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16. Draw the waveforms of AM signal and SSB - SC signal. (Nov/Dec– 2009)
17. In an amplitude modulation system, the carrier frequency is fc = 100 kHz. If the
maximum frequency of the signal is 5 kHz, determine the lower and upper side
bands and the bandwidth of AM signal. (Nov. / Dec –2010)
Given:
Carrier Frequency fc= 100 kHz
Modulating signal frequency fm = 5 kHz
19. List out the applications of SSB − SC AM. (Nov /Dec – 2007)
Applications of SSB − SC AM are,
i. SSB telegraph system
Noise immunity is better than AM and Noise immunity is better than AM but
ii. Since amplitude of FM is constant, the noise interference is minimum in FM. Any
noise superimposing on modulated carrier can be removed with the help of
amplitude limiter.
iii. The depth of modulation has limitation in AM. But in FM, the depth of
modulation can be increased to any value.
iv. Since guard bands are provided in FM, there is less possibility of adjacent channel
interference.
v. Since space waves are used for FM, the radius of propagation is limited to line of
sight (LOS).Hence it is possible to operate several independent transmitters on
same frequency with minimum interference.
m = Em / Ec
26. Draw the block diagram representation for converting PM wave to FM wave and
FM wave to PM wave?
Message
Signal Integrator Phase Modulator FM
Carrier
Signal
Message
Signal Differentiator Frequency Modulator PM
Carrier
Signal
Baseband
Source Channel decoder or
Destination
Prepared by A.Devasena., sociate Professor / ECE Page 9
decoder decoder demodulator
As
3. What is linear modulation?
In linear modulation technique the amplitude of the transmitted signal varies linearly with the
modulating digital signal. It does not have a constant envelope. It is bandwidth efficient.
i. For same bit error rate, the bandwidth required by QPSK is reduced to half as
compared to BPSK
ii. Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission rate of QPSK is
higher
7. What is QPSK?
The quadrature phase shift keying is a 4-ary PSK signal. Two successive bits in the data
sequence are grouped together.
1 symbol = 2 bits
This reduces bit rate and bandwidth of the channel.
Coherent QPSK = 2 x coherent BPSK system
The phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced values such as π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4 and
7π/4.
8. Define – QPSK
QPSK is defined as the multilevel modulation in which four phase shifts are used for
representing four different symbols.
2E s
S QPSK (t) cos 2f ct (i 1) 0 t i= 1,2,3,4
Ts 2
Ts
9. What is QAM?
At high bit rates, a combination of ASK and PSK is employed in order to minimize the errors in
the received data. QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is a modulation scheme which
conveys data by modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves. These two waves (a cosine and
a sine) are out of phase with each other by 90° and thus called Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation.
ii. In MSK the output waveform is continuous in phase hence, there is no abrupt
changes in amplitude. It is spectrally efficient modulation scheme
The encoder accepts a k-bit message The encoder accepts the message bits
block and generates a n-bit code word. serially rather than in larger blocks and
Thus, code words are produced on a generates n-bit code word. The resultant bits
block-by-block basis. are generated using modulo-2 additions.
11. What is Viterbi algorithm?
Viterbi decoding scheme performs maximum likelihood decoding and it reduces the
computational load by taking advantage in code trellis. Decoding is done with algorithm.
Metric: Metric is the discrepancy between the received and the decoding signal at
particular node.
Survivor path: Survivor path is the path of the decoded signal with minimum metric.
12. Define – Bandwidth Efficiency [A/M – 10]
Prefix coding is a variable length coding algorithm in which the binary digits are
The channel described by a channel matrix with only one nonzero element in each
column is called lossless channel. In the lossless channel no sources information is lost in
transmission.
A channel described by a channel matrix with only one nonzero element in each
row is called a deterministic channel and this element must be unity.
The source in which the alphabet transmitted does not depend upon previous
alphabets is called memory less source.
The transition probability diagram of the channel is called the channel diagram and its
matrix representation is called the channel matrix.
i. Telephone services
ii. Bearer or Data services
iii. Supplementary services
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