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Uwezo Learning Pvt Ltd.
ACT Maths Concept Module
Number Theory
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Uwezo Learning Pvt Ltd. ACT Maths Concept Module
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Indices formulae:
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Complex Numbers
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Sets and Functions
Set is a collection or group of quantifiable elements
If A be the set of natural numbers less than 7. then
A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, is in the Roster form.
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Let A be the set of natural numbers less than 7. then A = {x : x is a natural number and x < 7}
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For example if U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1,3}, then these sets can be represented as
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Functions and relations
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In the figure, the set A is called Domain (Set of inputs) and set B is called Range (set of Outputs) or co-
domain for a relation R.
If a relation satisfies the two conditions then its called as a function.
One input – One output
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Ex: y=2x if x=1,y=2; x=2,y=4 and so on.
Multiple inputs – One output
Ex; y=x2 if x=-1,y=1 also if x=1,y=1

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Finding Domain of functions:
Rule 1:
Denominator cannot be equal to zero. So that x value which makes denominator “0” must be eliminated.
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Rule2:
The value in a square root must be a whole number which means greater than or equal to “0”
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Composite funtions:
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Inverse functions:
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Polynomials
Polynomials
f(x)= y =
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“n” is Positive Integer which is called as degree of polynomial.
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f(x) = a(x−p)(x−q)(x−r)...
Then p, q, r, etc are the roots (where the polynomial equals zero)
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Sum of the roots = −b/a a - leading coefficient, b - second leading coefficient.
Product of the roots = (where "c" is the constant at the end):
c/a (for even degree polynomials like quadratics)
−c/a (for odd degree polynomials like cubics)

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Linear Functions
If n=1 in
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f(x)= y = a1x1 + a1-1 x1-1
= a1x1 + a0 x0
y = a1x + a0
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- which is in the form of “ y = mx+c ”, a straight line equation ---- we call it linear equation
where “m” is slope, “c” is y- intercept

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m=tan(θ)=slope
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Mark lines with positive slope values with +ve, -ve.
The equation of X-axis is y=0, a horizontal line through (0,0)
Any line in the form of y=k is parallel to x-axis and will be horizontal.
The equation of Y-axis is x=0, a vertical line through (0,0)
Any line in the form of x=k is parallel to Y-axis and will be vertical.
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Let y=m1x+C1 and y=m2x+C2 be two different straight lines
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will be parallel if m1=m2 (no solution) Eg. y=2x+3, y=2x+5
will be coinciding if C1 = C2 along with m1=m2 (infinite solutions) Eg. y=2x+3, 3y=6x+9
else they will be intersecting each other (only one solution) y=2x+3, y=3x+4
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Finding solutions
1.solving simultaneous equations- equating any one variable coefficient

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3y=2x+4 and y=4x+6 ->
3y=2x+4 --------i
3y=12x+18 ------ii
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0=10x-14 <------(ii)-(i)
x=1.4 ----plug in the value in any equation and get y -value

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2.Using Calculator
In the equation mode of calculator, enter the coefficients to get answers directly.
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Inequalities
> is greater than
≥ is greater than or equal to

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< is less than
≤ is less than or equal to
When you multiply / divide with a -ve number on both sides of inequality, the sign reverses.
−2x > 4.-----> x < −2
Absolute value:
Called as modulus also.
Def: |x|= x ----if x is +ve
= -x ----if x is -ve
|x| ≥ 5 Æ x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 5
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Example problem 1. |x − 4| < 3
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−3 < x − 4 < 3 ------- > 1<x<7
Example problem 2.|5x − 8| ≤ 12.
−12 ≤ 5x − 8 ≤ 12
Adding 8 to both sides: −4 ≤ 5x ≤ 20
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Dividing by 5 gives: (− 4 / 5) ≤ x ≤ 4
For practice:
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Solve |x-1|< -3
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Using graphs to solve inequalities
solve 2x + 3 < 0
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We need to get the x-values for which the inequality is satisfied.
On the x axis, y = 0 so that where the graph cuts the x axis, y is equal to zero and x is −1.5 .
Above the x axis y is greater than zero.
Below the x axis y is less than zero
The graph is below x-axis for all x-values less than -1.5
Solve : |x| − 2 > 0
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Clearly, the graph is above x-axis for all X-values less than -1 and all X-values more than +2
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Quadratics
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We have quadratic expression of form
f(x)=y=ax2+bx+c - the standard form ( of quadratic expression)
f(x)=y=ax2+bx+c = 0 - the standard form ( of quadratic equation)

