DCC3113 – HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC

ENGINEERING

TOPIC 2 : PAVEMENT MATERIALS

RECOMMANDAD TIME ALLOCATION :

1. 6 HOUR LECTURE
2. 2 HOUR TUTORIAL
ROAD = SOIL + AGGREGATES + BINDERS + REINFORCEMENT STEEL
(BITUMENS/CEMENTS) (FOR RIGID PAVEMENT)

SOIL

Definition
•From an engineering stand-point the term soil refers to all the
unconsolidated mineral material lying above the bed rock with which
and upon which highways and other structures are constructed

•It may contain air, water, organic matter and other substances
which may be dispersed throughout the minerals particles
AGGREGATE

•Aggregate form a major portion of pavement structure and they

form the prime materials used in pavement construction.

•There are two type of aggregate :

1.Coarse Aggregate
Granular material that is passing the 28 mm sieve and retain at
2.38 mm sieve
Generally Size greater than 5mm – 10,20 and 40 mm

2.Fine Aggregate
Granular material that is passing the 2.38 mm and retain at o.o78
mm
Generally Size less than 5 mm
Desirable Properties Of Road Aggregate

Strength
The aggregate to be used in road construction should be sufficiently
strong to with stand the load by the traffic

Hardness
The aggregates used in the surface course are subjected to constant
grubbing or abrasion due to traffic moving

Toughness
Aggregate in the pavement are also subjected to impact due to
moving wheel load, so the resistance to impact is important property

Durability
Aggregate should resist disintegration due to the action of weather
Desirable Properties Of Road Aggregate

Shape of Aggregate
The aggregate must have the required shape, usually aggregate will
evaluated based on its flakiness, elongation and size.

Adhesion with Bitumen

The aggregate capable to coated by bitumen

•Type Of Aggregate
•Naturally occurring aggregate :
a.Crush Rock Aggregate
b.Gravels
c.Sand.
•Artificial Aggregate
a.Blast Furnace Slag
a. Crush Rock Aggregate
Crushed rock aggregate is produced from different types of rocks.
Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic are the three major
classifications of these rocks.

b. Gravels
Gravel may consist entirely of one type of hard rock such as Flint or
Quartzite or may have a wider variety of rocks of different types and
hardness

c. Sand
Natural sands consist largely of the final residue of resistant
mineral grains resulting from rock weathering and have often
been through many cycles of deposition and weathering
d. Slag

Slag obtained as a by-product from blast furnaces is extensively

used as road aggregate.
Filler
•Granular material that is passing the 0.078 mm sieve
•Filler is used to fill the spaces between aggregates in a mix to
ensure
a dense lay is obtain
•Material that always been use is Ordinary Portland Cement and
Quarry dust
Binders

Bitumen @ Asphalt

A black or dark brown solid or viscous material, composed

principally of molecular hydrocarbons, having adhesive properties,
derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery processes and
substantially soluble in carbon disulphide

Sources of Bitumen

Natural Asphalt
occur naturally, are usually found in combination with a fairly high
percentage of clay or fine sand which they pick up as they travel up
through the cracks. Natural asphalts are sometimes called native
asphalts
Natural Asphalt
Natural Asphalt
Sources of Bitumen

Rock Asphalt

Deposits of lime-stone or sand-stone are sometimes found

impregnated with bituminous materials

Petroleum Asphalt
Most widely used asphaltic or bituminous materials are those
which are derived by the petroleum distillation process
Rock Asphalt
LAKE OF ASPHALT, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
DISTILLATION PROCESS
 • Bitumen gred penusukan
• Terhasil daripada penyulingan petroleum
• Nama diperolehi daripada ujian penusukan
(penetration test)
• Nilai tusukan rendah- bitumen keras
• Bersifat separa pepejal & berkeadaan pekat
• Perlu dipanaskan sebelum digunakan

EXAMPLE OF PENETRATION GRADE BITUMEN

 1. PENETRATION
GRADE BITUMEN @
CEMENT ASPHALT

TYPE OF 2. CUT BACK

BITUMEN
BITUMEN

3. EMULSION
BITUMEN
Penetration Grade Bitumen @ Cement Asphalt
• Obtained directly by the distillation process of petroleum
• At room temperature , penetration grade bitumen is in form of
semi solid
• The grade of the bitumen is determined based on penetration test
• The grade is between 40 – 300 pen
• For the use in Malaysia, the grade that specify by P.W.D is 80-100
pen
• Penetration grade bitumen is used to provide pre mix for the road
surface
 CUTBACK BITUMEN @ CUTBACK ASPHALT

