05 Checkmate - Wikipedia

1/27/2020 Checkmate - Wikipedia
Checkmate
Checkmate (often shortened to mate) is a game position in chess and other chess-like games in
which a player's king is in check (threatened with capture) and there is no way to remove the
threat. Checkmating the opponent wins the game.
In chess, the king is never captured—the game ends as soon as the king is checkmated. In formal
games, most players resign an inevitably lost game before being checkmated. It is usually
considered bad etiquette to continue playing in a completely hopeless position.[1][2]
If a player is not in check but has no legal move, then it is stalemate, and the game immediately
ends in a draw. A checkmating move is recorded in algebraic notation using the hash symbol "#",
for example: 34.Qg7#.
Black is checkmated—the game is over.
Contents
Examples
Etymology
History
Two major pieces
Basic checkmates
King and queen
King and rook
King and two bishops
King, bishop and knight
Common checkmates
Back-rank mate
Scholar's mate
Fool's mate
Smothered mate
Rare checkmates
Stamma's mate
Unusual mates
Two and three knights
See also
References
Examples
A checkmate may occur in as few as two moves on one side with all of the pieces still on the board (as in Fool's mate, in the opening phase of
the game), in a middlegame position (as in the 1956 game called the Game of the Century between Donald Byrne and Bobby Fischer),[3] or
after many moves with as few as three pieces in an endgame position.
Fool's Mate D. Byrne vs. Fischer Checkmate with a rook

a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h
8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
White has been checkmated.[4] White is checkmated after Black is checkmated.[6]
41...Rc2#.[5]
Etymology
The term checkmate is according to the Barnhart Etymological Dictionary, an alteration of the Persian phrase "shāh māt" (‫ )ﺷﺎه ﻣﺎت‬which
means "the King is helpless".[7] Persian "māt" applies to the king but in Sanskrit "māta", also pronounced "māt", applied to his kingdom
"traversed, measured across, and meted out" thoroughly by his opponent; "māta" is the past participle of "mā" verbal root.[8] Others maintain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate 1/10
that it means "the King is dead", as chess reached Europe via the Islamic world, and Arabic māta ( َ‫ ) َﻣﺎت‬means "died" or "is dead".[9][10]
Moghadam traced the etymology of the word mate. It comes from a Persian verb mandan (‫)ﻣﺎﻧﺪن‬, meaning "to remain", which is cognate with
the Latin word maneō and the Greek menō (μένω, which means "I remain"). It means "remained" in the sense of "abandoned" and the formal
translation is "surprised", in the military sense of "ambushed".[11] sheikh (‫ )ﺷﯿﺦ‬is the Arabic word for the monarch. Players would announce
"Sheikh" when the king was in check. "Māt" (‫ )ﻣﺎت‬is an Arabic adjective for dead "helpless", or "defeated". So the king is in mate when he is
ambushed, at a loss, helpless, defeated, or abandoned to his fate.[12]
In modern Arabic, the word 'mate' depicts a person who has died open-mouthed, staring, confused and unresponsive. The words "stupefied"
or "stunned" bear close correlation. So a possible alternative would be to interpret mate as "unable to respond". A king is mate (sheikh-mat)
then means a king is unable to respond, which would correspond to there being no response that a player's king can make to their opponent's
final move. This interpretation is much closer to the original intent of the game being not to kill a king but to leave him with no viable response
other than surrender, which better matches the origin story detailed in the Shahnameh.
In modern parlance, the term checkmate is a metaphor for an irrefutable and strategic victory.[13]
History
In early Sanskrit chess (c. 500–700), the king could be captured and this ended the game. The Persians (c. 700–800) introduced the idea of
warning that the king was under attack (announcing check in modern terminology). This was done to avoid the early and accidental end of a
game. Later the Persians added the additional rule that a king could not be moved into check or left in check. As a result, the king could not be
captured,[14] and checkmate was the only decisive way of ending a game.[15]
Before about 1600, the game could also be won by capturing all of the opponent's pieces, leaving just a bare king. This style of play is now
called annihilation or robado.[16] In Medieval times, players began to consider it nobler to win by checkmate, so annihilation became a half-
win for a while, until it was abandoned.[15]
Two major pieces

Two major pieces (queens or rooks) can easily force checkmate on the edge of the board. The process is to put the
two pieces on adjacent ranks or files and gradually force the king to the side of the board, where one piece keeps
the king on the edge of the board while the other delivers checkmate.[17] In the illustration, white checkmates by
forcing the black king to the edge, one row at a time. The same process can also be used to checkmate with two rooks, or with two queens.[17]
Checkmate using a queen and rook.

