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Uses existing hardware ,hence technology is mature and cost is low.

There is no need for network timing.
no restriction regarding the type of baseband (voice or date) / modulation.

  

Intermodulation noise in transponder ,reduces the satellite capacity.

Lack of flexibility -change in allocation,the receiver filters need to be retuned.

Requires uplink power control to maintain the link quality.

traffic containing strong & weak carriers, the weak ones are suppressed.

Applications:

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º? Advantages:
simple to manage
higher usage of channels - availability of all information at a single point
offer a lower connection time
They are more cost-effective.

º? Disadvantage:
lower reliability
prone to single point failure.

Examples :
Inmarsat Standard A, B and M

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advantage:
high reliability - the failure of a single earth station doesn't affect the availability
of the system to other earth stations in the network.

Disadvantage:
The increased complexity in earth stations
high cost.

Example:
INTELSAT͛s SPADE system.
-!)!*   in which the network provides a combination of
distributed and centrally controlled frequency management functions, bringing together the
advantages of each.

+!  ! )"! 

1.Caused by satellite HPA ʹ

a) HPA exhibits non linearity as the output reaches saturation.

this causes intermodulation noise as number of carrier pass through it.

to minimize the effect, the drive level of the final stage of transmitter is
reduced to operate it in linear region.

hence full power of the amplifier is not utilized and it reduce its capacity.

b)? Slope in the Frequency response characteristics of TWT causes variation

in the frequency of incoming signals appear as amplitude variations.

this introduces phase modulation to other carriers sharing the TWT.

Hence causes cross talk between carriers.

reduced by using TWTs which minimize AM-PM conversion.

2.Other impairments ʹ

a)? To maximize frequency utilization, adjacent carriers are brought closer.

causes +!)!.

adjacent carrier with smaller amplitude, causes convolution noise

adjacent carrier with larger amplitude, causes impulse noise

b)? &!   from adjacent transponder

minimized by filtering the out of band intermodulation in each transponder

c)?  ! by carriers located at the band edges

this is due to inadequate isolation at the band edges

minimized by optimizing the transponder guard band and increasing out of

band attenuation

increases complexity of filter

d)? ! " associated with each filter in transmission path

less pronounced for SCPC because of narrow channels


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Applications:

GSM ( Global System for Mobile )

US DC ( U. S Digital Cellular )

JDC ( Japanese Digital Cellular )

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å? Maximum use from the available satellite power since intermodualtion

noise is minimal.

å? Uplink power control is not required.

å? Transmission plans are easier to construct and modify.

å? Capacity management is simple and flexible.

å? utilization of all the advantages of digital techniques.

å? For eg. techniques such as digital speech interpolation, source and

channel coding, etc. can be incorporated.

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å? It requires network-wide timing synchronization, hence relatively complex.

å? Analog signals must be converted to digital form.

Interface with analog terrestrial pl ant is expensive.


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º? Pros

å? hard to spy

å? immune from narrowband noise

å? no need for all stations to synchronize

å? no hard limit on capacity of a cell

å? all cells can use all frequencies

Cons

å? implementation complexity
 å? need for power control

º? to avoid capture

å? need for a large contiguous frequency band (for direct sequence)

å? problems installing in the field

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All the ,  schemesare optimized mainly for speech or continuous
stream of data
" which requires several minutes of continuous connection,   are
generally characterized by bursts of high activity. 
Another important difference is that in data communication user is more tolerant to delays.
," of data traffic are:
the transfer of large volumes of data
a request for channel allocation in a demand -assigned system
a query-response system, etc.

They are ) ! - a terminal is allowed transmission at any time without

coordination with other users.

! )   )!!))

channel reservation schemes

contention protocols
packet reservation protocols.

Most accessing schemes attempt to minimize the conflict between users who require access
to a channel at the same time by the use of certain rules or ͚protocols͛.

Hence multiple access schemes for data traffic are often called multiple access protocols.

The performance of accessing schemes for data traffic is measured as channel throughput.
! "  is defined as the number of messages successfully transmitted per unit at time.

If P is the probabililty of successful transmission of a packet and G is the offered lad,

then throughput S is given by
-

Each message is segmented into blocks called packets.
The burstiness of data traffic can be measured as the peak-to-average data rate.
.-/0
  Where ɷ = permissible average message delay
T = average inter-arrival time between messages.
As ɴ reduces, traffic gets more bursty
Drawback is an increased probability of message loss through collision.

In    - a channel is reserved by a user for the duration of a message.

It is highly reliable but increases complexity of terminal and network control

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