CHAPTER-1

WHAT IS AI?

1. What is artificial intelligence? Define the different task domain of artificial

intelligence. (Winter 2013)
ANS:
 Definition: - The art of creating machines that perform functions that requires
intelligence when performed by People.
 The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, People are
better.
 AI is the study of how to make machines do thing which at the moment people do better
following are the four approaches to define AI.
Task domain of AI:-
1. Mundane tasks.
o Perception.
o Vision.
o Speech.
• Natural languages.
o Understanding.
o Generation.
o Translation.
• Common sense reasoning.
• Robot control.
2. Formal tasks.
• Game: - chess, checkers etc.
• Mathematics:-geometry, logic, proving properties of programs.
3. Expert task.
• Engineering (Design, fault finding, manufacturing planning).
• Scientific analysis.
• Medical diagnosis.
• Financial analysis.

1
2. What is AI technique? (Summer 2015)
ANS : There are four technique.
1. Natural language processing (NLP):- This unit enable computer to interpret the English
language and communicate successfully.
2. Knowledge representing: - This unit is used to store knowledge gathered by the system
through input devices.
3. Automated reasoning: - This unit enable to analyse the knowledge stored in the system and
makes new inferences to answer questions.
4. Machine learning: - This unit learns new knowledge by taking current input from the
environment and adapts to new circumstances, thereby enhancing the knowledgebase of the
system.
To pass total Turing test, the computer will also need to have computer vision, which
is required to perceive object from the environment and robotics, to manipulate those objects.
According to fig. list all the capabilities a computer needs to have in order to exhibit
artificial intelligence. Mentioned above are the six disciplines which implement most of the
artificial intelligence.

If the program aim to simulate human performance, then it the criterion for success
would be the extent to which the program is able to perform like human and it should also fail
when human do.
It is often possible to develop a program that satisfies some standards of the human
intelligence by doing part of the task in intelligent way or the way a human can do it
When we design an AI program, we should at least attempt to satisfy the criteria for
success in the limited problem domain.

2
3. Define AI? Explain the characteristics of AI problem. (Summer 2013,
winter 2014)
ANS:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, the field
of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.

AI Problem Characteristics:-
1. Is the problem decomposable?

A very large and composite problem can be easily solved if it can be broken into smaller
problems and recursion could be used. Suppose we want to solve.

Ex: - ∫ x2 + 3x+sin2x coos 2x dx

2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?

Now consider the 8 puzzle problem tray and arranged in specified order. While moving from
the start state towards goal state, we may make some stupid move and consider theorem
proving.

This is an example of an irrecoverable solution steps.

1. Ignorable problems ex: - theorem proving

• In which solution steps can be ignored.

2. Recoverable problems Ex: - 8 puzzle

• In which solution steps can be undone

3. Irrecoverable problems Ex: - Chess

• In which solution steps can’t be undone

A knowledge of these will help in determining the control structure.

4. Is good solution absolute or relative?

(Is the solution a state or a path?)

There are two categories of problems. In one, like the water jug and 8 puzzle problems, we are
satisfied with the solution, unmindful of the solution path taken, whereas in the other category
not just any solution is acceptable.

3
5. The knowledge base consistent?In some problems the knowledge base is consistent and in
some it is not. For example consider the case when a Boolean expression is evaluated. The
knowledge base now contains theorems and laws of Boolean algebra which are always true.

Ex. Boolean expression evaluation.

6. What is the role of Knowledge?

Though one could have unlimited computing power, the size of the knowledge base available
for solving the problem does matter in arriving at a good solution.

Ex: - 1. Playing chess 2. Newspaper understanding

7. Does the task requires interaction with the person?

The problems can again be categorized under two heads.

Solitary in which the computer will be given a problem description and will produce an answer,
with no intermediate communication and with the demand for an explanation of the reasoning
process. Simple theorem proving falls under this category. Given the basic rules and laws, the
theorem could be proved, if one exists.

Ex: - theorem proving (give basic rules & laws to computer).

8. Problem Classification

Actual problems are examined from the point of view, the task here is examine an input and
decide which of a set of known classes.

Ex: - Problems such as medical diagnosis, engineering design.

4. Discuss Following: Classification of AI

(a) Weak AI
(b) Strong AI
(c) Evolutionary AI