1.Qg5+ Ke4 2.Rf4+ Ke3 3.Qg3+
Ke2 4.Rf2+ Ke1 5.Qg1#[18]
Basic checkmates
There are four fundamental checkmates when one side has only his king and the other side has only the minimum material needed to force
checkmate, i.e. (1) one queen, (2) one rook, (3) two bishops on opposite-colored squares, or (4) a bishop and a knight. The king must help in
accomplishing all of these checkmates. If the superior side has more material, checkmates are easier.[19]
The checkmate with the queen is the most common, and easiest to achieve. It often occurs after a pawn has queened. A checkmate with the
rook is also common, but a checkmate with the two bishops or with a bishop and knight occurs infrequently. The two bishop checkmate is
fairly easy to accomplish, but the bishop and knight checkmate is difficult and requires precision.
King and queen

The first two diagrams show representatives of the basic checkmate positions with a queen, which can occur on any edge
of the board. Naturally, the exact position can vary from the diagram. In the first of the checkmate positions, the queen is
directly in front of the opposing king and the white king is protecting its queen. In the second checkmate position, the
kings are in opposition and the queen mates on the rank (or file) of the king.
Support mate Right triangle mate Cornered mate Outer row mate
a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
The white king can also be on c5 The white queen can also be on The white queen can also be on Pandolfini 2009, p. 23
or c7.[20] marked squares.[21] marked squares.[21]
a b c d e f g h
With the side with the queen to move, checkmate can be forced in at most ten moves from any starting
8 8 position, with optimal play by both sides, but usually fewer moves are required.[22][23] In positions in which
7 7
a pawn has just promoted to a queen, at most nine moves are required.[24]
6 6
In the position diagrammed, White checkmates easily by confining the black king to a rectangle and
5 5
shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:
4 4
3 3 1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5+ Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9.
2 2 Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7#[25]
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White checkmates easily.
Avoid stalemate
The superior side must be careful to not stalemate the opposing king,
a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h
whereas the defender would like to get into such a position. There are
8 8 8 8
two general types of stalemate positions that can occur, which the
7 7 7 7
stronger side must avoid.[26]
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Stalemate if Black is to move. The This is a stalemate if Black is to
white queen blocks off all possible move.
moves for Black, regardless of
where the white king is placed on
the board.
King and rook

8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Checkmate with the rook (a right A cornered checkmate with the White checkmates by boxing in the
triangle mate) rook[27] black king.
The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a rook, which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any
square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that
it can not be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king
must be in a corner.
With the side with the rook to move, checkmate can be forced in at most sixteen moves from any starting position.[26] Again, see Wikibooks –
Chess/The Endgame for a demonstration of how the king and rook versus king mate is achieved.
In the third diagram position, White checkmates by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the
edge of the board:
1. Kd3+ Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4! Kc6 4. Re6+ Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6
Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6# (second checkmate position, rotated).[28]
Avoid stalemate
There are two stalemate positions:[29]
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
This is stalemate if Black is to move. This is stalemate if Black is to move.
The white king can also be on c7 or
b6.
King and two bishops

Checkmates with two bishops
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Here are the two basic checkmate positions with two bishops (on opposite-colored squares), which can occur in any corner. (Two or more
bishops on the same color, which could occur because of pawn underpromotion, cannot checkmate.) The first is a checkmate in the corner.
The second position is a checkmate in a side square next to the corner square. With the side with the bishops to move, checkmate can be
forced in at most nineteen moves,[30] except in some very rare positions (0.03% of the possible positions).[31]
It is not too difficult for two bishops to force checkmate, with the aid of their king. Two principles apply:
The bishops are best when they are near the center of the board and on adjacent diagonals. This cuts off the opposing king.
The king must be used aggressively, in conjunction with the bishops.
In the position from Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to a From Seirawan
corner, and then checkmates. It can be any side of the board and any corner. The process is: a b c d e f g h
8 8
1. Ke2 Ke4 (Black tries to keep his king near the center) 2. Be3 Ke5 (forcing the king back, which is
done often) 3. Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6 (Black tries a different approach to stay near the 7 7
center) 6. Bc4 (White has a fine position; the bishops are centralized and the king is active) 6... Kc6 6 6
(Black avoids going toward the side) 7. Ke5 Kd7 (Black is trying to avoid the a8-corner) 8. Bd5 5 5
(keeping the black king off c6) 8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6! (an important move that forces the king 4 4
to the edge of the board) 10... Ke8 (Black is still avoiding the corner) 11. Ke6 (now the black king
3 3
cannot get off the edge of the board) 11... Kd8 12. Bc6 (forcing the king toward the corner) 12... Kc8
(Black's king is confined to c8 and d8; the white king must cover a7 and b7) 13. Kd5 (13. Ke7? is 2 2
stalemate) 13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8 (now White must allow the king to move into the 1 1
corner) 16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7! (an important move that forces the king toward the corner) 17... Kb8 a b c d e f g h
18. Bd7! (the same principle as the previous move) 18... Ka8 19. Bd8 (White must make a move that Two bishops and king can force
gives up a tempo; this move is such a move, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6, or Ka6) 19... Kb8 20. Bc7+ mate.
Ka8 21. Bc6# (as the first diagram in this section).[32]
Note that this is not the shortest forced checkmate from this position. Müller and Lamprecht give a fifteen-
move solution; however, it contains an inaccurate move by Black (according to endgame tablebases).[30]
Avoid stalemate
One example of a stalemate is this position, where 1. Kb6 (marked with the x) would be stalemate.[33]
From Silman
a b c d e f g h
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
1.Kb6 would be stalemate.
King, bishop and knight

