Indian Political Science Association

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONSTITUTION) A DEAD LETTER

Author(s): Shabbeer Ahmed and Shabeer Ahmed
Source: The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 67, No. 3 (JULY - SEPT., 2006), pp. 545-
552
Published by: Indian Political Science Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856241 .
Accessed: 03/08/2014 16:38

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Indian Political Science Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The
Indian Journal of Political Science.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
TheIndian
Journal
ofPolitical
Science
Vol.LXVn,No.3, 2006
July-Sept,

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONSTITUTION)

A DEAD LETTER

ShabbeerAhmed
TheConstitution
ofIndiacameintoforcein1950.Sincethen, 44hasbeengathering
Article dust
withnogovernment at thecentreeverhaving anygutsandwisdom totouch it.Figuratively
speaking,ithasremaineda deadletter.
Thistragicsituation
certainlyburies
thespirit ofthe
constitution
a thousand
fathoms deep.Under Article44,thestateshallendeavor toenacta
UniformCivilCode(hereinafter toas theUCC)forcitizens
referred throughoutthecountry.
Thecivilcode,ifenacted
willdealwiththepersonal communities
lawsofallreligious relating
tomarriage,divorce, custody
adoption, ofchildren succession
inheritance, topropertyetc.which
areallsecularincharacter
ofIndianstateandtoenhance ofunity
fraternity among citizens
by
providingthem a setofpersomi
with lawswhich thebasicvalues
incorporates ofhumanism.
Much prevails
misapprehension aboutbigamy inIslam. Islamic
Ironically, countrieslikeSyria,
Tunisia,
Morocco, Iranetchavecodified
Pakistan, thepersonallawwhere inthepractice of
polygamy hasbeeneithertotally
prohibitedorseverely tocheck
curtailed themisuseandabuse
ofthisobnoxious Thetragedy
practice. isthata secular likeIndiaislagging
country behindin
according welcome
redcarpet toarticle
44.

Introduction

Today,witha deepeningof democratic processes,each casteand community is becoming

moreconsciousof itsidentity and todayourpolityis mainlybasedon theséidentities. Politicians
havebeenfighting electionsmainlyon thebasisofcasteand communities and havethusaggravated
In Rajasthan,
thefeelingofidentities. whenRoop Kanwarcommitted Sati,theRajputsdefended itas
a matter The Rajputyouthstoodwithswordstodefendthememorial
oftheiridentity. createdthere.

likeIndia,withitspluralist
Democracyin a country tradition ofyears
lastingoverthousands
cannotsucceedwithout ethos.Itis interesting
pluralist
respecting tonotethatthewesthasdiscovered
afterSecondWorld
recently
pluralism War andhence call itpost-modernistphenomenon.ButIndia
hasknownitevenduringthemedievalages.

Modernization newproblemsthoughwe havebegunto imítatethewestyetwe

has brought
changesareembracedmuchmoreeasilyin
social structure;
havefailedtorecognizetheintractable
theupperclasseconomiceliteinstarkcontrasttothemasses.Thisis muchmoreso as faras Muslims
areconcerned.Thisis muchgreater of
degree poverty amongthemcomparedtoother
andilliteracy
communities.Thereis a veryweakmiddleclass amongthemtoadvocatemodernization andchange.
class,whichitselfcomesfromthepoorstrata,
Thisis preciselywhythepriestly has a much greater
holdoverthecommunity.

Andyes,we havetofinda solutiontotheproblemofgenderdiscrimination inthegivenlaws

inall communities.How to go aboutit?Thisis givenraisetothinkabouttheframing ofa common
civilcode.Butwhenwe remember theissueslikeRajput'soneas mentioned itis verydifficult
earlier,
insucha politicaiatmospheretothinkofenactinga Uniform CivilCode (UCC). The castepractices
amongHindusarefarmoreimportant thananylawofthecountry. Eachcastehasitsowncustomsand
whichsupersedeall lawsofthecountry.
traditions, In severalpartsofU.P., ifanyboyoflowercaste

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
The Indian JournalofPoliticalScience 546
marries
a girlofuppercaste,theyarepubliclybeheaded.

The realityin Indiais muchmorecomplexthanwesternsocieties,whichhavebeentotally

secularized.The processof secularization is yetfarmoreslow and
in India,thoughnotnegligible,
tortuous.Andnolaw,howeverideal,can becomeacceptableifitalienatespeopleandignoressocial
realities.A law has to be sociallyrooted,in ordertobe acceptable.

