CUTTING TOOLS AND

TOOL HOLDERS

ENGR. WILLIAM R. SALAZAR, PME

INSTRUCTOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MINDANAO POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
 OBJECTIVES

• TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND KNOW THE PURPOSE OF

THE VARIOUS TOOLBIT ANGLES AND CLEARANCES.
• TO BE ABLE TO PREPARE A GRINDER FOR SHARPENING A
GENERAL PURPOSE LATHE TOOLBIT.
• TO BE ABLE TO GRIND AND SHARPEN A VARIOUS LATHE
TOOLBIT.
• TO BE ABLE TO I DENTIFY AND STATE THE PURPOSE OF
THE COMMON LATHE TOOLHOLDRES.
 Cutting Tools
• One of most important components in machining
process
• Performance will determine efficiency of operation
• Two basic types (excluding abrasives)
• Single point and multiple point
• Must have rake and clearance angles ground or
formed on them

3
 Cutting-Tool Materials

• Toolbits generally made of seven materials

• High-speed steel
• Cast alloys (such as stellite)
• Cemented carbides
• Ceramics
• Cermets
• Cubic Boron Nitride
• Polycrystalline Diamond

4
 Cutting Tool Properties
1. Hardness
• Cutting tool material must be 1 1/2 times harder than
the material it is being used to machine.

2. Capable of maintaining a red hardness

during machining operation
• Red hardness: ability of cutting tool to maintain
sharp cutting edge
• Also referred to as hot hardness or hot strength

5
 Cutting Tool Properties
3. Wear Resistance
• Able to maintain sharpened edge throughout the
cutting operation
• Same as abrasive resistance

4. Shock Resistance
• Able to take the cutting loads and forces

6
 Cutting Tool Properties

5. Shape and Configuration

• Must be available for use in different sizes and
shapes.

7
 Cutting Tool Properties

5. Shape and Configuration

• Must be available for use in different sizes and
shapes.

8
 Cutting Tool Properties

5. Shape and Configuration

• Must be available for use in different sizes and
shapes.

9
 TOOL BITS
Definitions:
• A piece of high-strength metal, usually steel, ground to
make single-point cutting tools for metal-cutting operations.

• In lathe, it refers to a non-rotary cutting tool and also often

referred to by the set-phrase name of single-point cutting
tool. The cutting edge is ground to suit a particular
machining operation and may be sharpened or reshaped as
needed. The ground tool bit is held rigidly by a tool holder
while it is cutting.

• Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the

material which is to be cut, and the tool must be able to
withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting process.
TOOL BIT MATERIAL
1. Carbon steel

• Contain 0.9%-1.2% of carbon

• The oldest of tool material and widely used.
• Advantages: Cheap and easily shape and sharpened.
• Disadvantage: Do not have sufficient hot hardness and wear
resistance for cutting at high speed when the temperature rises.

2. High-speed steel(HSS)

• Contain: Tungsten, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum.

• Use to machine at higher speed, and complex such as drilling.
• Advantage: High toughness, resistance to fracture.
• Disadvantage: Low hot hardness.
High-Speed Steel

• May contain combinations of tungsten,

chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt
• Can take heavy cuts, withstand shock and
maintain sharp cutting edge under red heat
• Generally two types (general purpose)
• Molybdenum-base (Group M)
• Tungsten-base (Group T)
• Cobalt added if more red hardness desired
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High-Speed Steel

• May contain combinations of tungsten,

chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt
• Can take heavy cuts, withstand shock and
maintain sharp cutting edge under red heat
• Generally two types (general purpose)
• Molybdenum-base (Group M)
• Tungsten-base (Group T)
• Cobalt added if more red hardness desired
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 Cutting tools

• High Speed Steel

(HSS) toolbit
 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont.)
3. Stellite
• Contain 25%-35% chromium, 4%-25%
Tungsten, 1%-3% carbon and the rest is
cobalt.
• Use for roughing cuts at high feed and speed-
twice the rates possible with HSS
• Advantage: high hardness, good wear
resistance
• Disadvantage: not as tough as HSS and
sensitive to impact forces.
 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont.)
4. Ceramic
• Consist of aluminium oxide.
• Moderately inexpensive
• Advantage: High hardness, high wear resistance, extremely
resistant to heat, desirable in high speed applications.
• Do not need coolant during machining.
• Disadvantage: High fragility. Ceramics are considered
unpredictable under unfavorable conditions. The most
common ceramic materials are based on alumina (aluminium
oxide), silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Used almost
exclusively on turning tool bits. Hardness up to about HRC 93.
Sharp cutting edges and positive rake angles are to be avoided.
 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont.)
5. Carbide

