O2-

Mg2+

KMnO4
Redox reactions are a chemical reactions involving
simultaneously (serentak) oxidation and reduction processes

Oxidation & reduction :

 a addition (gain) or loss (elimination) of oxygen or hydrogen
 accepting(receives) or donating of electrons
 change in oxidation number

A Redox Reactions :
 Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen & elimination of
hydrogen
 reduction is the process of losing oxygen & addition of hydrogen
 oxidising agent is the substance which experiences reduction &
receives electrons .
 reducing agent is the substance which experiences oxidation &
donates electrons .
 PbO – oxidising
agent (experiences
reduction

Loss of oxygen ---- reduction

Mg + PbO MgO + Pb

Gain of oxygen ---- oxidation

Mg – re
ducing
agent (
experien
oxidatio ces
n)
Cl2 – oxidising agent
Re
( undergoes reduction ) do
--- chlorine oxidises x rea
hydrogen sulphide to ctio
sulphur n

Gain of hydrogen --- reduction

H2 S + Cl2 2HCl + S

Loss of hydrogen --- oxidation

H2S – reducing agent

( undergoes oxidation)
--- hydrogen sulphide
reduces chlorine to
hydrogen chloride
B Transfer of Electrons
 oxidation involves the loss (releases) of electrons
 reduction involves a gain (receives) in electrons
 metals are oxidised & its loss their electrons to form cations

 non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .

Chlorine
–
oxidising Reduction Process
agent Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- (gain of electron)

2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl(s)

Na Na+ + e ( loss of electron)

Sodium – Oxidation Process
reducing
agent
Determine the oxidation and reduction process , oxidising and
reducing agent that occurs in the reactions below .
• Mg + PbO MgO + Pb
• Anode : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- ; Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
• 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

• Fe2 O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO

• Mg + CuO MgO + Cu

Solution :
 C : Change in Oxidation Number ( O.N )
 oxidation is the increase in oxidation number
 reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number
 O.N of ions is same value to the charge of the ion.
 Ex : Na+, K+ , H+ is +1
Mg2+ , Ca+2 is +2
O2- , S2- is -2
 O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 )
 example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 .
Oxidising agent
--- chlorine gas
O.N Oxidation number decreases (0 → -1)
reduction
+2 -1 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3

Reducing agent --- oxidation

iron (II) chloride Oxidation number increases( +2 → +3)
 (i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge
on the ion .
 (ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is
zero .

 Example : (i) ClO3- , oxidation number of chlorine is X

X + 3(-2) = -1
The charge of
X -6 = -1 chlorate
X = +5
(ii) The oxidation number of S in MgSO4
+2 + X + 4 (-2) = 0 Oxidation
+2 + X - 8 =0 number of S

X =+6

 the total oxidation number for dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O72- is -2 ,

 manganate (VII) , MnO4-1 is -1

Test Yourself :
Calculate the oxidation number of the following elements :
• Manganese , Mn in potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4

• Manganese, Mn in manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 -

• Chromium, Cr, in potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7

• Cromium, Cr,in chromate(VI) ion, CrO4 2-

• Iron in iron(II) chloride , FeCl2

• Iron in iron(III) chloride , FeCl3

• Carbon , C in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

In each of the cases above, the oxidation number of each element is

represented by the value of X .
The oxidising agent is the substance that
 receives electrons
 experiences a reduction(pengurangan) in the oxidation number .

The reducing agent is the substance that :

 loses electrons
 experiences an increase (penambahan) in the oxidation number .

Make sure that you add

the electron on the side
Example : of the half equation that
• Fe 2+ Fe 3+ + e- has the bigger oxidation
number
(O.N ) +2 +3
• Br2 + 2e- 2Br-
(O.N) 0 -1
Redox reactions need to shown in the form of :
 half - equations
 ionic equations

Example :
Half equation :
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- -------- (1) X 2
Combined
Br2 + 2e -
2Br -
-------- (2)
Ionic equation :
2Fe 2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-

Fe2+ Cr3+ Green solution

MnO4 - Purple solution

Fe3+ Br2 Brown solution Cr2O7 2- Orange solution

Cl2 I2 Yellow solution

Cl- Br- I- Colourless solution Cu2+ Blue solution

 A . Redox Reaction ( The combustion of Magnesium in oxygen)

 Oxygen oxidises magnesium to magnesium ion .

