ASSIGNMENT 2

1031160027
J VAMSHEE KRISHNA CIVIL-A
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
The important characteristics from the point of the civil engineer are:

THE SIZE OF AIRCRAFT: These involve

Span of the wings: This decides the width of the taxiway, size of aprons and hangars.
Fuselage length: this decides widening of taxiway on curves, size of aprons and hangars.
Height: This decides the height of hangar gate and miscellaneous installations inside the
hangar.

Distance between the main gears: This governs the minimum turning radius of aircraft.
It is also known as Gear tread.

WHEEL BASE: This also decides the minimum taxiway radius.

TAIL WIDTH: This is required for size of apron and parking.
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS: To determine the radii the ends of the taxiways and to
ascertain the position on the loading apron it is necessary to a certain the turning radii of
the aircraft.

GROSS TAKE-OFF WEIGHT: The gross weight of the aircraft and the wheel configuration
govern the thickness of runway and taxiway payments as well as the length of the runway.

CAPACITY OF AIRCRAFT: The capacity of the aircraft determines the baggage, cargo,
passengers and fuel that can be accommodated in the aircraft the terminal facilities have to
be planned for the highest capacity aircraft expected to land.

TAKE-OFF AND LANDING DISTANCES: There are number of factors such as altitude of
the airport, gradient of the runway direction and intensity of wind, temperature and the
manner of landing and take-off which influence the take-off and landing distances. The
weight of the air crashed at the time of landing and take-off also influences the runway
lengths.
Higher the wind loading, higher the landing speed and longest the runway lengths.

TYRE PRESSURE AND CONTACT AREA:

The tyre pressure and the wheel load determine radius of contact. Based on these
parameters the thickness of the pavement is designed for different types of payments.

RANGE: The frequency of operations and hence the peak traffic volume and runway
capacity depends upon the normal haul length or the range.
SIGNIFICANCE AND INFERENCE: These characteristics of the aircraft influence the
design of pavement namely the wheel loads and their impacts, wheel base, tail width,
turning radius, take-off and landing distances etc.

AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS AND ZONING

OVERVIEW:
Obstructions are the objects that hinder the safe movement of aircraft. These are mostly
the elevated entities in the path of aircraft.

COMPPONENTS:
1) Imaginary surfaces- assumed surfaces above which aircraft should fly
2) Objects with actual heights.

BRIEF EXPLANATION:
IMAGINARY SURFACES:
1) APPROACH SURFACE: It is trapezoidal surface provided at the end of landing side of
runway as shown in figure.
2) TAKE OFF CLIMB SURFACE: It is also a trapezoidal surface provided at the end of take
of end off runway and it ends at the start of approach surface.

3) TRANSITION SURFACE: Trapezoidal surface extending along the landing strip in

upward and outward direction of inner horizontal surface.
4) HORIZONTAL SURFACE: Starts at the upper edge of transition surface and ends at the
start of the conical surface. This is not provided for runways of length less than
900m.
 5) CONICAL SUFACE: Circular surface extending outward from the end of horizontal
surface to a certain height.
OBJECTS HAVING ACTUAL HEIGHTS:
Any entity till 4.5km from end of runway having a height of 30m is considered as an
objection. The objecting elevation increases by 7.5m for every 1.5 km distance after 4.5 km
from runway.

ZONING: zoning is the division of a municipal or rural area into districts for the primary
purpose of regulating the use of land. It regulates the type and intensity of land use.
LAND USE ZONING:
It is restricting the use of land adjacent to or in the immediate vicinity of the airport to
activities and purposes compatible with normal airport operations, including landing and
take-off of aircraft.
HEIGHT ZONING: From 4.5km from runway the objects height must be restricted till 15 km
from airport.
RUNWAY CLEAR ZONE: This is provided after the end of runway starting at 60m from the
end within approach area. Length is determined when the approach surface attains a height
of 30m. Hence it depends on rate at which the approach surface rises.
TURNING ZONE: It is used in the case of emergencies for turning of aircrafts. Any object which is
located within a distance off 4.5km from the ARP is considered as an objection if its height exceeds
51m above the ground or the established airport elevation whichever is higher. And plus, 30m for
every 1.5km from ARP, if the value exceeds 150m within 15km then it remains same.

SIGNIFICANCE AND INFERENCE:

Zoning is needed for safe advancement of aircraft in its path without any obstructions.

APRONS
OVERVIEW:
The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded,
refuelled, or boarded.

BRIEF EXPLANATION:
Types of airport aprons are:
HOLDING APRONS:
A holding apron is an area contiguous to the taxiway, near the runway entrance, where
aircraft park briefly before taking off while cockpit checks and engine runups are
made. The use of holding aprons reduces interference between departing aircraft and
minimizes delays at this portion of the runway system.

TERMINAL APRONS:
Airport designers must provide paved areas where aircraft may be parked while fuelling,
light maintenance, loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, and similar operations
are performed. Perhaps the most important of such areas is the terminal apron,
which is located adjacent to the terminal building. Individual loading positions along
the terminal apron is known as gate positions or stands.