• 2 major group of carbide (Tungsten Carbide and Titanium Carbide)

• Consist of 82% Carbide, 10% titanium and tungsten and 8% cobalt.
• Advantage: Very hard and can stand with high temperature
• Disadvantage: Low wear resistance
• Triple the rates possible with HSS (in term of cutting speed during
machining)

6. Diamond

• Use for surface finish

• High accuracy machining(0.002-0.005 mm)
• Disadvantage: easy fracture low impact resistance.
 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont.)
5. Carbide

• 2 major group of carbide (Tungsten Carbide and Titanium Carbide)

• Consist of 82% Carbide, 10% titanium and tungsten and 8% cobalt.
• Advantage: Very hard and can stand with high temperature
• Disadvantage: Low wear resistance
• Triple the rates possible with HSS (in term of cutting speed during
machining)

6. Diamond

• Use for surface finish

• High accuracy machining(0.002-0.005 mm)
• Disadvantage: easy fracture low impact resistance.
 Cutting tools

• Cement-Carbide
lathe toolbit
 Cast Alloy

• Usually contain 25% to 35% chromium, 4% to 25%

tungsten and 1% to 3% carbon
• Remainder cobalt
• Qualities
• High hardness
• High resistance to wear
• Excellent red-hardness
• Operate 2 ½ times speed of high-speed steel
• Weaker and more brittle than high-speed steel
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Carbide Cutting Tools

• First used in Germany during WW II as

substitute for diamonds
• Various types of cemented (sintered) carbides
developed to suit different materials and
machining operations
• Good wear resistance
• Operate at speeds ranging 150 to 1200 sf/min
• Can machine metals at speeds that cause
cutting edge to become red hot without loosing
harness
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Toolbit or a lathe cutting tool is
generally known by the operation
it performs.
COMMON TYPES OF CUTTER BITS
TOOL BITS (cont.)
Various shape of Tool bit

Figure: Standard Shapes

 TOOL BITS (cont.)
Various shape of Tool bit (cont.)

• Facing tools are ground to provide clearance with a center.

•Roughing tools have a small side relief angle to leave more material
to support the cutting edge during deep cuts.
•Finishing tools have a more rounded nose to provide a finer finish.
•Round nose tools are for lighter turning. They have no back or side
rake to permit cutting in either direction.
•Left hand cutting tools are designed to cut best when traveling from
left to right.

•Video
 toolbit
• Right cut tool
• Left cut tool
• Right cut side facing tool
• Left cut side facing tool
• Curved cutting or round-nose
tool
• Knurling tool
• Form tool (Radius, Bevel)
• Treading tool (External, internal)
TERMS APPLIED TO SINGLE-POINT CUTTER BITS
ANGLE OF TOOL BIT TIP

8/6/11 Figure: Single point cutting tools

ANGLE OF TOOL BIT TIP (cont.)

Figure: Tool bit nomenclature

8/6/11
 Tool
Geometry
Terms adopted
by ASME

SIDE RELIEF
SIDE CLEARANCE

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

33
Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cutting-Tool Terms

• Front, End, Relief

(Clearance)
• Allows end of cutting tool to
enter work
• Side Relief (Side)
• Permits side of tool to
advance into work

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34

Permission required for reproduction or display.
 ANGLE OF TOOL BIT TIP (cont.)

Various angle in a cutting tool have important functions

in machining operation.
1. Rake angle: Control direction of chip flow and the strength of
the tool tip.
2. Side rake angle: Control direction of chip flow. Angle typically
about 5°.
3. Cutting-edge angle: Affects chip formation, tool strength, and
cutting force to various degree. Angle typically about 15°.

8/6/11
 ANGLE OF TOOL BIT TIP (cont.)
4. Relief angle: Control interference and rubbing at the
tool-work piece interface.
If it too large, the tool tip may chip off, if it too small,
flank wear may be excessive.
Relief angle typically are 5°.
5. Nose radius: Affects surface finish and tool tip
strength.
The smaller the nose radius(sharp tool), the rougher
the surface finish of the work piece and the lower the
strength of the tool.
How ever, long nose radius can lead to tool chatter.
 Cutting-Tool Terms

• Front, End, Relief

(Clearance)
• Allows end of cutting tool to
enter work
• Side Relief (Side)
• Permits side of tool to
advance into work

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 37

Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cutting-Tool Terms

• Side Cutting Edge Angle

• Angle cutting edge meets work
• Positive
• Negative - protects point at start and end of cut
• Nose Radius
• Strengthens finishing point of tool
• Improves surface finish on work
• Should be twice amount of feed per revolution
• Too large – chatter; too small – weakens point