 Magnesium releases electrons to form Magnesium ion .
 Half –equation : Mg Mg2+ + 2e- ------------(1)
 O.Number 0 +2 (oxidation)

combined
 Magnesium reduces oxygen to oxide ion .
 Oxygen atom receives electrons to form oxide ion .
 Half- equation : O2 + 2e- O2- ------------(2)
 O.Number 0 -2 (reduction )
 The overall equation : (1) + (2)
2Mg + O2 2MgO
 Observation :-
 Combusts with a white shiny flame
 A white solid is formed
 Oxidising agent : Oxygen
Reactants
 B. The change of iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions ( Fe2+ Fe3+)
 Bromine water oxidises iron(II) ion , Fe2+ to iron(III) ion , Fe3+
 Iron(II) ion releases electron to form iron(III) ion.
 Half-equation : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ------------(1)X 2
 O. Number

Combined
+2 +3 ( oxidation)
 Iron(II) ion reduces bromine ,Br2 to bromide ion , Br -
 Bromine receives electron to form bromide ion , Br-1
 Half-equation : Br 2 + 2e- 2Br - ------------(2)
 O.Number 0 -1 ( reduction )
 Observation :
• The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown .
• The brown coloured bromine water is decolourised .
• Oxidising agent : Bromine water , Br2
• Reducing agent : Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
• Ionic Equation : 2 Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br -
 C : The change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion , Fe2+

 Iron (III) ion oxidises Zn atom to zinc ion , Zn2+

 Iron(III) ion receives electron to form iron(II) ion
 The brown iron(III) chloride solution changes to green .
 Half-equation : Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ --------(1) X 2
 O.Number +3 +2 ( Reduction)
 Iron(III) ion -------- oxidising agent ( oxidation number decrease) .
 Zn reduces iron(III) ion to iron(II) ion . combined
 Zinc atom releases electrons to form zinc ion , Zn
 Zinc powder dissolves .
 Zinc metal -------- reducing agent ( oxidation number increase)
 Half-equation : Zn Zn2+ + 2e- -------(2)
 O. Number 0 +2 ( oxidation )
 The ionic equation : 2Fe3+ + Zn 2Fe2+ + Zn2+
 Other reducing agent : metals that are more electropositive than iron
// SO2 , H2 S gas // Na2 SO3 , SnCl2 solution
 D : The Displacement (penyesaran) of Metal from its Salt Solution

 The element is more electropositive in the E.S, the higher the tendency
(kecenderungan) to release electrons to form positive ions .
 More electropositive , oxidised more easily & act as a reducing agent
 The higher the position in the E.S. can displace other elements that are
lower in the E.S .

K, Na , Ca , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Hg , Ag , Au

Most electropositive Least electropositive

The displacement reaction between Zn & CuSO4 solution .

 Zn more electropositive than copper .
 Zn releases two electron to form zinc ion , Zn2+
 Zn reduces copper(II) ion ,Cu2+ to copper , Cu
 Copper(II) ion oxidises Zn to zinc ion ,Zn2+
 Observation :
Zn loses
• The blue CuSO4 solution fades or becomes colourless . electrons &
• A brown solid is formed . is oxidised
to Zn2+
• The Zn piece is corroded or dissolves .
• Copper is displaced by zinc from the copper(II) sulphate solution .
 Half-equations : Zn Zn2+ + 2e- ----------(1)
 O . Number 0 +2 ( oxidation )
Cu2+ + 2e Cu ----------(2)
 O. Number +2 0 ( reduction )
Cu2+ receives
electrons &
is reduced to
Cu
 Ionic equation : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
 Zn ------ reducing agent
 Copper(II) ion ------- oxidising agent
 E : Displacement of Halogens from Halide Solutions

 Halogen ----- Group 17

 examples : Cl2 ( chlorine) ------- yellow
Br2 ( bromine) ------- brown Solution

I2 (iodine) ------- yellow or brown

 can be differentiated by shaking the solution with a little CCl4

 Halogens are reduced to halide ions
 Halogen ----- oxidising agent
 The more reactive halogen can displace less reactive halogens from
its halide solutions.
 Group 17 :
Flourine
Reactivity decreases,
Chlorine higher act as a
oxidising agent
Bromine
Iodine
 Chlorine water react with sodium bromide solution
 Chlorine water , Cl2 oxidises bromide ion, Br- to bromine ,Br2
 Bromide ion , reduces chlorine , Cl2 to chloride ion , Cl-
 Bromide ion, Br- releases electrons to form bromine ,Br2
 Half-equation : 2Br - Br2 + 2e- ------ (1)
-1 0 oxidation

colourless brown
 Chlorine , Cl2 receives electrons to form chloride ion , Cl-
 Half-equation : Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- ------- (2)
0 -1 reduction
yellow decolourised(colourless)
 Ionic equation : (1) + (2)
Cl2 + 2Br- Br2 + 2Cl-
 Chlorine ----- oxidising agent
 Bromide ion ----- reducing agent
 Confirmatory Test for the Bromine, Chlorine and Iodine