What is a Civil Code?

Thecivilcode is a setoflawsgoverning ofthecitizensinthecountry

thecivilmatters relating
tomatters
likemarriage, of
custody children,
divorce,adoption, succession
inheritance, to property
etc.

TheCommonCivilCodeifenactedwilldealwiththepersonal communities
lawsofall religious
totheabovematters
relating ofIndianstateandtoenhancefraternity
whichareall secularincharacter
ofunityamongcitizensbyprovidingthemwitha setofpersonallaws whichincorporates thebasic
valuesofhumanism.

The Need fora UniformCivil Code

The needfora Uniform refered

civilcode (hereinafter to as 'UCC') was feltas soonas the
cameintoforce.Evenafter54 years,thisdirective
constitution couldnotbe implemented forreasons
betterknownto all thoseconcernedwiththisdirective.The UCC also aims to overcomethe
andoftenreactionary
particularistic aspectsofpersonallawsofvariousreligiouscommunities. The
objectivethusis also tobringa socialreformandupliftingthestatusofwomen.TheUCC is eminently
desirableintheinterest ofmodernization ofsocietyandfora commonsystemofJusticeforall.

The absenceofUCC givesriseto piquant,unwarranted anduglysituations.In thewordsof

court:Marriageis theveryfoundation ofcivilizedsociety.Therelation onceformed, thelaw stepsin
andbindsthepartiestovariousobligations thereunder.Marriageis notaninstitution
andliabilities in
maintenance ofwhichthepublicatlargeis deeplyinterested. ofthefamily
Itis thefoundation andin
turnof societywithoutwhich no civilizationcan exist.Till the time,we achievethe government
uniform civilcode forall thecitizensintosecondmarriage whilethefirstmarriage to
is subsisting
becomea Muslim.Sincemonogamy is thelaw forHindusandtheMuslimlaw permits as manyas
fourwivesinIndia,errandHinduhusbandembracesIslamtocircumvent theprovisions oftheHindu
law andescape frompenalconsequences."

The provisionsoftheIndian Constitution

thatis, Article12 to Article35 providesforfundamental

PartIII of theconstitution rights,
whichareenforceable bytheHighCourtsofthevarious statesand the Supreme Courtof India.Part
IV oftheconstitutionprovidesforsocio-economic rights ofstatepolicy
styledas DirectivePrinciples
andarenotenforceable byanycourtoflaw.However,Article37 clarifies thatsuchdirectiveprinciples
"areneverthelessfundamental inthegovernance ofthe country and itshallbe thedutyofthe stateto

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Uniform
CivilCode (Article44 oftheConstitution) 547
inmakinglaws."
applytheseprinciples

UnderPartIV oftheConstitution, Article44, statesthat"thestateshallendeavortoenacta

Uniform Civil Code forcitizensthroughoutthecountry". On theotherhand,underPartIII of the
Article
Constitution, 25 provides" Freedomofconscience andfreeprofession, andpropagation
practice
ofreligion."The tussleis mainlybetweenthesetwoarticles.

The SupremeCourtsincetwodecadeshas starteda trend(whichis nowconsideredto be a

well settledlaw) thattheDirectivePrinciplesand Fundamental Rightsoughtto be harmoniously
andwhenever
constituted, possiblefundamental should
Rights be adjustedintheirambitso as togive
effectto thetrendcan manifestly
be evincedinABK Singhv.UnionofIndia1,followedbyWoman
Rao v. UnionofIndia2andGrihaKalyanKendraWorker'sUnionv. UnionofIndia3.