Of the basic checkmates, this is the most difficult one to force, because these two pieces cannot form a linear
barrier to the enemy king from a distance. Also, the checkmate can be forced only in a corner that the bishop
controls.[31][34]
Two basic checkmate positions are shown with a bishop and a knight, Checkmates with a bishop and a knight
or the bishop and knight checkmate.[35] The first position is a
checkmate by the bishop, with the black king in the corner. The bishop
8 8 8 8
can be on other squares along the diagonal, the white king and knight
7 7 7 7
have to be on squares that attack g8 and h7. The second position is a
6 6 6 6
checkmate by the knight, with the black king on a side square next to
5 5 5 5
the corner. The knight can be on other squares that check the black
4 4 4 4
king. The white king must be on a square to protect the bishop and
3 3 3 3
cover a square not covered by the knight.
2 2 2 2
With the side with the bishop and knight to move, checkmate can be 1 1 1 1
forced in at most thirty-three moves from any starting position,[36] a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h
except those in which the defending king is initially forking the bishop
and knight and it is not possible to defend both. However, the mating
process requires accurate play, since a few errors could result in a draw either by the fifty-move rule or stalemate.
Opinions differ as to whether or not a player should learn this checkmate procedure. James Howell omits the checkmate with two bishops in
his book because it rarely occurs but includes the bishop and knight checkmate. Howell says that he has had it three times (always on the
defending side) and that it occurs more often than the checkmate with two bishops.[37] On the other hand, Jeremy Silman includes the
checkmate with two bishops but not the bishop plus knight checkmate because he has had it only once and his friend John Watson has never
had it.[38] Silman says:
... mastering it would take a significant chunk of time. Should the chess hopeful really spend many of his precious hours he's put
aside for chess study learning an endgame he will achieve (at most) only once or twice in his lifetime?
Avoid stalemate
This position is an example of a stalemate, from the end of a 1966 endgame study by A. H. Branton. White
a b c d e f g h
has just moved 1. Na3+? If Black moves 1... Kc1! then White must move his bishop to save it because if
8 8
the bishop is captured, the position is a draw because of the insufficient material rule. But after any bishop
7 7
move, the position is a stalemate.[39]
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
After 1.Na3+?, 1...Kc1! draws.
Common checkmates
Back-rank mate
A back-rank checkmate is a checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank (that is, the row on which the pieces [not pawns] stand
at the start of the game) in which the mated king is unable to move up the board because the king is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns)
on the second rank.[40] An example of a back-rank checkmate is shown in the diagram. It is also known as the corridor mate.
From Burgess, p. 16
a b c d e f g h
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White wins with 1.Rd8#.
Scholar's mate
a b c d e f g h
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Scholar's Mate—Black is checkmated. Animation demonstrating Scholar's Mate
Scholar's Mate (also known as the four-move checkmate) is the checkmate achieved by the moves:
1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6? 4. Qxf7#
The moves might be played in a different order or in slight variation, but the basic idea is the same: the queen and bishop combine in a simple
mating attack on f7 (or f2 if Black is performing the mate).[41] There are also other ways to checkmate in four moves.
Fool's mate
a b c d e f g h
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Fool's Mate—White is checkmated. Animation demonstrating Fool's Mate
Fool's Mate, also known as the "Two-Move Checkmate", is the quickest possible checkmate. A prime example consists of the moves:
1. f3 e5 2. g4 Qh4#
resulting in the position shown.[42] (The pattern can have slight variations, for example White might play f2–f4 instead of f2–f3 or move the g-
pawn first, and Black might play ...e7–e6 instead of ...e7–e5.)
Smothered mate
A smothered mate is a checkmate delivered by a knight in which the Timman vs. Short, 1990[43]
mated king is unable to move because it is surrounded (or
smothered) by its own pieces.[44]
The mate is usually seen in a corner of the board, since fewer pieces
are needed to surround the king there. The most common form of
8 8 8 8
smothered mate is seen in the adjacent diagram. The knight on f7
7 7 7 7
delivers mate to the king on h8 which is prevented from escaping the
6 6 6 6
check by the rook on g8 and the pawns on g7 and h7. Similarly,
White can be mated with the white king on h1 and the knight on f2. 5 5 5 5
Analogous mates on a1 and a8 are rarer, because kingside castling is 4 4 4 4

