Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Performance evaluation of a Medium and Long Transmission Line

Aim: To determine voltage and power at the sending end and to regulate the voltage using
Medium and Long Transmission line model.

Apparatus: MATLAB

Theory: The transmission line having its effective length more than 80 km but less than 250
km, is generally referred to as a medium transmission line. Due to the line length being
considerably high, admittance Y of the network does play a role in calculating the effective
circuit parameters, unlike in the case of short transmission lines. For this reason, the
modelling of a medium length transmission line is done using lumped shunt admittance along
with the lumped impedance in series to the circuit.

These lumped parameters of a medium length transmission line can be represented using two
different models, namely-

1) Nominal Π representation.

2) Nominal T representation.

Nominal Π Representation of a Medium Transmission Line

In case of a nominal Π representation,

the lumped series impedance is placed
at the middle of the circuit where as the
shunt admittances are at the ends. As
we can see from the diagram of the
Π network below, the total lumped
shunt admittance is divided into 2
equal halves, and each half with value
Y ⁄ 2 is placed at both the sending and the receiving end while the entire circuit impedance is
between the two. The shape of the circuit so formed resembles that of a symbol Π, and for this
reason it is known as the nominal Π representation of a medium transmission line. It is mainly
used for determining the general circuit parameters and performing load flow analysis.
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

VS and VR is the supply and receiving end voltages respectively, and

Is is the current flowing through the supply end.

IR is the current flowing through the receiving end of the circuit.

I1 and I3 are the values of currents flowing through the admittances. And

I2 is the current through the impedance Z.

Now applying KCL, at node P, we get.

..

Similarly applying KCL, to node Q.

Now substituting equation (2) to equation (1)

Now by applying KVL to the circuit,

Comparing equation (4) and (5) with the standard ABCD parameter equations
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

W deri t parame o medi transmis li a

a
e ve h ters f um sion n s:
e e

Similarly, the parameters of the long transmission line can be evaluated

Voltage regulation of transmission line is measure of change of receiving

end voltage from no-load to full load condition.

Circuit Diagram:
Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual
PROCEDURE:
1. Open MATLAB-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Calculate the voltage regulation of medium line and long line model.

Calculations:
% MATLAB PROGRAM

clc;
clear all;
L=input('Length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
S=input('Receiving power in MVA\n ');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n ');
S=S*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
Z=complex(R,2*pi*50*ind);
j=sqrt(-1);
if L <= 60
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=A;
elseif L > 60 && L <= 160
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;
A=(Y/2)*Z+1;
B=Z*((Y/4)*Z+1);
C=Y;
D=A;
else
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;
K=sqrt(Y*Z);
M=sqrt(Y/Z);
A=cosh(K);
B=sinh(K)/M;
C=M*sinh(K);
D=A;
end
Ir=S/((sqrt(3)*Vl));
IR =((Ir))*complex(cos(-acos(Fi)),sin(-acos(Fi)));
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
Ps=3*real(VS*(conj(IS)));
VR=abs((((abs(VS)/abs(A))-abs(Vr))/abs(Vr)))*100;
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
Qs=3*imag(VS*(conj(IS)));
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('No load receiving end voltage');
disp(abs(Vr))
disp('No load sending end current');
disp(abs(IS))
disp('Sending end p.f.');
disp(F)
disp('Voltage Regulation of the line');
disp(VR)
disp('Transmission Efficiency of the line');
disp(EF)
 EXPERIMENT NO. 03

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Aim: To find symmetrical components using MATLAB

Apparatus:MATLAB

Program:

% sc2ph converts symmetrical components to phasor

% vabc = sc2ph(v012) returns phasor in 3-by-2 matric of phase A, B, C and
% its respective angle in degree
%
% Input Argument
% v012 = [zero sequence magnitude, zero sequence angle(degree);
% positive sequence magnitude, positive sequence angle(degree);
% negative sequence magnitude, negative sequence angle(degree)]
% Output Argument
% vabc = [phase A magnitude, phase A angle(degree);
% phase B magnitude, phase B angle(degree);
% phase C magnitude, phase C angle(degree)]
%
% Written by Dr Rodney Tan
% Version 1.00 (Aug 2015)
function vabc = sc2ph(v012)
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*v012(1,2))/180,v012(1,1));
v0 = complex(x,y);
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*v012(2,2))/180,v012(2,1));
v1 = complex(x,y);
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*v012(3,2))/180,v012(3,1));
v2 = complex(x,y);

a = -0.5+0.866i;
a2 = -0.5-0.866i;
A = [1 1 1;1 a2 a;1 a a2];
mag = abs(A*[v0;v1;v2]);
ang = (angle(A*[v0;v1;v2])*180)/pi;
vabc = horzcat(mag, ang);
end

% ph2sc converts phasor to symmetrical components

% v012 = ph2sc(vabc) returns symmetrical components in 3-by-2 matric of
% zero, positive, negative sequence and its respective angle in degree
%
% Input Argument
% vabc = [phase A magnitude, phase A angle(degree);
% phase B magnitude, phase B angle(degree);
% phase C magnitude, phase C angle(degree)]
% Output Argument
% v012 = [zero sequence magnitude, zero sequence angle(degree);
% positive sequence magnitude, positive sequence angle(degree);
% negative sequence magnitude, negative sequence angle(degree)]
%
% Written by Dr Rodney Tan
% Version 1.00 (Aug 2015)
function v012 = ph2sc(vabc)
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*vabc(1,2))/180,vabc(1,1));
pa = complex(x,y);
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*vabc(2,2))/180,vabc(2,1));
pb = complex(x,y);
[x, y]=pol2cart((pi*vabc(3,2))/180,vabc(3,1));
pc = complex(x,y);

a = -0.5+0.866i;
a2 = -0.5-0.866i;
A1 = [1 1 1;1 a a2;1 a2 a]/3;
mag = abs(A1*[pa;pb;pc]);
ang = (angle(A1*[pa;pb;pc])*180)/pi;
v012 = horzcat(mag, ang);
end

output:
input:
Va=100<0
Vb=33<-100
Vc=38<176.5

Result:
Va1=50.65+14.32i
Va2=30.55-4.26i
Va0=18.79-10.06i

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 06

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM MODELS

Aim: To obtain the short circuit analysis for a IEEE 9 bus system

Apparatus: POWERWORLD

Theory:
We further assume that the system is unloaded before the fault occurs and
that the magnitude and phase angles of all the generator internal emfs are
the same. Then there will be no current circulating anywhere in the
network and the bus voltages of all the nodes before the fault will be same
and equal to Vf. Then the new altered bus voltages due to the fault will be
given from by

IEEE 9 bus system :

Sbase = 100 MVA . Vbase = 220KV
Vmax = 1.06 p.u Vmin = 1 p.u

NUMBER OF LINES = 8 NUMBER OF BUSES

=
Case Data

Bus Records

Load Load
Bus No Area PU Volt Volt (kV) Ang(Deg) MW Mvar Gen MW Gen Mvar
1 1 1 345 0 0 0
2 1 1 345 0 163 0
3 1 1 345 0 85 0
4 1 1 345 0
5 1 1 345 0 90 30
6 1 1 345 0
7 1 1 345 0 100 35
8 1 1 345 0
9 1 1 345 0 125 50

Line Records

Lt A LtB Lt C
From To Xfrmr R X C MVA MVA MVA
1 4 No 0 0.0576 0 250 250 250
8 2 No 0 0.0625 0 250 250 250
3 6 No 0 0.0586 0 300 300 300
4 5 No 0.017 0.092 0.158 250 250 250
9 4 No 0.01 0.085 0.176 250 250 250
5 6 No 0.039 0.17 0.358 150 150 150
6 7 No 0.0119 0.1008 0.209 150 150 150
7 8 No 0.0085 0.072 0.149 250 250 250
8 9 No 0.032 0.161 0.306 250 250 250

Generator Data

Max Cost
Number Gen MW Gen Mvar Min MW Max MW Min Mvar Mvar Model Part. Fact
1 0 0 10 250 -300 300 Cubic 10
2 163 0 10 300 -300 300 Cubic 10
3 85 0 10 270 -300 300 Cubic 10