Itis thestate,whichis chargedwiththedutyofsecuring a UCC forthecitizensofthecountry

andunquestionably, ithas thelegislative todo so.
competence

Developmentso farin thedomainofUCC

The Constitution
ofIndiacameintoforcein 1950.Sincethen,Article44 has beengathering
dustwithno government at thecentreeverhavinganygütsand wisdomto touchit. This tragic
situation buriesthespiritoftheconstitution
certáinly a thousand
fathoms
deep.
Ofcourse,article44 was notdrafted without uproarandobjections intheconstituent assembly
againstthemakingofUCC fortheentirenation.4 Firstly,itwouldinfringe thefundamental rightto
freedom ofreligionenshrinedinarticle25 andsecondly, itwouldbe highly derogativetotheinterests
oftheminorities.
Itis submittedthatthefirst is
objection highly misconceivedas theobjectivecontained
inarticle44 innowayoffends religiousfreedom offaithandguarantee articleunder25 subclause(b)
ofclause (2) providesan exceptionto theeffectthatanyexistingor future laws providingforthe
socialwelfareandreform shallnotbe affected bytheoperation ofthisarticle.As regardsthesecond
objectionthattheenactmentwouldbe tyrannical tominorities,ShriK.M. Munshia member ofdrafting
committee intheconstituentassembly said thatnowhere inthe advisedMuslim the
countries personal
lawofeachminority hasbeenrecognized as a sacrosanctas topreventtheenactment ofa civilcode.

PunditJawaharlal Nehru,whiledefending theintroduction oftheHinduCode Bill insteadof

a UCC inparliament in 1954,said "I don'tthinkat thepresent moments thetimeis ripein Indiafor
me to tryto pushis through". It appearsthateven51 yearsthereafter, therulersof thedayarenot
willing to retrieve
article
44 from the cold storagewhere it is lyingsince 1949.The governments,
whichhavecomeandgone,haveso farfailedtomakeanyeffort towardsunifiedpersonallaw forall
Indians.

ThebroadapproachoftheJudiciary
canbe wellappreciated inthedevelopment
atthisJuncture
anddiscussion
inthedomainofUCC. A Constitution
benchspeaking through Y.V.Chandrachud
Justice
inMohd.AhmedKhanv. ShahBano Begum5observed:

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
The Indian JournalofPoliticalScience 548
"It is a matterof regretthatarticle44 of ourconstitution has remaineda dead letter...It
providesthatthestateshallendeavorto securea uniform civilcode forthecitizensthroughout the
ofIndia.Thereis noevidenceofanyofficial
territory activity forframinga uniformcivilcodeforthe
A that
country. beliefseemstohavegainedground itis forthe muslim community takea leadinthe
to
matterofreforms oftheirpersonal law.A commonCivilCodewillhelpthecauseofnational integration
byremoving disparateloyaltiesto laws,whichhaveconflictideologies.No community is likelyto
bellthecatbymakinggratuitous concessionson thisissue."

The SupremeCourthasreiterated thesameinthefamousSarlaMudgalCase6of 1995.After

this,on July23, 2003, theHon'ble SupremeCourthas suggestedthatparliament has to framea
commoncivilcode forthecountry as thatwouldhelpthecauseofnationalintegration.
A threejudge
benchcomprising theChiefJusticeV.N. Khare,JusticeS.B. SinhaandJustice.
A.R. Lakshmanan,
madethissuggestion whiledeclaringas unconstitutional
section118 oftheIndianSuccessionAct,
1925(ISA) on thegroundthatitwařarbitrary, andviolatedArticle14 oftheconstitution,
irrational
whichsaysthatthestateshallnotdenytoanypersonequalitybeforelawortheequalprotection ofthe
lawswithintheterritoryofIndia.

Undersection118 of theISA, applicableonlyto Christians,

"No manhavinga nephewor
nieceoranynearerrelativeshallhavepowertobequeathanyproperty toreligiousorcharitable
uses,
exceptbya willexecutednot less than12 months
beforehisdeath and within
deposited six months
fromitsexecutionI someplaceprovidedbylaw forsafecustodyofthewilloflivingpersons."

Thebenchwas allowinga writpetitionfroma Christian JohnVallamatton,

priest, challenging
theprovisionas it discriminated
againstChristians
bequeathing theirproperty forcharitableand
religiouspurposes.Writingthemainjudgment, theChiefJustice observed,"It is a matter
ofregret
thatarticle44 oftheconstitution
has notbeengiveneffectto.

