University Of Santo Tomas- Legazpi

College Of Arts Science And Education

PROJECT
IN
EED- ENGLISH
101
(TEACHING ENGLISH IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

KRYS JANE D. PIOJO DR. ARLENE A. AGUILAR
BEED 2
 The History of ESL
The teaching of ESL (English as a second language) began in the 15th century with the
advent of England's increased trading and colonization throughout the world. The British
were instrumental in developing large scale programs to teach English in their trading
countries and colonies.

 ESL Education by the British Empire

- ESL education began with the rise and spread of the British Empire in the late 15th
century. The English had expanded their trade routes and they needed to
communicate with those with whom they were trading. English became the lingua
franca, the common language, of those doing business with the British. It was not
until a few centuries later, however, that formal English instruction came into play.

 Teaching English Outside of England

- As the British empire continued to grow, they needed a way to communicate with
and effectively govern their overseas businesses and colonies. During the next two
hundred years, the British sent many teachers overseas to educate a upper-class
colonists and local government officials, indoctrinating them with British ideas and
culture, including the English language.
- The goal of these teachers was to educate this generation in English so that they
would grow up and take a place in the government of the overseas country or
colony, thereby furthering the empire by passing a British world view down to the
lower classes through legislation and local influence.

 Importance of Bilingual Education

- Because the British understood that the locals would not want to totally give up
their local language, they favored a bilingual educational system. This would ensure
that those in power would look and sound local, thus gaining the trust and support
of the locals, while holding to the beliefs and practices of the British.
- As a result of this bilingual approach, English began not only to spread as a second
language throughout the world, but also grew as words from foreign cultures were
added to the English lexicon.
- By the mid-19th century, a new generation of ESL learners were formed as more
and more individuals left Europe for what was to eventually become the United
States.
 Languages of Local Cultures
- Bilingual or non-English instruction popped up in both public and private schools
across the nation depending on the culture of the local population (French was
spoken in Louisiana, for example, Spanish in Arizona and New Mexico, etc.).
- This multi-language orientation in America continued until the late 1800s when the
United States, groping for some sense of a national identity and afraid of defeat
without it, began to mold all Americans into a cultural standard. This standard
included proclaiming English as the national language.

 English Requirement for Citizens

- The Naturalization Act passed in 1906 was instrumental in mandating the
knowledge of English in America. The Act required that all immigrants must be
able to speak English in order to become naturalized citizens of the U.S.

 English-only Education Begins in Schools

- By the mid-1920s, most states had instituted English-only instructional policies in
both private and public schools, which was essentially a form of submersion
education for immigrant children. Adult immigrants struggle to learn English on
their own in order to gain employment, conduct their daily lives and, eventually
become a citizen.

 ESL Teaching Around the World

- Today, there are countless ESL teaching certification programs offered around the
globe, combining the allure of world travel with the security of knowing that if
there are people who don't speak English, ESL teachers will be a valuable
commodity.
- When you step back to look at the big picture, it's fascinating to see how English
has spread naturally and forcibly, for the purposes of commerce and community, as
the world has grown smaller and smaller.
- The process hasn't always been noble or pretty, but in the end, it has served in small
part to join the world together through the gift of communication.
 ENGLISH AS A
SECOND LANGUAGE
There are many good reasons to learn English as second language. There are more than
6,000 different languages spoken all over the world, but English is and will continue to be
a common means of communication for speakers of all languages.
According to the most recent statistics, English is the mother tongue of more than 375
million people. English is the official language in 54 countries that cover Europe, the
Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia, and which include countries as diverse as New
Zealand, South Africa, Belize, India, Malta, and Singapore. This means that English is a
truly universal language that makes communication across the globe easy and convenient.
In addition, English is the world's most popular second language choice. The British
Council estimates that more than 1 billion people are learning English as a second language
at any given time. English is taught at school as a second language in hundreds of countries
all over the world, from France to Thailand, Israel to Malaysia, in Sweden, China, and in
many other countries. Because English is taught all over the world, you will never feel
alone during your learning process, and it will be very easy to find other English learners
who can share their experiences with you during your wonderful journey through the world
of ESL.
English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of
the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment (it is also
known as English for speakers of other languages.) That environment may be a country in
which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has
an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria). Also known as English for speakers of other
languages.
English as a Second Language also refers to specialized approaches to language teaching
designed for those whose primary language is not English.
English as a Second Language corresponds roughly to the Outer Circle described by
linguist Braj Kachru in "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English
Language in the Outer Circle" (1985).

 Observations

 "Basically, we can divide up countries according to whether they have English as a native
language, English as a second language, or English as a foreign language. The first
category is self-explanatory. The difference between English as a foreign language and
English as a second language is that in the latter instance only, English has actual assigned
communicative status within the country. All told, there is a total of 75 territories where
English has a special place in society. [Braj] Kachru has divided the English-speaking
countries of the world into three broad types, which he symbolizes by placing them in three
concentric rings:
 The inner circle: these countries are the traditional bases of English, where it is the primary
language, that is Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand.
 The outer or extended circle: these countries represent the earlier spread of English in
non-native contexts, where the language is part of the country's leading institutions, where
it plays a second-language role in a multilingual society. e.g. Singapore, India, Malawi,
and 50 other territories.

 The expanding circle: this includes countries that represent the importance of English as
an international language though they have no history of colonization and English has no
special administrative status in these countries, e.g. China, Japan, Poland and a growing
number of other states. This is English as a foreign language. The expanding circle is the
one that is most sensitive to the global status of English. It is here that English is used
primarily as an international language, especially in the business, scientific, legal, political
and academic communities."
 "The terms (T)EFL, (T)ESL and TESOL ['Teaching English to Speakers of Other
Languages'] emerged after the Second World War, and in Britain no distinction was
seriously made between ESL and EFL, both being subsumed under ELT('English Language
Teaching'), until well into the 1960s. As regards ESL in particular, the term has been
applied to two types of teaching that overlap but are essentially distinct: ESL in the home
country of the learner (mainly a UK concept and concern) and ESL for immigrants to ENL
countries (mainly a US concept and concern)."