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the graph of quadratic expression is a parabola.
where a, b and c are numbers. The number a cannot be zero.
Solution by factorisation •
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Suppose we wish to solve 3x2 = 27.
We begin by writing this in the standard form of a quadratic equation by subtracting 27 from each side to
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3x2 − 27 = 0.
3x2 − 27 = 3(x2 − 9) = 0
3(x − 3) (x + 3) = 0 >> x − 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 3 or x = −3
Solution by completing the square •
*The x-term coefficient divided by 2.
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Solution using a formula
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Solution using graphs
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solve x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0.
Plot y= x 2 − 3x – 2 and y=0

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Y=0 is x-axis itself. Where the two graphs intersect, the points are solutions.
solve x 2 − 3x − 2 = 6
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Plot y=6 and the X-coordinates of Point of Intersections will give the solutions.
Inequalities:
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solve x 2 − 3x − 2 < 0
use graph for easy understanding purpose.

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y= x 2 − 3x – 2 Æ y < 0 , the graph should be negative Æ the graph should be below y=0
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clearly from x =-0.5 to x= +3.5, the graph is below x-axis
so answer is -0.5 < x < 3.5
if x 2 − 3x − 2 > 0 -> graph should be above x-axis
x-value lies in the range of (-infinite to -0.5) and (3.5 to +infinity)
solve x 2 − 3x − 2 > 6
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QUADRATICS – Key points
Standard form y = ax2+bx+c
Discriminant = D = b2-4ac
a is leading coefficient, x1 & x2 be the roots
nature of roots/zeros and graph
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f(x) will be positive for “x” values which are in the ranges given for each case.
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If m,n be roots/zeros/x-intercepts of quadratic then the equation of quadratic is
y = (x-m).(x-n) - Roots Form of Quadratic equation
if we know the sum of roots and products of roots, then
y = x2 - (m+n).x + m.n - Roots Form of Quadratic equation
The vertex form of a quadratic function is given by
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f (x) = a(x - h)2 + k, where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola.
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When y = ax2+bx+c then h = -b/(2a) ; k=f(h)
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Equation of line of symmetry “x=h” or “x= -b/(2a)”
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PROPERTY:
Graphs of even functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Graphs of odd functions are symmetric
with respect to the origin.
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Coordinate Geometry
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2D Geometry
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Trigonometry
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Circles
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X2 +Y2+2gx+2fy+c=0
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center =(-g, -f) Radius= Square root of (g2+f2-c)
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Mensuration -Formulae
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Permutations and Combinations
An arrangement where order is important is called a permutation.
An arrangement where order is not important is called combination.
• A seating arrangement is an example of a permutation because the arrangement of the “n” objects is in a
specific order. The order is important for a permutation.
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• When the order does not matter, it is a combination, because you are only interested in the group.
Model Problem:
Twelve people need to be photographed, but there are only five chairs. (The rest of the people will be
standing behind and their order does not matter.) How many ways can you sit the twelve people on the
five chairs?
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12 x 11 x 10 x 9 x 8 = 95040 ways only 5 positions are available
• Example: Mario, Sandy, Fred, and Shanna are running for the offices of president, secretary and treasurer.
In how many ways can these offices be filled? 4 x 3 x 2 = 24. The offices can be filled 24 ways.
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Combination
• An arrangement where order is not important is called combination.
• Example: Charles has four coins in his pocket and pulls out three at one time. How many different
amounts can he get?
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• Determine if the situation represents a permutation or a combination:
1. In how many ways can five books be arranged on a book-shelf in the library? permutation
2. In how many ways can three student-council members be elected from five candidates? combination
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3. Seven students line up to sharpen their pencils. permutation
4. A DJ will play three CD choices from the 5 requests. Combination