Produced from the mix between penetration grade bitumen and

volatile solvent (pelarut meruap)
The usage of the volatile solvent is to increase the fluidity of the
bitumen binder
 The grade of cutback bitumen is determined by the Viscosity Test
and governed by the proportion of the solvent used .
(dikawal oleh pelarut yang digunakan)
The grade are :
1. Rapid Curing - RC
2. Medium Curing - MC
3. Slow Curing- SC
This classification is based on the rate of curing or hardening after
the application.
C.B is used in maintenance work, ex: pothole patching, surface
dressing and coating work
The disadvantage of CB : the usage of solvent drive to polution
• Oleh kerana bitumen gred penetrasi perlu dipanaskan – kurang
praktikal
• Wujudnya inovasi baru- bitumen cut backs
• Ia adalah campuran :

bitumen gred penetrasi + pelarut cecair = bitumen cut backs

• Pelarut digunakan menggantikan proses pemanasan

• Sewaktu proses menyiram bitumen cut backs pada batu baur –
pelarut akan tersejat- bitumen sahaja yang akan mengikat batu
baur
• Antara pelarut yang digunakan :
a) kerosin
b) gasolin
c) naftalin
 EMULSION BITUMEN @ EMULSION ASPHALT

Produced from the mix between penetration grade bitumen, water

and emulsion agents
The bitumen molecule is floated stabile among the water molecule
with the aid by the emulsion agents.
When the emulsion bitumen is applied on the road , it breaks
down and the bitumen starting to bind the aggregate and the
water will be evaporated to air.
 There are three type of emulsion bitumen :
1. Slow Setting - RS
2. Medium Setting - MS
3. Rapid Setting- RS
E.B is used in maintenance work such as pothole patching and
coating work.
The disadvantage of E.B is the water evaporation require some
time
 TAR

Tar is viscous liquid obtained when natural organic materials such

as wood and coal are destructively distilled in the absence air.
Tar are graded based on the viscosity.
There are five grades of tar , RT-1,RT-2,RT-3,RT-4 and RT-5

Comparison of Tar and Bitumen

1. Bitumen is petroleum product while tar is produced by the
destructive distillation of coal or wood.
2. The chemical content between bitumen and tar are different
3. Tar is easier to penetrate into aggregate coarse than bitumen
4. Tar is easier to damaged due to the temperature increases
5. Tar is easier to ductile due to the high carbon contain
6. Tar is not soluble in others petroleum distillation product, such
as petrol, kerosene and diesel.
CONCRETE
 Obtained from the mix between aggregate , cement and water at the
different proportion
 The grade that always used for road construction is G30 and
sometime G40 when needed
REINFORCEMENT STEEL
High Yield Steel of Long Mesh Fabric (BRC)
-Used to reduce crack in concrete pavement that caused by
tension stress
Tie Bar
- A reinforcement steel @ bar sized 12mm diameter , 750mm
length fixed 600 mm centre to centre for horizontal joints
Dowel Bar
- A reinforcement steel @ bar sized 12mm diameter , 600mm
length fixed 300 mm centre to centre for vertical joints
 TESTING WORK ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Aggregate Impact Value Test

A test that used to determine the Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) a
important properties for a Aggregate for resisting the impact load.

Polished Stone Value Test

 Aggregate Crushing Value Test

A test that used to determine the Aggregate Crushing Value that
provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under
compressive load.

Flakiness Index Test

This test is used to ensure the aggregate that used in road
construction are flaky enough and meet the specification.
 TESTING WORK ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Elongation Index Test

This test is used to ensure the aggregate that used in road
construction have the desirable elongation size that required by
the Standards .

 Penetration Test
This test is used determine the penetration value for a bituminous
material.

 Softening Point Test

A test that used to determine the temperature of a bituminous
material started to soften when it was heated or known as
softening point.
 TESTING WORK ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Viscosity Test
A test that used to determine the consistency of a bituminous
material (properties that simply describe by resistance to flow)

Flash and Fire Point Test

A test that used to determine the lowest temperature a bituminous
material will takes fire in form of flash and the lowest temperature
when a bituminous material burns after heated.

 Ductility Test
This test is conducted to determine the adhesive property of
bitumen and its ability to stretch. In a pavement, the bitumen will
form a thin film around the aggregate to improve the interlocking
properties among the aggregate, the binder material which do not
posses a sufficient ductility would crack under repeated load.
 TESTING WORK ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Floatation Test
Conducted to determine the consistency and stiffness of a
bituminous material.