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 Side Rake
• Large as possible to allow
chips to escape
• Amount determined
• Type and grade of cutting tool
• Type of material being cut
• Feed per revolution
• Angle of keenness
• Formed by side rake and side
clearance

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

39
Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Back Rake
• Angle formed between top face of tool and top
of tool shank
• Positive
• Top face slopes downward
away from point
• Negative
• Top face slopes upward
away from point
• Neutral

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

40
Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Tool Setup
1. Hold carbide tool in turret-type holder
• Amount of tool overhang enough for chip clearance
2. Cutting tool set exactly on center
3. Designed to operate while bottom of tool shank is in
horizontal position
4. If rocker-type toolpost: remove rocker, invert rocker
base, shim tool to correct height, Use special carbide
toolholder (having no rake)
5. Always keep it from touching work and machine parts
to avoid damaging tool point
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 Machine Setup
• Always make sure machine has adequate power rating
for machining operation and no slippage in clutch and
belts
• Set correct speed for material cut and operation
performed
• Too high cause rapid tool failure
• Too low result in inefficient cutting action
• Set machine feed for good metal-removal rate and good
surface finish
• Too light causes rubbing
• Too coarse slows down machine creates heat
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 Cutting Operation
1. Never bring tool point against work that is
stationary
2. Always use heaviest depth of cut possible for
machine and size of cutting tool
3. Never stop machine while feed engaged
• Will break cutting edge
• Stop feed and allow tool to clear before stopping
machine

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4. Never continue to use dull cutting tool
5. Dull cutting tool recognized by
• Work produced oversize with glazed finish
• Rough and ragged finish
• Change in shape or color of chips
6. Apply cutting fluid only if
• Can be applied under pressure
• Can be directed at point of cutting and kept there
at all times

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 Tool Grinding
1. Regrind cutting tool to angles and clearances
recommend by manufacturer
2. Use silicon carbide wheels for rough grinding
• Use diamond wheels when high surface finishes
required
3. Move carbide tool back and forth over grinding
wheel face to keep amount of head generated to
minimum
4. Never quench carbide tools that become hot during
grinding – allow them to cool gradually

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To produce various surfaces, faces and
forms, the cutting edge of the toolbit
must be precisely ground.

The cutting edge must be shaped to the

proper form and then the relieved with
clearance angles to allow the edge to cut
into the metal.
 GRINDER
• Pedestal grinder
consist of an electric
motor with a grinding
wheel mounted on
each end of the
spindel.
• This type of grinding
called offhand
grinding.
 Type of grinder wheels
• Aluminum oxide are used to grind
carbon and high speed steel (HSS)
toolbits.
• Silicon carbide are used to grind single-
pointed cement-carbide cutting tools.
Grinding Wheels
1. 80-grit silicon carbide wheel used for rough
grinding carbides
2. 100-grit silicon carbide wheel used for finish
grinding carbides
3. Diamond grinding wheels (100-grit) excellent
for finish grinding; high finishes use 220-grit
diamond wheel

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Grinding Wheels
1. 80-grit silicon carbide wheel used for rough
grinding carbides
2. 100-grit silicon carbide wheel used for finish
grinding carbides
3. Diamond grinding wheels (100-grit) excellent
for finish grinding; high finishes use 220-grit
diamond wheel

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 Type of Grinder
• Heavy-duty grinder used for grinding carbides
• Cutting pressures required to remove carbide are
5 to 10 times as great as high-speed steel tools
• Should be equipped with adjustable table and
protractor so necessary tool angles and
clearances may be ground accurately

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 Grinder safety
• Always wear approved safety glasses when
operating a grinder.
• Always stand to one side of the wheel when
starting a grinder. Never stand in the line
with a grinder wheel.
 Grinder safety
• Allow a new wheel to run for about one
minute before using. If a wheel is going to
break, it will break in the first minute.
• Always use a wheel guard which covers at
least one-half of the grinding wheel.
 Grinder safety
• Never run a grinding wheel faster than the
speed recommended on its blotter.
• Do not grind on the side of a wheel unless
it is designed for this purpose.
 Grinder safety
• Never force a grinding wheel by jamming
work into it.
• Always remove burrs produced by grinding
with a file or a hone.
 Dressing and truing a wheel
• Dressing is the process of recondition
the wheel to make cut better.
• Truing refers to shaping a wheel to a
desired shape and to make it grinding
surface run true with it axis.
Several happen on the grinding wheel:
1.Small metal particles imbed themselves in
the wheel and cause it to become loaded
or clogged.
2.The abrasive grains become worn smooth
and the wheel loses its cutting action.
3.Groove become worn in the face of the
wheel.
 To dress and true a wheel
• Adjust the grinder work rest
• Wear an approved pair of safety glasses.
• Stand to one side of the wheel and then
start the grinder.
 To dress and true a wheel
• Hold the dresser down firmly with its lugs
against the edge of the work rest.
• Move the dresser across the face of the
wheelin a steady motion for a trial pass.
• After each pass, tilt the holder up sligthly to
advance the dresser disks into the wheel.
 To dress and true a wheel

