Chap1. Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts
Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
1. Introduction
2. Systems of Units
3. Charge and Current
4. Voltage
5. Power and Energy
6. Circuit Elements
Ch01_Basic Concepts 2
Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of
circuit elements
Complicated Circuits
Electric circuit of a radio
receiver.
System of Units
Units in Circuit
Physic Term Unit Symbol
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage 伏特)
Volt( V(v)
Current Ampere(安培) A
Power Watt W
Energy (Work) Joule J
Resistance Ohm( 歐姆) Ω
Inductance Henry(亨利) H
Capacitance Fara(法拉) F
Andre-Maria Ampere (1775-1836)
Alessandro Antonio Volta
(1745-1827)
Charge and Current
• Atoms contain electrons
• An electron carries a negative charge of
magnitude
• The charge is measured in Coulombs (C).
• The charges occurring in nature are integral

multiples of the electron charge
• The law of conservation of charge: the charge
can neither be created nor destroyed, but only
transferred
• Characteristics of electric charge are:
– It is bipolar.
– It exists in discrete quantities.
– Electrical effects are attributed to both the
separation of charge and charges in
motion.
Current
• Definition: Electric current is the time rate
of change of charge, measured in amperes
and expressed as
= current in amperes (A),
= charge in coulombs (C)
= time in seconds (s)
• So
• Also, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a
conductor.
• Although current is made up of
discrete moving electrons, we consider
i to be a continuous variable as there
are so many of them.
• Thus, current is defined as the rate of
flow of positive charge.
• A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.
Two Common types of
current:
(a) Direct current (dc).
(b) Alternating current
(ac).
Conventional current
flow:
(a) Positive current
flow,
(b) Negative current
flow.
Example 1.1
-19
• Each electron has -1.602×10 C.
• 4600 electrons will have
-1.602×10-19 × 4600 = -7.369×10 -16 C
Example 1.2
Example 1.3
Voltage
• Definition: The voltage (potential

difference) between two points a and b
is the energy (work) required to move a
unit charge from a to b. =
voltage in volts (V),
= energy in joules (J)
= charge in coulombs (C)
• 1 V=1 Joule/Coulomb.
Polarity of voltage
vab.
Two equivalent representations of the same
voltage vab:
(a) point a is 9 V above point b,
(b) Point b is -9 V above point a.
Power and Energy
• Definition of power: Power is the time

rate of expending or absorbing energy,
expressed as:
= power in watts (W),

= energy in joules (J)
= time in seconds (s)
• Power is associated with the flow of
charge: follows from the definition of
voltage and current
= power in watts (W),

= voltage in volts (V)
= current in amperes (A)
• p(t)=v(t)i(t); power is usually time-varying
and p(t) is called the instantaneous power
• A large power does not mean a large
energy; only under a large power with a
duration a large energy can be obtained
Reference Polarity and Reference
Direction
• Polarity reference for voltage (v)
• Reference direction for current (i)
• Assignment of reference polarity for v
and reference direction for i is entirely
arbitrary
Reference polarities for power using the positive sign
convention:
(a) absorbing power, (b) supplying power.
Passive Sign Convention
• Definition: Whenever the reference

direction for the current in an element
is in the direction of the reference
voltage drop across the element, use a
positive sign in any expression that
relates the voltage to the current.
Otherwise, use a negative sign.
Two cases of an element with an absorbing
power of 12 W:
(a) P = 4×3 = 12 W, (b) p = 4×3 = 12 W.
• A positive power p=vi means that the
element is absorbing (consuming)
energy; conversely an element with a
negative power means that it supplies
(provides) energy.
Figure 1.10
Two cases of an element with a supplying
power of 12 W:
－－－－
(a) P = 4×3 = 12 W, (b) p = 4×3 = 12 W.
Power and Energy (II)
• Law of conservation of energy: The

algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at
any time instant, must be zero:
• Total power supplied to a circuit must

balance the total power absorbed.
• Definition of energy: Energy is the
capacity to do work, measured in joules
(J).
• The energy obtained in the interval [t0,
t] is given by
•
• The electric power utility companies
measures energy in watt-hours (Wh),
where:
Ch01_Basic Concepts 1Wh = 3600J 34

1884 Exhibition
Ideal Basic Circuit Element
• Attributes:
– Has only 2 terminals.
• The elements can be divided into the
passive and the active elements
• An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive
element is not
Circuit Elements
• Three passive circuit elements are

considered:
– Resistors (R)
– Inductors (L)
– Capacitors (C)
• Two active circuit elements are
considered:
– Voltage source (V)
– Current source (I)
• Each source (voltage or current
source) is divided into the independent
and the dependent source.
• An independent voltage (current)
source is an active element that
provides a specified voltage (current)
which is completely independent of
other circuit variables.
Symbols for independent voltage
sources:
(a) used for constant or time-varying
voltage,
(b) used for constant voltage (dc).
Symbol for independent current
source.
Dependent Sources
• A dependent (or controlled) source is

an active element in which the source
(voltage or current) quantity is
controlled by another voltage or
current in the circuit.
Symbol for:
(a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent
current source.
• Four types of ideal dependent sources:
– Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
– Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
– Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)

– Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
The source on the right-hand side is a current-
controlled
Voltage source.
Example 1.7
Example 1.7
Homework 1: Due Feb 8, 2010
1. Problem 1.7
2. Problem 1.9
3. Problem 1.15
4. Problem 1.18
5. Problem 1.20
6. Problem 1.26
7. Problem 1.35

Chap1. Basic Concepts

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chap1. Basic Concepts

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Basic Concepts

Energy (Work) Joule J

Resistance Ohm( 歐姆) Ω

• The charge is measured in Coulombs (C).

• The charges occurring in nature are integral

• 4600 electrons will have

-1.602×10-19 × 4600 = -7.369×10 -16 C

• Deﬁnition: The voltage (potential

• Deﬁnition of power: Power is the time

= power in watts (W),

= power in watts (W),

• Deﬁnition: Whenever the reference

• Law of conservation of energy: The

• Total power supplied to a circuit must

Ch01_Basic Concepts 1Wh = 3600J 34

• Three passive circuit elements are

• A dependent (or controlled) source is

– Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)

S-ar putea să vă placă și