Chapter

 5:  Gases  
 
Lecture  1  of  3  
•   Characteris2cs  of  Gases  
•   Pressure  
•   The  Gas  Laws  
•   Ideal  Gas  equa2on  
•   Standard  Temperature  and  Pressure  
 Common  Proper1es  of  Gases  
•  Tend  to  be  nonmetallic  elements  and  of  low  ___________.  
molar mass

 
•  Substances  that  normally  exist  as  solids  or  liquids  can  usually  
also  exist  in  the  gaseous  state  where  they  are  called  ________.  
vapors

•  Expand  ______________.  
spontaneously (fill container)

•  Highly  ________________.  
compressible  

•  Form  ________________  
homogenous mixtures  with  each  other.    

•  Occupy  about  ______  

0.1% of  the  volume  of  their  containers..  
Assume  that  you  have  a  sample  of  gas  
at  350  K  in  a  sealed  container,  as  
represented  in  (a).    Which  of  the  
drawings  (b)-­‐(d)  represent  the  gas  
aPer  the  temperature  is  lowered  
from  350  K  to  150  K?  
 
Answers:  
1.    I  don’t  know  
2.    Box  b  
3.    Box  c   correct
4.    Box  d  
 Pressure  
   
Pressure  is  basically  a  ______  
force (_)  
F ac2ng  over  an  ______  
area (A _).    The  
current  SI  units  for  force  are  _Newtons
______  (N
_)  and  for  area  they  are  
metres  squared.    Therefore,  
 
  F N
  P= = = 2
A m
kg/ms^2
The  unit  N/m2  has  been  given  the  name  pascal  (Pa)  aPer  Blaise  
Pascal,  a  French  mathema2cian  and  scien2st.    The  pascal  is  the  SI  
unit  for  pressure  
 
Note:    1  newton  =  _______  ,  therefore  one  Pa  =  ________  
Our  atmosphere  exerts  a  pressure  on  the  Earth’s  surface  (and  
everything  on  it).    This  pressure  is  termed  the  __________  
_______________________and  
Standars atmospheric pressure was  originally  defined  using  a  
mercury  barometer.  
The  Units  
The  common  units  to  express  pressure  are  the  torr,  atmosphere,  
pascal,  and  mm  of  Hg.      
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IUPAC  has  defined  standard  pressure  to  be  100  000  Pa  which  equals  
1  bar.  
 
1  bar  =  _________  
100 000 Pa  =  _100
___  kPa  =  _______  
750.01 Torr  =  __________  
0.98692 atm  
 
 The  Gas  Laws  
 
         In  order  to  define  the  physical  condi2on,  or  state,  of  a  gas  we  
must  consider  four  variables:  temperature,  T,  pressure,  P,  
volume,  V,  and  the  number  of  moles,  n.    The  equa2ons  that  
express  the  rela2onships  between  the  variables  are  referred  to  
as  the  gas  laws.    We  will  examine  each  of  these  in  turn  using  a  
simula2on.    The  simula2on  can  also  be  found  at:  
h@p://intro.chem.okstate.edu/nsfccli/gaslaw/glp.htm  
 
1.    Pressure-­‐Volume  Rela6onship:  Boyle’s  Law  
 
The  rela2onship  between  __________  
pressure and  __________  
volume was  
inves2gated  by  the  Bri2sh  chemist  Robert  Boyle.      
Ques2ons  for  the  simula2on:  
 
1.  Keeping  the  other  variables  constant,  what  happens  to  the  
pressure  when  the  volume  is  changed?  

2.  Under  the  same  condi2ons,  what  happens  to  the  velocity  of  
the  par2cles  when  the  volume  is  changed?  

3.  Record  four  pressure-­‐volume  data  sets.    Given  a  new,  different  

volume  can  you  accurately  predict  what  the  pressure  will  be?    
Propose  a  way  to  do  this.  

4.  What  would  a  graph  of  pressure  vs.  volume  look  like?    What  is  
the  rela2onship  between  pressure  and  volume?  
Boyles’s  Law:  The  volume  of  a  fixed  quan2ty  of  gas  maintained  at  
constant  temperature  is  ____________________  
inversely proportional to  the  pressure.  

Mathema2cally  this  can  be  expressed  by:  

 
  1           (constant)
Vα (constant T and n) or V =
  P P
 
 

From  above  PV  =  _______   constant at  constant  

n  and  T.    But  is  it?      
2.    The  Temperature-­‐Volume  Rela6onship:  Charles’s  Law  

Ques2ons  for  the  simula2on:  

 
1.  Keeping  the  other  variables  constant,  what  happens  to  the  
volume  when  the  temperature  is  changed?  

2.  Under  the  same  condi2ons,  what  happens  to  the  velocity  of  
the  par2cles  when  the  temperature  is  changed?  