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Probability
Probability = No. of Favourable outputs / Total no of outputs
Probability of getting a head when a single fair coin is tossed is ½. [ total outputs are - H, T (2 Only)
When two coins are tossed, getting a head = ¾
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Statistics
Mean - Arithmetic mean of the data = sum of all values / no of all values
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Range:
The highest value – Lowest value
123456987 Range = 9-1=8
** When a data value is changed, range gets affected in most cases.
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Quartiles
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The X value at the 75% of y-axis is called Upper quartile
At 25% Lower quartile and at 50% it’s the median.
Upper quartile – Lower quartile = Inter Quartile Range
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The line passing through most of the data is called Line of best fit.
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Logarithms
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Matrices
Addition/Subtraction
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Multiplication
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Determinant of Matrix Inverse of a matrix

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Example.

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Uwezo Learning Pvt Ltd.

ACT Maths Concept Module

Sets and Functions

Set is a collection or group of quantifiable elements

If A be the set of natural numbers less than 7. then

A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, is in the Roster form.

Functions and relations

If a relation satisfies the two conditions then its called as a function.

One input – One output

Multiple inputs – One output

Ex; y=x2 if x=-1,y=1 also if x=1,y=1

Sum of the roots = −b/a a - leading coefficient, b - second leading coefficient.

Product of the roots = (where "c" is the constant at the end):

c/a (for even degree polynomials like quadratics)

−c/a (for odd degree polynomials like cubics)

f(x)= y = a1x1 + a1-1 x1-1

where “m” is slope, “c” is y- intercept

Mark lines with positive slope values with +ve, -ve.

The equation of X-axis is y=0, a horizontal line through (0,0)

The equation of Y-axis is x=0, a vertical line through (0,0)

1.solving simultaneous equations- equating any one variable coefficient

x=1.4 ----plug in the value in any equation and get y -value

> is greater than

≥ is greater than or equal to

< is less than

≤ is less than or equal to

−2x > 4.-----> x < −2

Called as modulus also.

Def: |x|= x ----if x is +ve

Example problem 2.|5x − 8| ≤ 12.

Adding 8 to both sides: −4 ≤ 5x ≤ 20

Using graphs to solve inequalities

We need to get the x-values for which the inequality is satisfied.

Above the x axis y is greater than zero.

Below the x axis y is less than zero

Solve : |x| − 2 > 0

We have quadratic expression of form

f(x)=y=ax2+bx+c - the standard form ( of quadratic expression)

f(x)=y=ax2+bx+c = 0 - the standard form ( of quadratic equation)

the graph of quadratic expression is a parabola.

where a, b and c are numbers. The number a cannot be zero.

Suppose we wish to solve 3x2 = 27.

Solution by completing the square •

*The x-term coefficient divided by 2.

Plot y= x 2 − 3x – 2 and y=0

use graph for easy understanding purpose.

clearly from x =-0.5 to x= +3.5, the graph is below x-axis

so answer is -0.5 < x < 3.5

if x 2 − 3x − 2 > 0 -> graph should be above x-axis

x-value lies in the range of (-infinite to -0.5) and (3.5 to +infinity)

QUADRATICS – Key points

Standard form y = ax2+bx+c

a is leading coefficient, x1 & x2 be the roots

nature of roots/zeros and graph

If m,n be roots/zeros/x-intercepts of quadratic then the equation of quadratic is

y = (x-m).(x-n) - Roots Form of Quadratic equation

if we know the sum of roots and products of roots, then

y = x2 - (m+n).x + m.n - Roots Form of Quadratic equation

The vertex form of a quadratic function is given by

Permutations and Combinations

An arrangement where order is important is called a permutation.

An arrangement where order is not important is called combination.

• An arrangement where order is not important is called combination.