But,thereactions
ofmanyreligious
groupsagainsttheSupreme Courtrulingonimplementation
ofUCC sankina surprise.
TheAllIndiaMuslimPersonalLaw Board(AIMPLB) hasrejected outright
theSupremeCourtobservationsonenforcementofa uniform civilcode,sayingsucha lawcouldnot
be imposedon anyparticular
religion.
MohammedRabe HasanNadwi,chairman oftheAIMPLB intheyear2003 said thatitis the
consistent
standoftheAIMPLB thata uniform civilcode is notfeasiblein India,as no community
wouldliketolose therightsandprivileges
grantedtoitbyitspersonallaw basedon religion.Saiba
ofthevoluntary
Farooqui,generalsecretary groupnationalfederationofIndianwomen,said,"The
courtshouldhaveavoidedsuchcomments inthecurrent
situationofthecountry." Thoughsheopposes
theMuslimpersonallaw,shefeelsitshouldnotbe interfered withatpresent.

Arguments'For' theenforcement
ofUCC

1. The CommonCivil Code willbringall thepersonallaws governing

matters
likemarriage,
successionto property
divorce,adoption,inheritance, etc.undera singleroofand createsa

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Uniform
CivilCode (Article44 oftheConstitution) 549
spaceforthepractices
ofall communities
ina justmanner
andintegrates
thevaluesandideals
ofhumanism.

2. The one commonargument givenbyall thepoliticalpartieshighlighting theirreluctanceto

implement theUniform CivilCode is thatimplementing 44 violatestherights
Article ofIndians
provided under Article25 i.e., "Freedom of conscienceand free profession, practiceand
propagation of religion."The counterargument I wouldlike to cite is presentin thesame
thatthisarticleshallnotaffect
Article25 itselfunderClause2, whereitis clearlyindicated the
ofanyexistinglaw.
operation
3. Withthenon-implementation article14 to 18 are being
of Article44 of theconstitution,
which
violated for of and
provides Right equality prohibition of discriminationonthegrounds
ofsexandreligion.
Manypersonal lawsrelatingtomarriage,
inheritance,
guardianship,divorce,
inall communities
relations -
areunjust especiallyunjustto women.
adoptionandproperty

4. Ambiguity is createdduetothepresenceofdifferent such

a socialinstitution
laws governing
as marriage, in thecase ofpolygamy
particularly ofa separate
anddivorce.Also,possibility
law forMuslimsundertheMuslimPersonal Law child
supporting marriage based on Shariat.

5. It createsan uneasydivisionon thebasisof religionwhencertainpeopleare givenspecial

status.Wheneven thelaw of theland is notthesame forall people in India,it becomes
increasingly topreachequalityamongthecitizens.
difficult

6. All lawsincludingpenallawsareappliedtooneandall inthiscountry withoutanydistinction

race,caste,creed,sex etc... The anomalyis thatitis notso aproposofMuslim
as toreligion,
personallaw.Thematters vis-à-vis
marriage, divorce,
inheritance, Muslimpersonallawgoverns
conversionsetc.inMuslimreligion. Thereis anurgent need torectifythisunevenandhiggledy-
piggledysituationso as tobringlightinthelivesifMuslimwomenfolk inIndia.One country
andone law shallbe thelodestar.

7. Muchmisapprehension prevailsaboutbigamyinIslam.Ironically, likeSyria,

Islamicřcóuntries
Tunisia,Morocco,Pakistan,Iranetchavecodifiedthepersonallaw wherein thepracticeof
or severelycurtailedto checkthemisuseand
polygamyhas been eithertotallyprohibited
abuseofthisobnoxiouspractice.

The tragedy likeIndiais laggingbehindinaccordingredcarpetwelcometo

is thata secularcountry
article44.

ofUCC
Arguments'Against'theenforcement
1. towomenandchildren.
Allthepersonalcivilcodeshaveunjustlawspertaining Thesehaveto
be changed,noton theprinciple buton equalityandjustice
ofuniformity to theignoredand
downtrodden. andremovetheinjustices
cansittogether
Ifall thecommunities intheirpersonal
laws,uniformity comeabout.Whatis nowneededis nota Uniform
willinevitably civilcode,

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
The Indian JournalofPoliticalScience 550
buta justcivilcode.

2. Afterhavinga kindperusalat the SupremeCourt'sobservations, no matterhow,good

intentionedthejudgesmaybe butsuchissueswillonlycauseproblems. Itis truethatwomen
arenotgetting JusticeinMuslimpersonallaw.Butanysuchreform hastocomefromwithin
Muslimswouldnotbe
theMuslimwomen.Law is notthesolution.In sucha hostilesituation,
readyto accepta uniform code.

