Salma - Dynamic (Dr. Ramana 1)

Seismic Analysis and Associated Permanent Deformations
of
Salma Dam, Afghanistan
Mr. J. Ravi Sankar
Mr. Ch. Pavan Chakravarthy
Dr. G. V. Ramana
Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Required Parameters:
Design Ground Motions
Maximum Shear Modulus

-- Clay core
-- Rockfill
Modulus Reduction and Damping Curves

-- Clay core
-- Rockfill
Design Ground Motions
Design seismic parameters for Salma Project, Afghanistan

Technical Report No: 4287, December 2005, CWPRS, Pune
Maximum Credible Earthquake
Magnitude – 6.1
Closest distance to fault rupture – 8.2 km
Acceleration time histories for the horizontal and vertical components

for the above scenario are shown in the next few slides.
Design Basis Earthquake
Half of the MCE level are adopted

0.4
0.3
0.2
Acceleration [g]
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]
30
Velocity [cm/sec]
20
10
0
-10
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]
400
Displacement [cm]
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]
Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement Time Histories

(Horizontal Component) (uncorrected)
Ground Motion Parameters
for
uncorrected acceleration history
Maximum Acceleration: 0.4336 g at time t = 5.54 sec

Maximum Velocity: 39.3 cm/sec at time t = 10.96 sec
Maximum Displacement: 453.9 cm at time t = 33.14 sec
Acceleration RMS: 0.089 g
Predominant Period (Tp): 0.32 sec
Mean Period (Tm): 0.367 sec
0.4
0.3
0.2
Acceleration [g]
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
20 Time [sec]
Velocity [cm/sec]
10
-10
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
10
Time [sec]
Displacement [cm]
-5
-10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]

(Horizontal Component – used as input motion)
(baseline corrected)
for
baseline corrected acceleration history
Maximum Acceleration: 0.4351 g at time t =5.54 sec

0.3
0.2
Acceleration [g]
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]
10
Velocity [cm/sec]
-5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
20 Time [sec]
Displacement [cm]
10
-10
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]

(Vertical Component) (uncorrected)
for
uncorrected acceleration history

0.3
0.2
Acceleration [g]
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
10 Time [sec]
Velocity [cm/sec]
-5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
3 Time [sec]
Displacement [cm]
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time [sec]

(Vertical Component – used as input motion)
(baseline corrected)
for
baseline corrected acceleration history

Material Properties
Materials of the Dam
Clay used in the core has a plasticity index of around 10
Rockfill used in the shell has a unit weight of γsat of 22.4 kN/m3 and
angle of shearing resistance of 420
Maximum Shear Modulus is a function of Mean Effective Stress
Rockfill Material
′
Gmax = 1000 K max σ m
Where Gmax = Maximum Shear Modulus
K max = Varies from 80 to 250
σ m ′ = Mean Effective Stress
Due to absence of data at very small strains from testing conducted at CSMRS
as well as IIT Delhi, three values of Kmax have been adopted in the analysis
Kmax = 100, 150 and 250

Clay Core
(2.97 − e) 2 ′
Gmax = 3230 (OCR)η σ m
1+ e
Where Gmax = Maximum Shear Modulus
e = Void Ratio (0.4 from WAPCOS Report)
OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio
η = Constant Depends on Plasticity
σ m ′ = Mean Effective Stress
Mean Effective Stresses were calculated
by conducting
static analysis of the dam section
Finite Element Representation of the Dam Section
No. of Elements used to represent the dam section :1955

Types of Elements Used in Modeling
Element Type Integration Points

8 – noded quadrilateral 9
6 – noded triangle 3
8-noded quadrilateral element 6- noded triangular element

Mean Effective Stress Distribution Under Static Condition
Based on the results of the mean effective stresses under static conditions
Rockfill material as well as clay core is divided into three zones each
Material Zones Used in the Dynamic Analysis

Gmax values for Shell Material
Zone Gmax (MPa) Gmax (MPa) Gmax (MPa)

K=100 K = 150 K = 250
Zone 1 409 614 1023
Zone 2 579 868 1447
Zone 3 709 1063 1772

Gmax values for Clay Core
Zone Gmax
(MPa)
Zone 4 273
Zone 5 386
Zone 6 472
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
G/G_max
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Rockfill (Gazetas (1992))

Soil PI=10 (Vucetic and Dobry (1991))
0.1
0.0
0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000
Shear Strain (%)
Modulus Reduction Curves Used in the Analysis

35
30
Ro ckfill (Gazetas(1992))
So il P I = 10 (Vucetic and Do bry (1991))

25
Damping Ratio (%)
20
15
10
0
0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.000
Shear Strain (%)
Damping Ratio Curves Used in the Analysis

The next three diagrams show the computed acceleration
time histories on the top of the crest of the dam for
Design Basis Earthquake used as input seismic motion and
for three ranges of shear modulus values of rockfill material
8
7
6
5
4
Acceleration (m/sec2)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (sec)
Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

The next three diagrams show the computed acceleration
time histories on the top of the crest of the dam for
Maximum Credible Earthquake used as input seismic motion and
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (sec)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (sec)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (sec)

The next three diagrams show the distribution of
peak acceleration along the central axis of the dam for
Design Basis Earthquake used as input seismic motion and
Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

peak shear strain along the central axis of the dam for
Design Basis Earthquake used as input seismic motion
and for three ranges of shear modulus values of
of rockfill material
110
100
90
80
70
He ig h t (m )
60 shell
50 core
40
30
20
10
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
Maximum Shear Strain

