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Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
1. Introduction
2. Systems of Units
3. Charge and Current
4. Voltage
5. Power and Energy
6. Circuit Elements
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Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of
circuit elements
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Complicated Circuits
Electric circuit of a radio
receiver.
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System of Units
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Units in Circuit
Physic Term Unit Symbol
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage 伏特)
Volt( V(v)
Current Ampere(安培) A
Power Watt W
Inductance Henry(亨利) H
Capacitance Fara(法拉) F
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Andre-Maria Ampere (1775-1836)
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Alessandro Antonio Volta
(1745-1827)
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Charge and Current
• Atoms contain electrons
• An electron carries a negative charge of
magnitude
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• Characteristics of electric charge are:
– It is bipolar.
– It exists in discrete quantities.
– Electrical effects are attributed to both the
separation of charge and charges in
motion.
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Current
• Definition: Electric current is the time rate
of change of charge, measured in amperes
and expressed as
= current in amperes (A),
= charge in coulombs (C)
= time in seconds (s)
• So
• Also, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
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Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a
conductor.
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• Although current is made up of
discrete moving electrons, we consider
i to be a continuous variable as there
are so many of them.
• Thus, current is defined as the rate of
flow of positive charge.
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• A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.
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Two Common types of
current:
(a) Direct current (dc).
(b) Alternating current
(ac).
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Conventional current
flow:
(a) Positive current
flow,
(b) Negative current
flow.
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Example 1.1
-19
• Each electron has -1.602×10 C.
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Example 1.2
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Example 1.3
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Voltage
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Polarity of voltage
vab.
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Two equivalent representations of the same
voltage vab:
(a) point a is 9 V above point b,
(b) Point b is -9 V above point a.
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Power and Energy
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• Power is associated with the flow of
charge: follows from the definition of
voltage and current
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• p(t)=v(t)i(t); power is usually time-varying
and p(t) is called the instantaneous power
• A large power does not mean a large
energy; only under a large power with a
duration a large energy can be obtained
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Reference Polarity and Reference
Direction
• Polarity reference for voltage (v)
• Reference direction for current (i)
• Assignment of reference polarity for v
and reference direction for i is entirely
arbitrary
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Reference polarities for power using the positive sign
convention:
(a) absorbing power, (b) supplying power.
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Passive Sign Convention
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Two cases of an element with an absorbing
power of 12 W:
(a) P = 4×3 = 12 W, (b) p = 4×3 = 12 W.
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• A positive power p=vi means that the
element is absorbing (consuming)
energy; conversely an element with a
negative power means that it supplies
(provides) energy.
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Figure 1.10
Two cases of an element with a supplying
power of 12 W:
- - - -
(a) P = 4×3 = 12 W, (b) p = 4×3 = 12 W.
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Power and Energy (II)
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• Definition of energy: Energy is the
capacity to do work, measured in joules
(J).
• The energy obtained in the interval [t0,
t] is given by
•
• The electric power utility companies
measures energy in watt-hours (Wh),
where:
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Ideal Basic Circuit Element
• Attributes:
– Has only 2 terminals.
• The elements can be divided into the
passive and the active elements
• An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive
element is not
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Circuit Elements
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• Each source (voltage or current
source) is divided into the independent
and the dependent source.
• An independent voltage (current)
source is an active element that
provides a specified voltage (current)
which is completely independent of
other circuit variables.
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Symbols for independent voltage
sources:
(a) used for constant or time-varying
voltage,
(b) used for constant voltage (dc).
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Symbol for independent current
source.
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Dependent Sources
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Symbol for:
(a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent
current source.
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• Four types of ideal dependent sources:
– Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
– Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
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The source on the right-hand side is a current-
controlled
Voltage source.
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Example 1.7
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Example 1.7
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Homework 1: Due Feb 8, 2010
1. Problem 1.7
2. Problem 1.9
3. Problem 1.15
4. Problem 1.18
5. Problem 1.20
6. Problem 1.26
7. Problem 1.35
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