3. Muslimsareeducationallyandeconomically backward.Ifthegovernmentis reallyconcerned

abouttheequalitythentheyshouldworkon thesefieldsrather thantouchingtheemotional
issueofUniform urgeto implement
CivilCode andalso itdependson thegovernment's it.

4. The foremostargument partofIslam;

ofAIMPLB is that,Sharia(IslamicLaw) is an integral
of
implementation Uniform CivilCode wouldmean deprivingMuslims andmanycommunities
fromtheirpersonallaws andfundamentalrighttoreligion.Shariais a law madebygod.Any
humanbeingdoes notmakeit.Therefore, nobodyhas therightto intervene intoit.Noteven
theMuslims.

5. The idealofsecularism cannotbe achievedunlesstherighttoreligionandcertainconventions

and
based on religiongive a place of preference permanence to thedirective
containedin
article44 oftheconstitution.
Therefore, needsofthepresent
itis theutmost timestoachieve
uniformity whichwouldbe thefoundation
insocialrelations, on tobuilda unified,
integrated
and thestrongest democracy in theworld. Then comesthe of
glorioussuggestion Supreme
Courtto enacta uniform thefeelingof onenessamongall
civilcode in orderfo strengthen
ofIndia.
religioussectstopreservetheunityand'integrity
6. Uniform personallaw is purelypolitical- a communal weapontochastiseMuslimswithfalse
argument thatHindushavea code,andto forceMuslimstoyieldone.Hindusdid notcodify
thejointfamilyproperty law,whichentrusted powerandwealthtomen.But,thatis besidethe
point.Do we wanta Uniform civilcode (reallyuniform personallaws) foritsownpolitical
saketogivetheBJPandothersa communaledgein politicsorforgenuinejusticereasons?

Conclusion

The Indianconstitution envisagesa secularstateby guaranteeing religiousfreedomto all

undertheumbrellaofa religionfreestate.Thisis apparent froman examination ofarticles25 to 30.
Thereligiousfreedom is howeversubjecttocertainlimitations. though
Similarly, thestateis forbidden
or
frompropagating promoting anyreligion,itcan a
constitute fund
general through taxationforthe
promotion andmaintenance andtoprovide
ofallreligions, cases,without
aidinsuitable discrimination.
Theseprovisions clearlyindicatethegreatroleplayedbyreligionincertainaspectsofourlife.It is
truethatinbringing a commoncodeforall religions Indiansecularism
is noeasytaskforthelegislature.
has,therefore,to developthephilosophy ofcoexistence. To achievethephilosophy ofcoexistence
thesupport oftwopowerful factorsarenecessary-a highdegreeoftolerance byall religionssectsand

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Uniform
CivilCode (Article44 oftheConstitution) 551
strict
adherencebyall concernedtotheprinciples whicharethe
ofequalityandnondiscrimination,
keystonesofourconstitutional
edifice.

Thefoundingfathersplacedarticle44 inthedirective ofstatepolicywithin

principles through
in
fundamentalgovernance of thecountrydo notlay thestateundera positiveobligationenforceable
eitherbylegalorconstitutional
means.Moreover, thelanguageinwhichitis coucheditselfseemsto
expressa hoperather
thanissuea mandate. Nevertheless, is undernoless anobligation
thelegislature
to achievethemostideal goal set outbythearticle.These are no more religiousissuesbutrather
socialissueswhichareaffectingthehumanpopulaceandrelationships amongthem.

Inpursuance thestatemuststopadministering
ofthegoalofsecularism, religion basedpersonal
laws. The researcher thelead comesfrommajority
assertsthatwhether community not,thestate
or
mustact.Everyrational beingcommitted acceptsthisview,as itis thedutyofthe
tosecularprinciples
stateto achievenationalharmony throughtheimplementation enshrined
ofthedirective underPart
IV oftheconstitution.