Soundness test
Conducted to study the resistance of aggregates to weathering
action.
 Asphalt Mix Design
Job Mix Formula
1. The contractor need to propose a Job Mix Formula for
each type of mix required in the construction.
2. In order to obtain optimum quality of the mixes, the Job
Mix Formula for each type of mix shall be prepared on
the basis of testing several laboratory design mix
aggregate gradation limits set in the table 2.1 at an
appropriate range of bitumen content as given in the
table 2.2
3. Each combination of laboratory design mix aggregate
gradation and bitumen content shall be subjected to the
Marshall test procedure and volumetric analysis.
Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mix

•Purpose - to determine the volume of aggregate and

bitumen
required to produce a mixture with desired properties (refer
spec)
•VTM (Voids in total mix) = [VV/VT]x100
-The volume of air voids between aggregates, expressed in
percentage.
•VMA (Voids in mineral aggregate) =[(VV+VEAC)/VT]x100
-Total volume of the voids spaces(air + effective asphalt
binder) between aggregates, expressed in percentage
•VFB (Voids filled with bitumen) = [VEAC/(VEAC+VV)]x100
-The percent of the volume of VMA that is filled with asphalt
Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mix
 Asphalt Mix Design
Marshall method is used in designing asphalt mix (Marshall
Mix Design-ASTM D-1559)

Objective of mix design –

1. to determine the ratio of mixing aggregate at different

sizes and optimum bitumen content in order to ensure
the durability, stability, enough voids, flexibility,
workability, economy and quality of the mixture.
2. To determine aggregate gradation and optimum bitumen
content(OBC) >>>comply with specification (gradation
limits and design bitumen content) – refer notes
Characteristic of mix design –

i. Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement

ii. Sufficient stability under traffic loads
iii. Sufficient air voids
– Upper limit to prevent excessive environmental damage
– Lower limit to allow room for initial densification due to
traffic
iv. Sufficient workability
 Lab Mix - Procedure
1. Aggregate and bitumen selection- physical properties
2. Grading Selection
3. Aggregate proportion
4. Determination of specific gravity of blended aggregate –
SGagg blend
5. Determination of mixing and compaction temperatures
6. Sample compaction at different bitumen content
7. Determination of specific gravity of the compacted sample
8. Stability and flow tests (Marshall)
9. Marshall Characteristics – form
10. Determination of optimum bitumen content – graph
Lab Mix – Marshall Form
 Lab Mix – OBC Determination
2.370 1400

2.360 1300
Density (g/cu.cm)

Stability (kg)
1200
2.350
1100
2.340
1000
2.330
900

2.320 800
4.0 4.5 5.0 5 .5 6.0 6.5 7.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
a
Bit. Con ten t (%) b
Bit. C ont en t (%)

85.0
8.0
80.0
7.0
75.0
6.0

VFB (%)
VTM (%)

70.0
5.0
65.0
4.0
60.0
3.0
55.0
2.0
5. 0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
4.0 4.5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
cBit. Content (%) d
Bit . Content (%)
 Lab Mix – OBC Determination
6.00 400

5.50 350

Stiffness (kg/mm)
5.00
Flow (mm)

300
4.50
250
4.00
200
3.50
150
3.00
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 100
Bit. Content (%) 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Bit. Content (%)

OBC =(a + b + c + d)/4 = e

Check parameters @ OBC
 Lab Mix – Value @ OBC
2.370 1400

1300
2.360
Density (g/cu.cm)

Stability (kg)
1200
2.350
1100
2.340 1000

2.330 900

800
2.320
5.5
4.0 4.5 e
5.0 it. 5.5 6.0
Content (%)
6.5 7.0
4.0 4.5 5.0

e
Bi t. Content (%)
6.0 6.5 7.0

85.0
8.0
80.0
7.0
75.0
6.0

VFB (%)
VTM (%)

70.0
5.0
65.0
4.0
60.0
3.0
55.0
2.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
4.0 4.5 5.0
e
5. 5 6.0 6.5 7.0 e
Bit. Content (%)
Bit. Con tent (%)
 Lab Mix – Value @ OBC
6.00 400

5.50 350

Stiffness (kg/mm)
5.00
Flow (mm)

300
4.50
250
4.00
200
3.50
150
3.00
4.0 4.5 5.0 5 .5 6.0 6.5 7.0 100
e
Bit. Con tent (%) 4.0 4.5 5.0
e
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Bit. Content (%)

Compare parameters with specification

Pass? >> OBC = e
Fail? >> redesign
 Paving Works 16 - Specification
Premix specification JKR/SPJ/1988 (latest version
JKR/SPJ/2005..check it out!)
Parameter Wearing course Binder course

Stability (S) > 500 kg > 450 kg

Flow (F) > 2.0 mm > 2.0 mm

Stiffness (S/F) > 250 kg/mm > 225 kg/mm

Void (VTM) 3.0 – 5.0 % 3.0 – 7.0 %

Void fill with 75 – 85 % 65 – 80 %
bitumen (VFB)