Where do the following function occur in the three cell types mentioned above?

1.nuleic acid synthesis

Nucleic acids are synthesized from triphosphate nucleotide precursors by DNA or RNA
polymerases using DNA as a template. The monophosphorylated nucleotides are linked together by
phosphodiester bonds between the 3′ hydroxyl of ribose or deoxyribose, and the 5′ hydroxyl group of
the next sugar in a 5′ to 3′ direction. DNA is the primary storage form for genetic information in living
organisms. It is composed of two strands of nucleotides connected through a backbone of sugar and
phosphates. As cells divide, DNA is replicated to produce new identical DNA copies that are incorporated
into the daughter cells. DNA is also transcribed to a related nucleic acid, messenger RNA, that directs the
synthesis of proteins. There are numerous enzymes involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids that are
potential therapeutic targets including: Synthesis or salvage of purine and pyrimidine bases, DNA
winding/unwinding and DNA/RNA polymerases.(Global Health Primer,2019).

2. protein synthesis

the protein synthesis takes place where the ribosomes are located, since this is the only
machinery responsible for this process. This means that the protein synthesis takes place in the
cytoplasm, on top of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the mitochondria and on the mitochondrial
membrane. The protein synthesis definitely does not take place in the nucleus or nucleolus, because as
the proteins are macro-molecules. Besides the absence of nucleus in prokaryotes, the lower level of cell
compartmentalization is the main difference compared to eukaryotes. In prokaryote cells the ribosomes
are scattered in the cytoplasm, so it is correct to say that the protein synthesis in prokaryotes takes
place in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes the ribosomes also reside in the cytoplasm, but could be also
found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum form a
complex and continuous network in the inner core of the cytoplasm and is both to the outer membrane
of the nucleus and with the plasma membrane. From cell to cell, the ER membranes are slightly different
and their size and structure are determined by the overall cell’s function. Cells which are involved in
synthesis of large volumes of proteins, need a large ER network. There are two kinds of endoplasmic
reticulum – smooth and rough. The outer (cytosolic) surface of the rough ER is covered with ribosomes,
while the smooth ER lacks any ribosomes.(Bioadmin,2015)

3. cellular respiration

All living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It can be aerobic respiration in the presence of
oxygen or anaerobic respiration. Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or
on the inner surfaces of the cells. More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the
mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions. The energy currency of these cells is ATP, and one
way to view the outcome of cellular respiration is as a production process for ATP. (Nave,n.d)
 1. If there are parts or organelle missing from a cell in the table, are there alternate sites where the
cells can perform activity or the missing parts/ organelle?cite examples

According to the science learning hub(2019), Every cell in your body contains organelles (structures that
have specific functions). Just like organs in the body, each organelle contributes in its own way to
helping the cell function well as a whole. The nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are all organelles.
Some organelles are found only in some cell types. They have roles that are important to the specific
function of that cell type. Chloroplasts (left) are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells, storage granules
(centre) provide a storage site for proteins in secreting cells, and microvilli (right) aid absorption of
nutrients during digestion by increasing the surface area of cells in the intestinal wall. Each organelle has
its own function to make the cell live. Therefore, if you remove one organelle, there would be a
possibility that the cell would not be able to carry out its role in our body. For example, a plant cell
might not photosynthesize if we remove its chloroplast. If we remove the blue print for cell
proliferation, the DNA, the cell would not reproduce and might die. If we remove mitochondria, nothing
will carry out the production of ATP and the cell might as well die.

2. Using specific criteria or characteristics,tabulate differences between:

a. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

b. Plant and animal cells

 3. Give the features common to all types of cells.
A. STRUCTURAL
B. Functional

All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features. These common
features are: DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a
nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes
Plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding
environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials Cytoplasm, the
rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus,
that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in
it. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place

4. What is cell theory

The Cell Theory states:

All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The cell is the basic
unit of life. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not derived from spontaneous generation.). The
microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used in the 1600s by Antony van
Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite the limitations of his
now-ancient lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements of protista (a type of single-celled
organism) and sperm, which he collectively termed “animalcules. ” In a 1665 publication called
Micrographia, experimental scientist Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures he
observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens. In the 1670s, van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria
and protozoa. Later advances in lenses, microscope construction, and staining techniques enabled other
scientists to see some components inside cells. By the late 1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and
zoologist Theodor Schwann were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. The unified cell
theory states that: all living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life;
and new cells arise from existing cells. Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this theory.
Schleiden and Schwann proposed spontaneous generation as the method for cell origination, but
spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis) was later disproven. Rudolf Virchow famously stated
“Omnis cellula e cellula”… “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells. “The parts of the theory that did
not have to do with the origin of cells, however, held up to scientific scrutiny and are widely agreed
upon by the scientific community today. The generally accepted portions of the modern Cell Theory are
as follows: The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.All organisms are
made up of one or more cells, Cells arise from other cells through cellular division. The expanded version
of the cell theory can also include: Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular
division, All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition and Energy flow (metabolism and
biochemistry) occurs within cells

5. What is the relevance of the cell theory to the study of generation of genetics?

Genetics and cell theory are closing related to one another. Genetics is the study of heredity.
Heredity is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or
offspring. Genetics also involved the level of whole organisms (classical or transmission
genetics), the DNA itself (molecular genetics), or whole populations (population and
evolutionary genetics). Also, genetics discusses about meiosis cell and mitosis cell. While cell
theory also discussed about the hereditary(DNA) is passed cell to cell. Another subfield of cell
biology concerns the genetics of the cell and its tight interconnection with the proteins
controlling the release of genetic information from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm. Yet
another subfield focuses on the structure of cell components, known as subcellular
compartments. Cutting across many biological disciplines is the additional subfield of cell
biology, concerned with cell communication and signaling, concentrating on the messages that
cells give to and receive from other cells and themselves. And finally, there is the subfield
primarily concerned with the cell cycle, the rotation of phases beginning and ending with cell
division and focused on different periods of growth and DNA replication. Many cell biologists
dwell at the intersection of two or more of these subfields as our ability to analyze cells in more
complex ways expands.