the more common as it safely places the king closer to the corner 3 3 3 3
than it would had the castling occurred on the queenside. 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Smothered mate after 27.Nf7+ Kg8 Final position
28.Nh6+ Kh8 29.Qg8+ Rxg8
30.Nf7#.
Rare checkmates
In some rare positions it is possible to force checkmate with a king and knight versus a king and pawn.
Stamma's mate
In the diagram showing Stamma's mate (named for Philipp Stamma), White to move wins:[45] Stamma's mate
a b c d e f g h
1. Nb4+ Ka1
8 8
2. Kc1 a2
3. Nc2# 7 7
6 6
White also wins if Black is to move first:
5 5
1... Ka1 4 4
2. Nc1 a2 3 3
3. Nb3# 2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White wins with either side to move.
This checkmate occurred in Jesus Nogueiras–Maikel Gongora, 2001 Cuban Championship[46] (see Nogueiras vs. Gongora, 2001
diagram), which proceeded: a b c d e f g h
8 8
81. Kc2 Ka1
82. Nc5 Ka2 7 7
6 6
If 82...a2 then 83.Nb3#. 5 5
4 4
83. Nd3
3 3
Reaching the position in the first diagram, with Black to move. 2 2
1 1
83... Ka1
a b c d e f g h
84. Nc1 1–0
White to move wins.
Black resigned here; play would have continued 84...a2 85.Nb3#.[47]
A similar position with the knight on d2 is more than 500 years old, identified as "Partito n. 23" by Luca
a b c d e f g h
Pacioli, in his MS De ludo scachorum (Latin for "The game of chess"), dated 1498 and recently reprinted
8 8
(Gli scacchi) by Aboca Museum Edizioni.
7 7
1. Nf3 Ka1 6 6
2. Nd4 Ka2 5 5
3. Ne2 Ka1
4 4
4. Nc1 a2
5. Nb3# 3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White wins
Unusual mates
There are also positions in which a king and a knight can checkmate a king and a bishop, knight, or rook; or a king and a bishop can
checkmate a king with a bishop on the other color of squares or with a knight, but the checkmate cannot be forced if there is no other material
on the board (see the diagrams for some examples).[48] Nevertheless, it keeps these material combinations from being ruled a draw because of
"insufficient mating material" or "impossibility of checkmate" under the FIDE rules of chess. The U.S. Chess Federation rules are different. In
a typical position with a minor piece versus a minor piece, a player would be able to claim a draw if he has a limited amount of time left.[49]
Pandolfini Pandolfini Pandolfini Pandolfini

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c d e f g h
Checkmate, but cannot be forced
Checkmate, but cannot be forced Checkmate, but cannot be forced Checkmate, but cannot be forced
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Checkmate, but cannot be forced Checkmate, but cannot be forced
Two and three knights