110
100
90
H e ig h t (m ) 80
70
60 Core
50 Shell
40
30
20
10
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015

110
100
90
80
H e ig h t (m )
70
60 Core
50 Shell
40
30
20
10
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020

peak acceleration along the central axis of the dam for
Maximum Credible Earthquake used as input seismic motion
and for three ranges of shear modulus values of rockfill material
Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

peak shear strain along the central axis of the dam for
Maximum Credible Earthquake used as input seismic motion
and for three ranges of shear modulus values of rockfill material
110
100
90
80
H e ig h t (m ) 70
60 Core
50 Shell
40
30
20
10
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030

110
100
90
80
70
He ig h t (m )
60 Core
50 Shell
40
30
20
10
0
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
Max. Shear Strain

Seismically Induced Permanent Deformations
110
100
Static
90
Dynamic
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean effective stress (kPa)
Increase in Mean Effective Stress with Depth

along the Central Axis of the Dam due to seismic loading
110
100
St at ic
90 Dynamic
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Maxim um Shear Stresses (kPa)
Increase in Maximum Shear Stress with Depth

along the Central Axis of the Dam due to seismic loading
Base Normal Stress
Base Normal Stress

(b)
Slice No. Slice No.
Variation of Base Normal Stresses with Slice no.

(a) FEM Versus (b) Limit Equilibrium
(a) (b)
Shear Strength Shear mobilized
Variation of Shear Resistance with Slice no.

(a) FEM Versus (b) Limit Equilibrium
Stability Factor (Factor of Safety)
Slice Number
Variation of Stability Factor with Slice in FEM

The following diagrams show the sliding mass,
variation of factor of safety of sliding mass during
shaking and the resulting permanent deformations of
the sliding mass at the end of shaking.
1.657
Sliding Mass for Design Basis Earthquake

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)
Variation of Factor of Safety during the Shaking

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)
Permanent Deformation at the end of Shaking

1.724

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)

1.796

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)
Permanent Deformations at the end of Shaking

1.698
Sliding Mass for Maximum Credible Earthquake

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)
Permanent Deformation at the end of the Shaking

1.817

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)

1.817

Factor of Safety
Time (sec)
Variation of Factor of Safety during Shaking

Deformation (m)
Time (sec)
Permanent Deformations at the end of Shaking

Summary of Seismically Induced Deformations
Permanent Deformations under DBE Conditions
Kmax value Variation of FOS Permanent

deformation (m)
100 0.9 to 5 0.32
150 0.8 to 5 0.34
250 0.7 to 5 0.42
Permanent Deformations under MCE Conditions

Kmax value Variation of FOS Permanent
deformation (m)
100 0.75 to 5 0.37
150 0.6 to 5 0.61
250 0.5 to 5 0.86

Conclusions:
The permanent deformations under Design Basis Earthquake condition

are less than 0.5 m for the three ranges of shear modulus
of rockfill considered
The permanent deformations under Maximum Credible Earthquake

condition are less than 0.9 m for the three ranges of shear modulus
of rockfill considered
The permanent deformations are less than 1% of the height of the dam,
which is internationally accepted practice for design of rockfill dams.
The permanent deformation during shaking is likely to occur in the

top 1/3 of the dam. Hence greater care should be exercised
in placing the rockfill in those portions
Factor of Safety
Time (sec)
(K-50)
Variation of FS during the Shaking for Lower Values of K
Time (sec)
Acceleration history on the clay core and shell material at the same horizontal plane

Salma - Dynamic (Dr. Ramana 1)

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Seismic Analysis and Associated Permanent Deformations

Department of Civil Engineering

Design Ground Motions

Maximum Shear Modulus

Modulus Reduction and Damping Curves

Design seismic parameters for Salma Project, Afghanistan

Acceleration time histories for the horizontal and vertical components

Design Basis Earthquake

Half of the MCE level are adopted

Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement Time Histories

Maximum Acceleration: 0.4336 g at time t = 5.54 sec

Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement Time Histories

Maximum Acceleration: 0.4351 g at time t =5.54 sec

Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement Time Histories

Maximum Acceleration: 0.3011 g at time t = 5.6 sec

Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement Time Histories

Maximum Acceleration: 0.3012 g at time t = 5.6 sec

Clay used in the core has a plasticity index of around 10

Kmax = 100, 150 and 250

No. of Elements used to represent the dam section :1955

Element Type Integration Points

8-noded quadrilateral element 6- noded triangular element

Material Zones Used in the Dynamic Analysis

Zone Gmax (MPa) Gmax (MPa) Gmax (MPa)

Zone 1 409 614 1023

Zone 2 579 868 1447

Zone 3 709 1063 1772

0.2 Rockfill (Gazetas (1992))

Modulus Reduction Curves Used in the Analysis

So il P I = 10 (Vucetic and Do bry (1991))

Shear Strain (%)

Damping Ratio Curves Used in the Analysis

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =150

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =250

Increase in Mean Effective Stress with Depth

Maxim um Shear Stresses (kPa)

Increase in Maximum Shear Stress with Depth

Base Normal Stress

Slice No. Slice No.

Variation of Base Normal Stresses with Slice no.

Shear Strength Shear mobilized

Variation of Shear Resistance with Slice no.

Variation of Stability Factor with Slice in FEM

Sliding Mass for Design Basis Earthquake

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Variation of Factor of Safety during the Shaking

Shear modulus of rockfill corresponding to K =100

Permanent Deformation at the end of Shaking