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For stability, the layers of soil at the tunnel face should have sufficient strength to balance these forces. In many projects,
tunnels will encounter several layers of loose soil or weathered rock. The face may not be strong enough to bear such
pressures or may be unstable. Therefore, the soil mass in front of the cutterhead can collapse which would then result in
excessive settlement at the surface. Examples of such incidences are presented in Figures 2a and 2b. Support pressure needs
to be built up at the face of tunnel, to counterbalance the pressure generated by the soil, water and overlying infrastructures.
This pressure is known as support pressure. Sometimes, even with stable geology, face support pressure needs to be built up
in order to prevent the inflow of water into the tunnel. A decrease in the groundwater level may result in consolidation and 1. Failure mechanism at tunnel face
thereby surface settlement.
In cases of mechanised tunnelling, support mediums will be used to build the required face support pressure. Common support
mediums used are bentonite slurry, earth paste, and compressed air. Choosing a support medium depends on various factors,
a few of which are properties of soil and the type of TBM used.
There are some adverse effects to applying excessive support pressure as it may lead to surface heave and ground distortion.
Inadequate support pressure may cause ground settlement. Therefore, an adequate range of face support pressure is needed
to stabilize the face, which in turn will minimize settlement, avoid ground collapse, prevent ground heaving and allow for reliable
advance of the TBM.
It also allows for safe hyperbaric interventions for cutterhead inspection and maintenance.
1. Slurryschild
If using a TBM with a slurry shield (also called Hydro Shield) the support of the face is accomplished by pressurized slurry,
which in most cases is a bentonite suspension (a mixture of special clay and water). The excavation chamber is filled with
slurry which supplies support pressure as well as serves as a medium to transport the excavated soil out of the tunnel. By
using the slurry shield technology, support pressure is directly controlled by regulating the inflow and outflow of the suspension.
Yet when using mixed shield technology, it is controlled by using compressed air.
The transfer of applied support pressure relies on the rheology of the slurry. The slurry has to be adopted according to the soil
parameters and must be observed and documented frequently.
3. Compressed Air
The tunnel face can be supported by compressed air. In mechanized tunneling, it is mainly adopted during inspection and
maintenance of the cutter head. During this time, the level of support medium is dropped down and the missing volume is
replaced with compressed air. Once the required drawdown level has been reached, the tunnel face becomes open for
inspection.
Figure 3: Slurry TBM
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Operating modes
4. Support Medium
As mentioned in Section 2, the support medium will depend on the type of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) being used as well as
its operating mode, advance mode or drawdown. Slurry shields use pressurized slurry, mainly bentonite suspension, whereas
an EPB shield uses earth paste. The difference in their unit weight and operational tolerance has to be incorporated into the
calculation of face support pressure. When compressed air is being used as a support medium, the difference in its pressure
distribution diagram in comparison to the pressure distribution diagram of slurry or earth paste, as shown in Figure 9, will be
relevant in the calculation
6. B. DIN Modell
In this model, three-dimensional active earth pressure is calculated according to DIN 4085, which is based on the failure
mechanism theory of Piaskowski & Kowalewski, as shown in Figure 7. The method divides the tunnel face into multiple
horizontal strips. The three-dimensional active earth pressure acting on each strip is calculated with the two-dimensional active
earth pressure method, adjusted by reduction factors. These factors are calculated depending upon the ratio of depth of the
layer to tunnel diameter.
Figure 10a:
7. Safety Concept and Tolerances Schematic diagram of earth, water and support
A. Partial Safety Factor pressure in different mode a. Loads, b. TBM,
c. Advance mode, d. 1/3 Drawdown,
To ensure stability of the tunnel face, it is necessary to counterbalance the total force of active earth and water pressure. These e. ½ Drawdown, f. 1/1 Drawdown
forces are multiplied separately with safety factors as per the concept of partial factor of safety. Necessary support force = η a
E a + η w W Where, η a and η w are partial factors of safety for active earth pressure (Ea) and water pressure (W) respectively.
B. Ordinate Check
To prevent the lack of equilibrium in selected local areas, critical nodes have to be checked individually. Such nodes may be the
crown, invert or draw-down points of the tunnel in which the applied support pressure should at least be more than the local
water pressure plus 10 kN/m². The safety factor for ground heaving and blow out must be reached, as well. These checks are
known as ordinate checks. Figure 8 shows an example of an ordinate check for 1/3 drawdown where the applied support
pressure is less than the earth and water pressure at 1/3 drawdown point.
C. Operational Tolerance
When using hydro-shield technology, the support pressure is directly controlled by the inflow and outflow of suspension. Yet in
slurry shield technology, it is controlled using compressed air. Certain tolerances will be necessary to compensate the
fluctuation of the face support pressure in the working chamber. This tolerance is known as operational tolerance and is about
0.1 bar.
In the case of an EPB shield, the face support is regulated by the inflow of the excavated soil due to the forward movement of
Figure 10b: Schematic diagram the TBM in relation to the discharge of the screw conveyor. The normal operational tolerance adopted for an EPB shield is 0.3
bars.
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8. Operating Modes
While the TBM is in excavation mode the working chamber is filled with the support medium. To facilitate the entry of personnel,
as well as expose the tunnel face and the top of the cutter head, the level of support medium can be reduced. During this time,
support pressure will be maintained by exchanging the missing volume with compressed air.
The pressure diagram of compressed air is different to that of the normal support medium as shown in Figure 9. The
operational tolerance will also be different from the one in advance mode. During excavation mode the mixed excavated soil
increases the unit weight of the slurry. Prior to the hyperbaric interventions the slurry is replaced with the fresh suspension
which has a lower unit weight. This will cause a difference in support pressure between drawdown and advance mode of TBM
operation. The most common modes to be analysed are:
9. Advance mode
The excavation mode in which the working chamber is filled with supporting medium mixed with excavated soil.
1/3 Drawdown
Figure 7: Model of Horn The level of support medium will be lowered to the depth equal to one third (1/3)
of the tunnel diameter from the crown.
It is not applicable when the depth of drawdown is smaller than 2 m.
1/2 Drawdown
The level of support medium will be lowered to the tunnel axis.
1/1 Drawdown
The level of support medium will be lowered to the tunnel invert.
This is an additional safety check that should be performed for each face support pressure. Figure 8: Model of Piaskowski & Kowalewski
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