealand?

a) who discovered
b) discovered
c) that discover
d) who was discovering
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Vocabulary
41. You may not like the cold weather here, but you’ll have to ____, I’m afraid.
a) tell it off
b) sort itself out
c) put up with it
d) put it off
42. It’s cold so you should ______ on a warm jacket.
a) put
b) wear
c) dress
d) take
43. Paul will look ______________ our dogs while we’re on holiday.
a) at
b) for
c) into
d) after
44. She _______ a lot of her free time reading.
a) does
b) spends
c) has
d) makes
45. Hello, this is Simon. Could I _______ to Jane, please?
a) say
b) tell
c) call
d) speak
46. They’re coming to our house _______ Saturday.
a) in
b) at
c) on
d) with
47. I think it’s very easy to ___________ debt these days.
a) go into
b) become
c) go down to
d) get into
48. Come on! Quick! Let’s get _____________!
a) highlight
b) cracking
c) massive
d) with immediate effect
49. I phoned her ____________ I heard the news.
a) minute
b) during
c) by the time
d) the moment
50. I feel very ____________. I’m going to go to bed!
a) nap
b) asleep
c) sleepy
d) sleeper
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Past perfect

Past Perfect Forms

Past Perfect Uses

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

IMPORTANT: Specific Times with the Past Perfect

If + Present Simple, Present Simple

 If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.

We can also reverse the order and use:

 You get wet if you stand in the rain.

 Notice how we use a comma after the present tense clause.

If + Past Simple, ...Would + Verb

Notice how we use a comma after the past tense clause.

Conditional verb (would + verb) + If + Past Simple

 I would be happy if I had more free time.

 If I were not in debt, I would quit my job.

Could in Second Conditional sentences

 If he trained every day, he could represent his country

1. If they hadn't been drunk, the doorman _________.

3. My mother _________ this apartment if she had known it was so noisy.

5. If I hadn't lost my cellphone, I ________ you.

6. If I hadn't driven so fast, I ________ into an accident.

7. If the store ________ open, I would have bought some food.

8. I ________ on time if I hadn't missed the bus.

The present subjunctive

 I only ask that he cease behaving in this extraordinary manner.

 I only ask that he should cease behaving in this extraordinary manner.

 after if or I wish, to express regret or longing

 You talk to him as if he were your slave!

 London is bigger than Santiago.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

small smaller the smallest

Adjective Comparative Superlative

crazy crazier the craziest

 It was the happiest day of my life.

Adjectives with Two or more Syllables

Adjective Comparative Superlative

handsome more handsome the most handsome

 My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours.

Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better the best

 I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best.

*** Farther - Further

 He is my elder brother. (We cannot say: My brother is elder than me. -

Comparative and Superlative of ILL

Characteristics Adjective Comparative Superlative Equative

Two or More Famous More famous The most famous As famous

Put the adjectives between brackets in the correct form

1. My brother has a (tidy)___________________ room than me.

Present Perfect Forms

 Statement: You have seen that movie many times.

Present Perfect Uses

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

 I have seen that movie twenty times.

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is

 I have been to France.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

 You have grown since the last time I saw you.

 Man has walked on the Moon.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

 James has not finished his homework yet.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

c. How long _ you __learning English?

c. How long you living in this city?