Generator Cost Data

Gen Min Max
Number MW IOA IOB IOC IOD MW MW Cost $/Hr IC LossSens Lambda

1 0 150 5 0.11 0 10 250 150 5 0 5

 2 163 600 1.2 0.085 0 10 300 3053.97 28.91 0 28.91

3 85 335 1 0.1225 0 10 270 1305.06 21.83 0 21.83

Procedure :
 Create a new file in edit mode by selecting File - New File.
 Browse the components and build the bus sytem
 Execute the program in run mode by selecting tools-fault analysis
 Select the fault on which bus and calculate
 Tabulate the results.

Results

Fault current =

Fault current angle=

 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 07

Speed Control of DC Motor

Objective:

To control the speed of a DC motor through Applied Voltage Control.

Apparatus:

PC with MATLAB SIMULINK software having SimPowerSystems tool box.

Circuit Diagram:

Speed N (rpm)
Continuous <Speed wm (rad/s)>
TL m
powergui
S tep A+ dc A- <Electrical torque Te (n m)>
Scope
F+ F-

DC Machine

Controlled
+

Voltage DC Voltage Source

Source
s
-

1000 PID(s)
Constant Discrete
PID Controller1

Gain
-K-

Fig. 1 Simulation Circuit

Theory:

The equation governing the speed of a DC motor is given by

ωm = (Vt - Iara)/ KaΦ

Where, Ka = ZP/2πa, is constant and ωm=2πN/60

 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

Then N α (Vt - Iara)/ Φ

Where, ωm is speed in rad/s, N is speed in rpm,

Vt is terminal voltage, Ia is armature current,

ra is armature resistance, Φ is field flux /pole

Z is no. of armature conductors, P is no. of poles and

a is no. of parallel paths.

There are three methods of speed control for dc motor, they are Field flux control, Armature
rheostat control and Applied voltage control.

Out of above three methods, third method is discussed here.

Applied voltage control: Speed control is obtained by adjusting voltage applied to the
armature. A controllable voltage source can be used to control the armature voltage from 0 to
rated value. This method is used to obtain the speeds below its base speed only.

Procedure:

1. Open new model file in MATLAB.

2. Construct the circuit as shown in Fig. 1, which is a closed loop speed control of DC
motor using Applied voltage control.
3. Constant block is used to set the reference speed (say 1000 rpm).
4. Give load torque in the form of a STEP input with step time 2s, initial value 0 and
final value 20 ( ~ rated torque).
5. In DC motor, select preset model 2.
6. Set DC voltage source of 150 V given to the field winding.
7. Set gain value k in the feedback loop to be 60/(2π) to convert speed in rad/s to rpm.
8. Simulate the circuit for 5s. Then click ‘tune’ button in PID controller to tune the gains
of the controller. Observe block response (gray colour) and tuned response (blue
colour). You can decrease the response time by dragging the bar below. Then check
mark automatically update block parametes and press ok.
9. Simulate the circuit once again with tuned values of the PID parameters.
10. Observe the speed and torque waveforms in the scope.
11. You can vary the speed and check the response. The speed of the DC motor follows
the set speed.

Expected graphs:
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

1500

1250

1000
SpeedN(rpm)

750

500

250

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Time (s)

200

150
Electrical TorqueTe(Nm)

100

50
20
0

-50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Time (s)

Result:

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA AND TWO

AREA POWER SYSTEM
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

COURSE OBJECTIVE: Students would be able to apply various simulation softwares to

find load frequency control.

AIM: To find dynamic response of the given single area load frequency control problem
theoretically and to plot and verify the results in SIMULINK

PROBLEM:
The parameters for load frequency control of a single area are:

An integral controller with gain K i=0.09 is now used to reduce steady state error. What is the
dynamic response of the system with and without the controller? Obtain the dynamic
response of the system with and without the PI controller by developing a SIMULINK model
and verify the responses.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Matlab--> Simulink FileNewModel.
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components.
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram.
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency.
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB.
6. Plot the waveforms.