 "The term 'English as Second Language' (ESL) has traditionally referred to students who
come to school speaking languages other than English at home. The term in many cases is
incorrect, because some who come to school have English as their third, fourth, fifth, and
so on, language. Some individuals and groups have opted for the term 'Teaching English
to Speakers of Other Languages" (TESOL) to represent better the underlying language
realities. In some jurisdictions, the term 'English as an Additional Language' (EAL) is used.
The term 'English Language Learner' (ELL) has gained acceptance, primarily in the United
States. The difficulty with the term 'ELL' is that in most classrooms, everyone, regardless
of their linguistic backgrounds, is learning English."
DIFFICULTIES FOR ENGLISH LEARNERS
So, you have decided to learn English as second language. Are you afraid of making
mistakes? If you are, don't let your fears become an obstacle and stop you from achieving
your goals. You're not alone: Language learners often make mistakes because they are
influenced by their native language. The best strategy is to become familiar with the most
common difficulties that you face when learning English as second language. This will
help you avoid them and develop successful learning patterns.

 PRONUNCIATION PROBLEMS

- Do you feel frustrated every time you try to communicate in English and people
fail to understand you? It's possible that you are pronouncing certain sounds
incorrectly. For example, English vowel sounds are notoriously difficult to master
for speakers of languages like Spanish or Italian. Why? There are only 5 vowel
sounds in Spanish, but there can be up to 20 vowel sounds in English. Chinese
speakers may have problems pronouncing the different “r” sounds in English, and
Arabic speakers find it difficult to pronounce the “p” sound, as it doesn't exist in
their mother tongue.

 SYNTAX AND GRAMMAR

- Many learners transfer the grammatical patterns of their first language into English.
For example, many Asian languages do not use articles (a, an, the), which results
in incorrect sentences like “My mother is doctor”. Spanish speakers might translate
directly from Spanish into English and say things like “I have 20 years old”. French
speakers may have problems with word order and construct incorrect sentences like
“I play sometimes football” or “he is your brother?”.

 PROBLEMS WITH VOCABULARY

- The incorrect use of vocabulary is another common challenge. English has dozens
of “false friends': Words that are similar in your mother tongue and in English, but
which mean different things. For example, “piles” means batteries in French and
the word also exists in English, but it doesn't mean batteries at all (it means
hemorrhoids). Spanish speakers might misuse the word “sympathetic” (which
means compassionate in English), thinking that it means the same as the Spanish
word “simpatico” (friendly).
- At Lingoda we believe that difficulties are opportunities to learn and we can help
you improve your English language skills with our interactive learning methods
and experienced native teachers.
BENEFITS OF LEARNING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
Learning English as a second language could be one of the best decisions that you ever
make. Being fluent in English can help you in many ways, whether you are planning to
travel, study in an English-speaking country, emigrate, or improve your career prospects.

Think about the following:

 English is the most popular language on the Internet. In 2010, the world wide web had
more than 536 million English-speaking users. Nearly 5.5 billion websites are available in
English.
 Approximately 66 per cent of the world's scientists and researchers use English as a second
language.
 Twenty-five per cent of the world's population speak English at basic-intermediate level.
 You simply can't get into some professions unless you are competent in English. Some of
these professions include air traffic controller, the diplomatic sector, and some jobs in the
computing or information technology industry.
 If you want to live and work in an English-speaking country, immigration authorities will
ask that you have a certificate that proves your English language skills.

 To sum up, we live in a globalized world where only competent English speakers have the
best opportunities to progress and get ahead in their personal and professional lives
MOST SPOKEN SECOND LANGUAGES
English has achieved prime status by becoming the most widely spoken language in the
world – if one disregards proficiency – ahead of Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. English
is spoken in 101 countries, while Arabic is spoken in 60, French in 51, Chinese in 33, and
Spanish in 31. From one small island, English has gone on to acquire lingua franca status
in international business, worldwide diplomacy, and science.
IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING A
SECOND LANGUAGE
Today’s economy is increasingly globalized, and this means that many of us are interacting
across cultures in a way we never did before. In such an economy, the importance of
learning a second language becomes self-evident. Learning a second language helps you
to communicate across cultures and to conduct business in lands you may never have
previously considered viable markets. It also helps you to address customers in the
language that they understand best and in which they are most comfortable communicating.
Additionally, the importance of learning a second language is emphasized every day when
we see the diversity of earth’s cultures and the amazing array of people that make up our
global community. That said, there is another reason supporting the importance of learning
a second language. Scientific studies have shown that learning a second language improves
brain function and stimulates creativity. When you know a new language, you start to see
connections you didn’t see before because every language approaches the world in a
slightly different way. As a result, you can understand the world from the perspective of
another culture and gain a greater appreciation of human society in all its diversity.
Therefore, the importance of learning a second language is again reinforced. You become
not just equipped to communicate across cultures but empowered to understand others’
points of view.
REFERENCES:
https://www.lingoda.com/en/english/second-language

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/04/the-english-language-is-the-worlds-achilles-heel

https://esl.yourdictionary.com

https://www.bloomsbury-international.com

SOURCES:
 Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2001.
 McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Gunderson, Lee. ESL (ELL) Literacy Instruction: A Guidebook to Theory and Practice, 2nd
ed.Routledge, 2009.