Two knights
8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Checkmate positions are possible Checkmate cannot be forced. White cannot force checkmate
to construct, but they cannot be Here, ...Ka8?? allows checkmate because of stalemate.
forced. (Nbc7#), but ...Kc8! avoids it.
It is impossible to force checkmate with a king and two knights, although checkmate positions are possible (see the first diagram). In the
second diagram, if Black plays 1... Ka8?? White can checkmate with 2. Nbc7#, but Black can play 1... Kc8 and escape the threat. The
defender's task is easy – he simply has to avoid moving into a position in which he can be checkmated on the next move, and he always has
another move available in such situations.[50]
In the third diagram, one knight is guarding c1, leaving the other knight to try to checkmate. After 1. Ndc3+ Ka1, White needs to get the
knight on e2 to c2. But if White plays 2. Nd4, Black is stalemated.[51]
Under some circumstances, two knights and a king can force checkmate against a king and pawn (or rarely more pawns). The winning plan,
quite difficult to execute in practice, is to blockade the enemy pawn(s) with one of the knights, maneuver the enemy king into a stalemated
position, then bring the other knight over to checkmate.[51] (See two knights endgame.)
Three knights
Three knights and a king can force checkmate against a lone king within twenty moves (assuming that the
lone king cannot quickly win a knight).[52] These situations are generally only seen in chess problems, since
at least one of the knights must be a promoted piece, and there is rarely a reason to promote a pawn to a
piece other than a queen (see underpromotion).
See also
Boden's Mate Ideal mate
Checkmate patterns Légal Trap
Checkmates in the opening Model mate
Chess problem Pawnless chess endgame
Chess theory Pure mate
Hisshi (brinkmate) Two knights endgame
References
1. Burgess 2009, p. 526 25. Seirawan 2003, pp. 4–5
2. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 336 26. Fine & Benko 2003, p. 2
3. "D. Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956" (http://www.chessgames.c 27. Pandolfini 2009, p. 36
om/perl/chessgame?gid=1008361). Chessgames.com. Retrieved 28. Seirawan 2003, pp. 1–4
2012-06-18. 29. Fine & Benko 2003, pp. 2–3
4. Kurzdorfer 2003, p. 92 30. Müller & Lamprecht 2001, p. 17
5. Burgess, Nunn & Emms 2004, p. 216 31. Speelman, Tisdall & Wade 1993, p. 7
6. Kurzdorfer 2003, p. 144 32. Seirawan 2003, pp. 5–7
7. Harper, Douglas; Dan McCormack. "Online Etymology Dictionary" 33. Silman 2007, p. 191
(http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate).
Retrieved May 29, 2010. 34. Müller & Lamprecht 2001, p. 18
8. Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 35. Kurzdorfer 2003, p. 155
9. Hooper & Whyld 1992 36. Müller & Lamprecht 2001, p. 19
10. Davidson 1949, p. 70 37. Howell 1997, p. 138
11. Davidson 1949, pp. 70–71 38. Silman 2007, pp. 33,188
12. Murray 2012, p. 159 39. Roycroft 1972, p. 246
13. "Checkmate – Definition and More from the Free Merriam- 40. Burgess 2009, p. 16
Webster Dictionary" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/c 41. Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 358–59
heckmate). Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 42. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 143
2012-06-18. 43. "Timman vs. Short, Tilburg 1990" (http://www.chessgames.com/pe
14. Davidson 1949, p. 22 rl/chessgame?gid=1124489). Chessgames.com.
15. Davidson 1949, pp. 63–64 44. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 376
16. Davidson, Henry (2012). A Short History of Chess. Three Rivers 45. Emms 2004, p. 122
Press. ISBN 9780307828293. 46. "Nogueiras vs. Gongora, Las Tunas 2001" (http://www.chessgame
17. Pandolfini 1988, pp. 18–20 s.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1218922). Chessgames.com. 2005-
18. Silman 2007, pp. 7–8 02-08. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
19. Silman 2007, p. 33 47. Snape 2003, p. 55
20. Pandolfini 2009, p. 22 48. Pandolfini 2009, p. 63
21. Pandolfini 2009, p. 23 49. Just & Burg 2003, pp. 49, 291
22. Fine & Benko 2003, pp. 1–2 50. Speelman, Tisdall & Wade 1993, p. 11
23. Müller & Lamprecht 2001, p. 16 51. Pandolfini 2009, p. 59
24. Levy & Newborn 1991, p. 144 52. Fine 1941, pp. 5–6
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Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games (https://arc ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517077-1
hive.org/details/mammothbookofwor0000burg) (2nd ed.), Carroll Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001), Fundamental Chess
& Graf, ISBN 978-0-7867-1411-7 Endings, Gambit Publications, ISBN 1-901983-53-6
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05 Checkmate - Wikipedia

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1/27/2020 Checkmate - Wikipedia

Fool's Mate D. Byrne vs. Fischer Checkmate with a rook

Two major pieces

Checkmate using a queen and rook.

King and queen

King and rook

There are two stalemate positions:[29]

King and two bishops

King, bishop and knight

1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6? 4. Qxf7#

Analogous mates on a1 and a8 are rarer, because kingside castling is 4 4 4 4

Pandolfini Pandolfini Pandolfini Pandolfini

Two and three knights

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