Despitetheprogressive judicialpronouncementsandjuristicopinionsin favourofcarrying

out thedirectiveunderarticle44 of theconstitution,
parliamenthas done nothingto achievethis
JusticeKuldipsingh'scandidobservations
nobleideal.At thisjuncture, deserveanddemandtobe
accordeda redcarpetwelcome.He stated:7

"ThetraditionalHindulaw- personallaw oftheHindus- governing inheritance,succession

and marriagewas givena go by as back 1955-56bycodifying thesame. There is no justification
whatsoever theintroduction
in delayingindefinitely of uniform personal law in thecountry. The
learnedjudge proceededfurther to observethatthosewho preferred to remainin India afterthe
wereawareofthefactthatIndianleadersdid notbelieve
partition, in thetwonationtheory orthree
nationtheoryandalso thatin Indianrepublictherewouldbe onlyone nation- Indiannationandno
community couldmakea claimto be a separateentityon thebasisofthereligion.Notonlycoulda
thisjudgment."
lawman,evena layman,appreciate

However,everythingdependsuponthegovernment's urgetoimplement it.Ifthegovernment

makesitcompulsory thateverybody willhavetowear helmet while then
driving, willitaskSikhstotake
offtheirturbans?Or ifthegovernment legalizestheabortion to controlpopulationgrowth,willthe
acceptit?Orifthegovernment
Christians legalizeskillingofcows,willitnothurtHindus?So, ithasto
Religionis a sentimental
be dealtwithcarefully. andsacredissueinIndia.Government shouldlistento
everybody beforedoinganything. It is hightimethattheGovernment takessomeconcreteactionin
ordertoimplement theUniform CivilCode rather around
thandilly-dallying theissueforthesakeof
politicalgains.Butnothing
short-term canbedoneovernight.A slow,steadyanda persuasiveapproach
becausejusticedelayedisjusticedeniedbutifjusticeis hurried,
arenecessary No
justicemaybe buried.
how arduousand long standthetaskbe; thelegislature
matter, shouldleave no stoneunturned in
thisconstitutional
achieving uniform
ideal.Butbringing legislationshouldnotjeopardizetheharmony
oflegislative
ofdistribution powersenvisagedinVII scheduleoftheconstitution.

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
The Indian JournalofPoliticalScience 552
References:
1. AIR 1981SC 298
2. AIR 1982SC 232
3. (1991)1SCC 611
4. C.A.D. (Constituent Debates)Vol II pp.546-548
Assembly
5. 19852 SCC 556
6. 19953 SCC 635
7. Supranote.5
ARTICLES

1) B .G.Verghese, CivilCode?TheHindu( 13/8/2003)

Whois afraidofa Uniform
2) PersonalLaws andCommonSense,TheHindu(28/7/2003)
3) ofa commoncivilcode,TheHindu(23/7/2003)
Supremecourtsuggestframing
4) VirSanghvi,Towardsa Uniform Times(10/8/2003)
CivilCode,SundayHindustan
5) Do we needa uniform
civilcode?Hindustan
Times(30/72003)
6) A.G. Noorani,UCC: Keepthefaith, Times(28/7/2003)
Hindustan
7) BabirK. Punj,Commonchord- A Uniform
approachtotheLaw,TimesofIndia( 15/8/2003)
8) oncommoncivilcode,TheHindu(24/7/2003)
BJPwelcomescourtsuggestion
9) Whois fora CommonCivilCode?Hindustan
Times,(22/1/2004)
10) Religiousgroupsunhappy onUCC, Hindustan
withSC s remarks Times,(23/7/2003)
11) J.Venkatesan,
SC suggests ofa CommonCivilCode,TheHindu,(24/7/2003)
framing
12) CivilCode,Thepioneer(August,2003)
ChandanMitra,Whatifwe hada Uniform
13) RakeshBhatnagar, CivilCode,TimesofIndia,(March4, 1997)
ThelongwaitforUniform
14) Christopher Ambedkar
Jaffrelot, andtheUniform anduntouchability-
CivilCode,Ambedkar
Castes,Permanent
analyzingandfighting 2004
BlachPublications
15) Civil Code and NationalIntegration,
Ms. RituRaj, Uniform Success Review,
Competition
November2003
16) PersonaLaws,TheHindu(8-7-2003)
V.R. KrishnaIyer,Unifying
17) PersonalLaws,TheHindu( 1-8-2003)
RajeevDhawan,Codifying

JOURNALS

1) Too personaltobe Uniform? July2003

Lawyer'sCollective,

2) Journal
D. SuraReddy, Article44: AdeadLetter? 1996.
ofIndianLaw Institute,

3) CivilCode:A myth?
Uniform
Satyanarayana, Law review,1986.
CochinUniversity

This content downloaded from 14.139.45.241 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 16:38:47 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions