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Anatomy and Physiology 1

Chapter 1 Outline
Organization and General Plan of the Body
Fig 1-1
• Anatomy—study of body structure
o Shape, size, composition, color, etc.
• Physiology—study of body function
• Pathophysiology—study of disorders of function
• Levels of organization
o Simple, basic to complex
o Each builds upon the one before
1. Chemical—atoms and compounds
o Smallest nonliving unit
o 2 types—organic and inorganic
o Organic—contain C and H
ƒ Carbohydrates (C6H12O6), fats, proteins
o Inorganic—everything else
ƒ CO2, H2O, Ca, Mg
2. Cells—smallest living unit
o Many different types
3. Tissues—group of cells with similar structure and function (covered in chapter 4)
o Epithelial tissue—covers or lines body surfaces
ƒ Many different types—squamous, cuboidal, stratified, simple, etc.
ƒ Many different function—secretion, absorption, protection, etc.
o Connective tissue—connect and support parts of the body, transport, store
o Muscle tissue—contraction for motility, peristalsis, gland secretion, etc.
o Nerve tissue—generate and transmit electrochemical impulses
4. Organs—group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
o Visceral organs, skin
5. Organ systems (Table 1-1, Fig 1-2)—a group of organs that work to perform a function
o Urinary, digestive, respiratory systems, etc.
6. Organism—all body functions contributing to a living being
• Homeostasis—remaining mostly stable in an unstable environment
o Temperature, pH, fluid concentration and volume, etc
o Negative feedback—reversal of a function brought about by monitoring the results of the
function
ƒ e.g., blood pressure—increased BP → HR to decrease → BP to decrease
o Positive feedback—enhancement of a function
ƒ Childbirth—cervix stretches → oxytocin release by anterior pituitary → increased
uterine contraction → more stretching of the cervix → more oxytocin, etc
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• Terminology and general plan of the body
o Anatomic position
o Body parts and areas (Table 1-2, Fig 1-3)

Term Definition
1. Axillary Armpit
2. Brachial Upper arm
3. Buccal Cheek (NOT mouth)
4. Oral Mouth
5. Cardiac Heart
6. Cervical Neck
7. Cranial Head
8. Cutaneous Skin
9. Deltoid Shoulder
10. Femoral Thigh
11. Frontal Forehead
12. Gastric Stomach
13. Gluteal Buttocks
14. Hepatic Liver
15. Iliac Ilium (pelvis not hip)
16. Inguinal Inguinal (not groin)
17. Lumbar Low back
18. Mammary Breast
19. Nasal Nose
20. Occipital Back of head
21. Orbital Eye
22. Parietal Crown of head
23. Patellar Kneecap
24. Pectoral Chest
25. Perineal Pelvic floor
26. Plantar Sole of foot
27. Popliteal Back of knee
28. Pulmonary Lungs
29. Renal Kidney
30. Sacral Sacrum
31. Temporal Side of head
32. Umbilical Naval
33. Volar (palmar) Palm
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• Terms of location and position (Table 1-3)
o Anatomic position—standing, arms at sides, palms forward

Term Definition
1. Superior Above, higher
2. Inferior Below, lower
3. Anterior Toward the front
4. Posterior Toward the back
5. Ventral Toward the front
6. Dorsal Toward the back
7. Medial Toward the midline
8. Lateral Away from midline
9. Internal Within, interior to
10. External Outside, exterior to
11. Superficial Toward the surface
12. Deep Within, interior to
13. Central Center, main part
14. Peripheral Away from center or main part
15. Proximal Closer to the origin
16. Distal Farther from the origin
17. Parietal Pertaining to the wall of a cavity
18. Visceral Pertaining to the organs within a cavity

• Body cavities and their membranes (Fig 1-4)

o 2 major body cavities
ƒ Dorsal—cranial, and spinal cavities
• Cranial—skull Fig. 1-4
ƒ Brain
• Spinal—spinal column
ƒ Spinal cord, meninges
(coverings of the spinal
cord)
ƒ Ventral—thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
cavities
• Separated by diaphragm
• Thoracic—heart, lungs
ƒ Pleural membranes—
serous membranes of the
thoracic cavity
• Parietal pleura—lines chest wall
• Visceral pleura—covers lungs
ƒ Pericardial membranes
• Parietal pericardium—lines pericardial sac
• Visceral pericardium—covers the heart
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• Abdominal cavity—liver, stomach, intestines, etc.
ƒ Peritoneum and mesentery—serous membranes
• Peritoneum—lines abdominal wall
• Mesentery (visceral peritoneum)—continuation of
peritoneum that covers abdominal organs
ƒ Pelvic cavity—below the pelvic rim
• Bladder, reproductive organs, colon, rectum, covered by
mesentary
• Not lined by peritoneum
• Planes and sections (Fig 1-5)
o Section—cut of a body part
o Plane—imaginary flat surface that separates 2 portions
ƒ Frontal (coronal) section—separates into front and back portions
ƒ Sagittal section—separates body into right and left portions
ƒ Transverse section—separates body into upper and lower portions
ƒ Cross-section—plane perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
ƒ Longitudinal section—plane along the long axis of a structure
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Areas of the abdomen (Fig 1-6)
o Quadrants—4 sections divided by 2 imaginary lines, one vertical, and one horizontal that
cross at the umbilicus
ƒ RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
o Nine regions—2 horizontal and 2 vertical lines
ƒ Upper areas—above bottom of rib cage
• R & L hypochondriac, and epigastric
ƒ Middle areas
• R & L lumbar, umbilical
ƒ Lower areas—below the iliac crest
• R & L iliac, hypogastric