LDR

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Kendriya Vidyalaya
Andrews Ganj
Physics Investigatory Project

Project-> To Study the Variation in
Current flow in a Circuit Containing LDR.
Reported By- Saksham Bhardwaj

Class- XII A
Reported to- Mr Pankaj Sharma
(P.G.T. PHYSICS)
1|Page
Certificate
This is to certified that Saksham Bhardwaj,

student of class XII A-of KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA ANDREWS GANJ has successfully
completed the research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of
Mr. PANKAJ SHARMA (P.G.T. PHYSICS).
Signature of External Teacher’s Signature

Examiner
2|Page
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher as well

as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project in Physics, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research. I came to know about many new
things. This project couldn't have been satisfactorily completed
without the support and guidance of My parents.
I would like to thank my parents who helped me in gathering

diverse information, collecting data and guiding me from time
to time in making this project, despite their busy schedule.
They gave me different ideas in making this project unique.
3|Page
Index
1) Certificate of Excellence
2) Acknowledgement
3) Introduction
4) Theory
5) Apparatus required
6) Procedure followed
7) Observation
8) Extension of scope in future
9) Conclusions
10) Precautions
11) Bibliography
4|Page
Introduction
A resistor photoresist or light-dependent resistor (LDR) is

a light-controlled Variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresist or decreases with increasing incident light
intensity, in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits.
These resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or
germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the
electrons get excited by the incident photons and move
from the valence band to the conduction band. and
therefore, the number of charge carriers increases, in
other words, the conductivity goes up.
Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and

LDRs. ln a photocell, when it is excited by light (photons),
electricity is generated. Unlike photocells, LDRs, do not
generate electricity but only change its conductivity.
5|Page
Theory
Alight dependent resistor works on the principle of photo
conductivity. Photo conductivity is an electro-optical
phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is
increased when light is absorbed by the material. Modern
light dependent resistors are made of materials such as
lead supplied, lead
selenide, indium
antimonite and
most commonly
cadmium supplied
(Cods) and
cadmium selenide.
When light falls i.e.
when the photons fall on the material, the electrons in
the valence band of the semiconductor material are
excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band
gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons
jump from the valence band to the conduction band.
Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the
device, more and more electrons are excited to the
conduction band which results in large number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and more
current starts flowing through the device when the circuit
6|Page
is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the

device has been decreased. This is the most common
working principle of LDR.
This can be clearly seen from the graph. The resistance of
the LDR falls rapidly with the increasing intensity of the
incident light. The converse is also true when light
intensity is reduced or cut off.
7|Page
Apparatus required
Light Source (White, Ultra-violet and Laser)
LDR
Switching Circuit
Buzzer
Batteries
8|Page
Procedure followed
The switching takes place when the LDR is illuminated by
light. For the automatic switching, we have used the
following circuit consisting of Transistors. One of the most
common uses for transistors in an electronic circuit is as
simple switches. In short, transistor conducts current
across the collector-emitter path only when sufficient
voltage is applied to its base.
9|Page
When no sufficient base voltage is present, the switch is

off. When sufficient base voltage is present, the switch is
on. The circuit uses transistor. The base voltage of the
transistor is adjusted carefully through the variable
resistor (LDR) so that the slightest increase in the base
voltage can fire the transistor. Thus, when there is light
on the LDR, the transistor remains un-fired. But when
intensity of light falls, the LDR starts conducting and the
net base voltage of transistor crosses the threshold
voltage, causing T to fire.
The ringing buzzer wards off the intrud.er and, alerts the
neighbours about the intrusion. In addition to the buzz.er,
one can also connect a high intensity flash light to warm
the people in the neighbour about the intrusion.
10 | P a g e
Observation
In the set up described, the following observations were
made by (a) varying the nature of light source, (b)
varying the translucency of the interceptor object.
Sr. no Type of light Material of Result

source Interceptor
1 White Light Opaque Buzzer Rings
Transparent Buzzer does not
ring
2. Near Ultra- Opaque Buzzer Rings
Violet Transparent Buzzer does not
ring
3 Low intensity Opaque Buzzer Rings
Red laser Buzzer does not
ring
11 | P a g e
Extension of scope in future
The device was also tested under invisible light using a TV

remote control as an infrared light source. The same
observations were made as above. This extends the scope
of the project to the invisible light sources such as
ultraviolet and infrared. The advantage is that; we can
dupe the intruder by using invisible light as the light rays
will not be visible even in the night.
Another interesting application that can be thought of is
an automatic people counter that can be used to measure
the number of people traversing a certain passage or
entrance in an auditorium or theatre. It can also be used
as a 'traffic counter in check
posts and toll gates. For this,
we must simply replace the
buzzer with a digital counter.
A typical digital counter is
shown in the accompanying
picture.
12 | P a g e
Conclusion
Based on the observation above, it can be concluded that
the LDR based electronic switch can be successfully
deployed for the following applications:
1) Intruder detection / burglar's alarm for home uses.
2) Anti-theft alarm for Banks and offices.
3) People Counter at Auditoriums.
4) Vehicle counter at traffic check posts.
13 | P a g e
Precautions
The project uses certain devices that can be harmful to
humans and animals if proper caution and care are not
observed.
1. Laser diode: Although we have used a low intensity laser,

this can be harmful if aimed accidently at the eyes or if the
reflected beam is seen through naked eye. It is suggested to
wear protective sun-glasses while assembling / positioning
the light source.
2. Ultraviolet LED: UV LED with wavelengths between 315
and 400 nm, which emits the least energetic and harmful
type of UV light. However, prolonged exposure should be
avoided which can damage the skin and eyes.
3. Buzzer: This device emits high frequency audio sounds that
can damage the ears when put close to the ears or heard
for prolonged period.
4. The LDR: Should a need arise to destroy the project; care
should be taken to dispose of the LDR properly as it
contains harmful chemicals that can damage the
environment
14 | P a g e
Bibliography
a. Help from teachers
b. Help from internet
c. Ncert textbook
Websites-
a. www.google.com
b. www.wikipedia.com
c. http://vlab.amrita.edu/
15 | P a g e

LDR

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

LDR

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Physics Investigatory Project

Reported By- Saksham Bhardwaj

This is to certified that Saksham Bhardwaj,

Signature of External Teacher’s Signature

I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher as well

I would like to thank my parents who helped me in gathering

8) Extension of scope in future

A resistor photoresist or light-dependent resistor (LDR) is

Distinction needs to be made here between photocells and

is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the

Light Source (White, Ultra-violet and Laser)

When no sufficient base voltage is present, the switch is

Sr. no Type of light Material of Result

Extension of scope in future

The device was also tested under invisible light using a TV

1) Intruder detection / burglar's alarm for home uses.

2) Anti-theft alarm for Banks and offices.

3) People Counter at Auditoriums.

4) Vehicle counter at traffic check posts.

1. Laser diode: Although we have used a low intensity laser,

a. Help from teachers

b. Help from internet

S-ar putea să vă placă și