SIMULINK MODEL WITHOUT & WITH PI CONTROLLER:

 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

WORK SHEET:

EXPECTED OUTPUT:
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

RESULT:
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

SIMULATION OF A TWO AREA LOAD FREQUENCY

CONTROL COURSE OBJECTIVE:
AIM: To find dynamic response of the given two - area load frequency control problem
theoretically and to plot and verify the results in SIMULINK

PROBLEM:

The parameters for load frequency control of a two area are:

Develop a SIMULINK model for two area load frequency control with PI controller
and obtain the frequency deviations in both areas and tie-line power deviations for a
load change of 1pu in Area-2

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Matlab--> Simulink FileNewModel.
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components.
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram.
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency.
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB.
6. Plot the waveforms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

EXPECTED OUTPUT:
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF THERMAL UNITS

OBJECTIVE: To find economic load dispatch problems in power systems.

AIM: To develop a program for solving economic dispatch problem without transmission
losses for a given load condition using direct method and Lambda-iteration method.
THEORY:
A modern power system is invariably fed from a number of power plants. Research and
development has led to efficient power plant equipment. A generating unit added to the
system today is likely to be more efficient than the one added some time back. With a very
large number of generating units at hand, it is the job of the operating engineers to allocate
the loads between the units such that the operating costs are the minimum. The optimal load
allocation is by considering a system with any number of units. The loads should be so
allocated among the different units that every unit operates at the same incremental cost.

Real Power without Transmission Losses:

%% Economic load dispatch of Real power
% NOT considering transmission losses
clc;
D=load1;
d=data1;
b=d(:,3);
c=d(:,4);
Pl=d(:,5);
Ph=d(:,6);
dP=D;
x=max(b); % assume lambda
while abs(dP)>0.00001
P=(x-b)./c/2;
P=min(P,Ph);
P=max(P,Pl);
dP=D-sum(P);
x=x+dP*2/(sum(1./c));
end
C=d(:,2)+b.*P+c.*P.*P; % Costs
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

totalCost=sum(C);
display(totalCost);
table(d(:,1),P,C,'V',{'Unit''Power''Cost'})

Data file:
function [d] = data1
% n a b c min max
d=[1 225 8.4 0.0025 45 350;
2 729 6.3 0.0081 45 350;
3 400 7.5 0.0025 47.5 450;];
end
load data:
function [d] = load1
d=900; end% Set total load here

Real Power with Transmission Losses:

%% Economic load dispatch of Real power

%considering transmission losses

clc; D=load1; dP=D; B=Bdat1; dB=diag(B);

DA=array2table(data1,'V',{'Unit''a''b''c''Pl''Ph'});
x=max(DA.b);P=(x-DA.b)./DA.c/2;
while abs(dP)>0.00001
P=(x-DA.b-2*(B*P-dB.*P))./(2*DA.c+2*x*dB);
P=min(P,DA.Ph); P=max(P,DA.Pl);
dP=D+P'*B*P-sum(P);
x=x+dP*2/(sum(1./DA.c));
end
C=DA.a+DA.b.*P+DA.c.*P.*P;
totalCost=sum(C); display(totalCost);
Loss=P'*B*P; display(Loss);
table(DA.Unit,P,C,'V',{'Unit''Power''Cost'})
%% Economic load dispatch of Real power
% D is total Load
% dP is change during iterations
% B is loss coefficients matrix
% dB is loss vector
% DA is data of units a Table
% x is lambda,
% P is Real Power vector of all units
% C is cost of production individual units
% totalCost for all units
% Loss in transmission
% Pl Ph are min and max Constraints
Data file:
function [d] = data1
 Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual

% n a b c min max
d=[11 320 6.2 0.004 50 250 ;
22 200 6.0 0.003 50 350 ;];
end

load data:

function [d] = load1

d=412.35; end% Set total load here#

Bdata file:

function [d] = Bdat1

d=[0.000125 0 ; % Only transmission losses considered
0 0.0000625;]; end% Constant and internal losses neglected

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by economic dispatch?

2. What is Lambda iteration method?

3. What is penalty factor?

4. What is Load Dispatch Centre?

5. What is incremental fuel cost?

Electrical Systems Simulation Laboratory Manual