• When the wheel is dressed, stop the grinder

and adjust the work rest to within 1/16in.
(1.58 mm) of the wheel face and tighten
securely.
 Grinding a lathe toolbit

• A lathe tool cuts better if it is provided with

the proper amount of end and side relief.
• Too much relief angle (side and end)
weakens the toolbit, although it provides a
keener cutting egde.
• Too little side or end relief prevents a lathe
tool from cutting.
Recommendation factors:
ØThe size and condition of the
lathe
ØThe shape and hardness of the
workpiece
ØThe type of cutting operation
being performes.
 How to grind a toolbit?
• Hold the toolbit firmly while supporting the hands
on the grinder tool rest.
• Tilt the bottom of the toolbit in toward the wheel
and grind the 10° side-relief angle and form
required on the left side of the toolbit.
 How to grind a toolbit?
• Grind until the side cutting edge is about ½
in. (12.7mm) long and the point is over
about one-fourth the width of the toolbit.
• High speed steel toolbits must be cooled
frequently.
 How to grind a toolbit?
• Hold the back end of the toolbit lower than the
point and grind the 15°end-relief angle on the
right side. At the same time the cutting edge
should form an angle of from 70 to 80°with the
side cutting edge.
• Hold the toolbit about 45°to the axis of the
wheel, tilt the bottom of the toolbit in, and grind
the 14°side rake on the top of the toolbit.
 How to grind a toolbit?
• Grind the side rake the entire length of the side
cutting edge but do not grind the top of the
cutting egde below the top of the toolbit.
• Grind a slight radius on the point being sure to
keep the same end and side-relief angles.
• Use an oilstone to hone the point and cutting
edge of the toolbit to remove sharp edge,
produce a keener cutting edge, and improve its
cutting action.
 Lathe toolholders and
toolposts
Method of holding the lathe cutting tool:
• In Toolholders, which provide a means of
rigidly holding the cutting tool.
• In Toolposts, which provide a means of
holding either a toolholder or a cutting
tool.
 TOOLHOLDERS

• Left-hand offset
toolholder is used
to machine work
and cutting from
right to left. It is
identified by the
letter L.
 TOOLHOLDERS

• Straight toolholder –
it is a general-purpose
toolholder identified
by the letter S.
 TOOLHOLDERS
• Right hand offset
toolholder is used for
machining work and
cutting from left to
right. Identified by the
letter R.
• Left and Right hand
offset toolholder
accommodate square
toolbits, ranging from
3/16 to ¾ in.
 TOOLHOLDERS

• Brazed cement Carbide-

tipped toolbits
toolholders are
available in five sizes to
accept toolbit shanks
from ¼ to 5/8 in, square.
• Toolholder hole is
parallel to the base.
 CUTTING-OFF TOOLHOLDERS
• Cutting-off or parting
tool is generally used
when work is to be
parted off, groove, or
undercut.
1. Solid type
toolholders
2. Spring type
toolholders
 THREADING TOOLHOLDER
• A special
toolholder with a
cam-shaped cutter
ground to 60°is
available for thread
cutting,
 BORING TOOLHOLDERS

• Light boring
toolholders are
used for small
holes and light
cuts.
 BORING TOOLHOLDERS

• Boring tool suitable

for heavier work
consist of a boring bar
mounted in the
toolholder and a
toolbit fitted on the
end of the boring bar.
 BORING TOOLHOLDERS

• Heavy-duty boring
bar holder is
mounted on the
compound rest and
can accommodate
three bars of
different diameters.
 TOOLPOSTS

• Standard (Round)
toolpost provides a
means of holding and
adjusting a toolholder or
a cutting tool.
 TOOLPOSTS
• Turret type toolpost
are designed to hold
four cutting tools,
which can be easily
indexed for use as
required.
 TOOLPOSTS
• Quick change
toolpost and holder
are made in different
styles to
accommodate
different types of
cutting tools.