 By adding and shaking the halogen solution in tetrachloromethane

(CCl4 ) liquid

Colour in water
Solution Colour in
CCl4
Concentrated Dilute

Iodine Brown Yellow Purple

Bromine Brown Yellow Brown

Chlorine Light greenish Colourless Colourless

yellow
 F: Transfer of Electrons at a Distance

• If two chemicals are separated at a distance by an electrolyte solution

in a U-tube
• acts as a salt bridge .
• used to separate two solutions but allows ions to pass (flow) through
to complete the circuit .
• examples : H2SO4 , KNO3 , Na2SO4 solution

oxd reduction

The electrons that are released from reducing agent (negative electrode) will
flow out through outer circuit to the oxidising agent ( positive electrode)
 The Reaction Between Bromine Water and Iron(II) Sulphate solution

 Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ releases electron & is oxidised to iron(III) ion , Fe3+
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-1 ---------- (1)
O. Number +2 +3 ( oxidation)
 The green solution ,(Fe2+) changes to brown, Fe3+
 The electrons that are released collect at the carbon electrode that is
immersed in FeSO4
 It act as the negative terminal .
 Bromine ,Br2 receives electron & is reduced to bromide ion, Br-1
 Half equation : Br2 + 2e- 2Br-1 --------------(2)
brown colour decolourised
O.Number 0 -1 (reduction)
 the carbon electrode in bromine water act as the positive terminal
 the ionic equation :- 2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br-1
O. Number +2 0 +3 -1
  oxidising agent ----- Bromine water , Br
 reducing agent ----- Iron (II) ion, Fe
 The galvanometer needle is deflected because the movement of
electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode produces an
electric current .

(Negative terminal)
(Positive terminal)

Oxidation Reduction
 Test Yourself
The figure shows a U-tube redox cell .

• Write a summary of the redox reaction for the reaction between Iron(II)
sulphate, FeSO4 solution and the acidified potassium manganate (VII) ,
KMnO4 solution.
• Can dilute sulphuric acid be replaced with dilute hydrochloric acid ?
Give the reason for your answer .
 Solution :
• Observation :
Electrode (-) :
The green coloured iron(II) nitrate solution changes to brown
Electrode (+) :
The purple coloured acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is
decolourised .
Half equation :
Electrode (-) : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ----------- ( oxidation)
Electrode (+) : MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O (reduction)
Ionic Equation : 5Fe2 + MnO4 - + 8H+ Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidising agent : manganate(VII) ion
Reducing agent : Iron (II) ion .
Confirmatory test for the product( Fe ) that is formed.
Add sodium hydroxide solution, a brown precipitate is formed .
 Redox Reaction in a simple voltaic cells

 The porous pot ( pasu berliang) --- to separate the two solutions but allows the ions
to flow through it to complete circuit .
 the transfer of electrons occur from reducing agent to the oxidising agent through an
outer circuit .
 The negative electrode ( anode) ----- metal which is more electropositive in the E.S.
 The positive electrode ( cathode) ----- metal which is less electropositive in the E. S.
 electron flows from the negative electrode to the positive electrode .
 two types of Daniell cell that uses a porous pot :
At the negative electrode( anode) :
 Zn is more electropositive than copper
 Zn has more tendency to releases two electrons to form zinc ion,Zn2+
 Zn rod acts as the negative electrode .
 Zn Zn2+ + 2e ------ oxidation process occurs
 The electrons will flows from the zinc rod to the copper rod through the
outer circuit
 an electric current is produced .

At the cathode :
 copper ion, Cu2+ receives two electrons to form copper atom, Cu &
undergoes reduction process .
 Cu2+ + 2e Cu ------ reduction process
 Copper(II) ion oxidises(mengoksidakan) zinc, Zn to zinc ion, Zn2+
 Cu2+ ----------- oxidising agent
 Zinc reduces(menurunkan) copper(II) ion,Cu2+ to copper atom, Cu
 Zn ------------- reducing agent
Overall Ionic Equation :

+2 Reduction 0

Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

0 Oxidation +2

Observation :
 cathode – the blue copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes fade/ colourless
--- a brown solid forms at the copper rod //
the copper rod thickens // the mass of the
copper will increases.
 anode ---- the zinc rod dissolves /
corrodes/ becomes thinner(menipis)
 Cell symbol :
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+ (aq) / Cu(s)
 G . Corrosion of Metals

 occur when a metal loses electrons & is oxidised to form the metal ion .
 the metal is corroded
 example : Iron loses electrons to form iron(II) ion , Fe2+
 Fe Fe2+ + 2e-1 ------- oxidation
 O. Number 0 +2
 Iron is corroded .
 If magnesium loses electrons to form magnesium ion Mg2+ ,
 magnesium is corroded.
 Mg Mg2+ + 2e- ------- oxidation
 The metals is more electropositive in E.S. , corrode much easier .
 because the metals more tendency to release electrons to form metal ions
 Example : Al corrodes more easily compared to copper .
 because Al is more electropositive than copper .
 the rusting requires water and oxygen Metal corrosion
 RUSTING OF IRON corrosion