3.  Record  four  volume-­‐temperature  data  sets.    Given  a  new,  

different  volume  can  you  accurately  predict  what  the  
temperature  will  be?    Propose  a  way  to  do  this.  

4.  What  would  a  graph  of  volume  vs.  temperature  look  like?    
What  is  the  rela2onship  between  temperature  and  volume?  
 
as temp increase, volume increase
 Charles’ Law: The volume of a fixed amount of gas
maintained at constant pressure is _________________
directly proportional to
its absolute temperature.

Mathema2cally,  this  can  be  expressed  by:  

 
  V
V α T (constant P and n) or = (constant )
  T
 
Lord  Kelvin  established  the  ____________________________,  
absolute-temperature scale
now  known  as  the  ____________,  
Kelvin scale with  0  K  equaling  -­‐273.15  oC.  
 
TKelvin = TCelsius + 273.15

3.    The  Quan6ty-­‐Volume  Rela6onship:  Avogadro’s  Law  

 
The  _______________rela2onship  
quantity-volume for  gases  was  developed  from  the  
work  of  two  independent  scien2sts:  Joseph  Gay-­‐Lussac  and  Amadeo  
Avogadro.      
  
Ques2ons  for  the  simula2on:  
 
1.  Keeping  the  other  variables  constant,  what  happens  to  the  
volume  when  the  number  of  moles  of  gas  is  changed?  

2.  Under  the  same  condi2ons,  what  happens  to  the  velocity  of  
the  par2cles  when  the  number  of  moles  of  gas  is  changed?  

3.  Record  four  volume-­‐moles  data  sets.    Given  a  new,  different  

number  of  moles  can  you  accurately  predict  what  the  volume  
will  be?    Propose  a  way  to  do  this.  

4.  What  would  a  graph  of  volume  vs.  moles  look  like?    What  is  
the  rela2onship  between  moles  and  volume?  
 
Avogadro’s Law: The volume of a gas maintained at
constant temperature and pressure is ________________
directly proportional
to the number of moles of the gas.
Mathematically, this can be expressed by:

V
V α n (constant P and T ) or = (constant )
n
How  does  the  final  pressure  compare  to  the  star2ng  pressure?  
a)  The  final  pressure  is  higher  than  the  star2ng  pressure  
b)  The  final  pressure  is  lower  than  the  star2ng  pressure  
c)  The  final  pressure  is  the  same  as  the  star2ng  pressure  
d)  Need  more  data  to  answer  the  ques2on  
 The  Ideal  Gas  Law  
We  now  know  several  rela2onships  rela2ng  volume  of  a  gas  to  
pressure,  temperature,  and  number  of  moles.  
 
Boyle’s  law   v α 1/p
 
Charles’s  Law  
 
Avogadro’s  Law  

Combining  the  above  3  laws:  

And  if  we  call  the  propor2onality  constant  R,  we  get  
 
nT
  V = R
P

which  can  then  be  rearranged  to  give  the  ____________________:

ideal-gas equation

PV = nRT
Notes  on  the  ideal-­‐gas  equa2on:  
 
•  Used  for  __________________,   idea gases i.e.,  gases  which  behave  according  
to  the  equa2on.  
 
•  R  is  the  _____________.  
gas constant  Units  for  R  depend  on  those  used  for  the  
P,  V,  n,  and  T.    Typical  value  is  0.08314  L  bar  mol-­‐1  K-­‐1.  
 
•  Watch  your  units!  
 
 Ques1on  A.   Ques1on  B.  
a)  He   a)  He  
b)  Ar   b)  Ar  
c)  Xe   c)  Xe  
d)  All  flasks  have  the  same   d)  All  flasks  have  the  same  
number  of  atoms   density  
Ques1on  C.   Ques1on  D.  
a)  He   a)  He  
b)  Ar   b)  Ar  
c)  Xe   c)  Xe  
d)  All  flasks  have  the  same   d)  All  flasks  have  the  same  
pressure   number  of  moles  
 Standard  Temperature  and  Pressure  (STP)  
Suppose  we  insert  the  following  data  into  the  ideal-­‐gas  equa2on:  
T  =  0.00  oC  =  273.15  K  
P  =  1.000  bar  
n  =  1.000  mol  
V  =  ?  
 
Ques1on:    What  is  the  volume?  
Answer  :    ________  
22.7 L  

The  above  condi2ons  are  referred  to  as  standard  temperature  

and  pressure  (_______).  
STP  The  volume  occupied  by  ___  
1 mol  of  ideal  
gas  at  STP  is  22.7  L.