 At the end of the water droplet ( Anode / negative terminal )

 the iron , Fe loses electrons and is oxidised to iron(II) ion, Fe
Stage 1

 Iron(II) ion dissolves in water

 Iron is corroded .
 Fe Fe2+ + 2e ------- oxidation
 The electrons flows to the edge(pinggir) of the water droplet through
the iron
Stage 2  At the edge of the water droplet ( cathode / positive terminal )
 Electrons are received by oxygen & water to form OH ions through
reduction
 O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH- ------ Reduction

 Iron(II) ion , Fe2+ & hydroxide ion , OH- combine to form iron(II)
Stage 3

hydroxide ( green solid )

 Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH-1 (aq) Fe(OH)2 (s)
Stage 4

 Iron(II) hydroxide , Fe(OH)2 is then oxidised by oxygen to form

hydrated Iron(III) oxide, (brown solid ) or rust .
O2 in the air
 equation : Fe(OH)2 Fe2O3 .3H2O (rust)
Iron rusting
Example : Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals
 is a process that occurs when two metals come into contact(bersentuhan)
with an electrolyte .
 the more electropositive metal will donate(release) electrons & is corroded
 If the iron comes into contact with metal that is more electropositive ,it will
not corrode .
 the corrosion of iron can be accelerated by the presence of electrolytes
such as acid & salt solution.

K
More
Na
easily
Ca
corroded
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Tendency for
Sn
corrosion increases
Pb
H
Cu
Difficult to
Hg
be corroded
Ag
Au
 Example : The effect of rusting when iron comes into contact with other metals
( Mg, Cu , Zn , Sn)
Hypothesis : Iron is protected from rusting when it comes in contact with more
electropositive metals, but rusts when it contact with less electropositive metals .

B
A

rusting

 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution ---- to detect the presence of iron(II) ions .

 Iron nail is corroded, the dark blue colour will be seen in the solid agar .
 Phenolphthalein will turn pink in colour if OH- ions are present.
 The gas bubbles formed are hydrogen gas .
 The iron nail in test tube B is not corroded , while zinc is corroded because Zn is more
electropositive than iron .
 In test tube A ,the iron nail is corroded because Iron more electropositive than copper .
Iron is alloyed with other Huge iron construction structure such
metals such as chromium as bridges protected from corrosion by
or nickel to produce using sacrificial metals(logam korban)
stainless steel such as Mg & Zn

Iron sheet used as house

PREVENTION THE
roofs Are galvanised
RUSTING OF IRON with a layer of zinc

Coating a layer of Applying a coat of Al

metal such as Al or such as car bumpers
Sn on food tins or water pipes

Wrapping the iron with Applying paint,oil or grease

a layer of plastic . Ex: hangers on surface such as engine
 Reactivity Series (R.S) of Metals

A : Metals with Oxygen

 Metal is heated in oxygen to produce
metal oxide .A more reactive metal will displace
a less reactive metal from its oxide.
 Observation :
 Mg ----- burn very rapidly & vigorously with a very bright flame
------ metal oxide colour : white powder ( Hot & cold )
 Zinc ---- burns rapidly , glows brightly
----- metal oxide colour : yellow when hot & white when it is cold .
 Iron ----- burns rapidly, glows less brightly than Zn
----- metal oxide colour brown when hot & cold
 Cu ----- very slow reaction
----- metal oxide colour black ( hot & cold )
 Pb ----- burns slowly
----- metal oxide colour : brown when hot & yellow when colour
 The position of Carbon in the R. S.
K If carbon is more reactive than metal X , a flame or glows(baraan)
can be seen.
Na
If carbon is less reactive than metal Y ,the flame or glows will not
Ca be seen when carbon react with metal oxide Y is heated .
M
g
Al
C Reactivity
decreases
Zn
Fe
Example : The reaction between Lead(II) oxide with Carbon
Sn
Observation : burn brightly
Pb
: produces a grey solids
Cu
Inference : Carbon is more reactive than Lead

Ag Equation : PbO + C Pb + CO2

 PREPARED BY

PN ZAINAB BINTI AYUB

22 JULY 2008