Take - Off Phases:

ACCELERATING GROUND
During the ground run, the airplane starts from rest and accelerates to
the take-off speed. The flaps and engine(s) are adjusted for their take-
off settings in the case of an airplane with tricycle type of landing gear.
All three wheels remain in contact with the ground till a speed of about
85% of the VTO is reached.

Rotation
The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed. The term
rotation is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main
landing gear while still on the ground, usually because of manipulation
of the flight controls to make this change in aircraft attitude

Lift - Off
The nose is raised to a normal 5o − 15o nose up pitch attitude to increase
lift from the wings and effect lift off phase the airplane moves along a
curved path and the pilot tries to attain a steady climb.

Climb - Off
Following take-off, the aircraft has to climb to a certain altitude before it
can cruise at this altitude in a safe and economic way. A climb is carried
out by increasing the lift of wings supporting the aircraft until their
lifting force exceeds the weight of the aircraft. Once this occurs, the
aircraft will climb to a higher altitude until the lifting force and weight
are again in balance.
 MIL – C5011A FAR part 23 FAR Part 25
Item
(Military) (Civil) (Commercial)

𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 ≥ 1.1 𝑉𝑆

Speeds
𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.2 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.1 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐶𝐿 ≥ 1.2 𝑉𝑆
Gear Up: Gear Up: Gear Down: ½ % @ VLOF
Climb 500 fpm @ S.L. (AEO) 300 fpm @ S.L. Gear Up: 3 % @ VCL
100 fpm @ S.L. (OEI) (AEO) (OEI)

Field 115% of take-off

Take-off distance Take-off distance distance with AEO over
Length
over 50 ft over 50 ft 35 ft or balanced field
Definition length

Note: AEO – all engines operating

OEI – one engine inoperative
Item Standard Sea
Symbols Values Remarks
No. Level Conditions
① 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑔. 𝛿𝑓 0 Given
② 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑓𝑡.2 S 149.93 Given
③ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛, 𝑓𝑡. 𝑏 37.67 Given
④ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐴 9.46 Given
Taken from
⑤ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋 1.76
Activity No. 3
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 − 𝑂𝑓𝑓
⑥ 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝐿 (𝐿𝑜𝑓) 1.22 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 = 1.2 𝑉𝑆
𝐶𝐿 = 2
(𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 /𝑉𝑆 )
𝐶𝐿 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑢𝑛
⑦ 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 0.76931 √𝜋𝐴𝑒𝐶𝐷𝑜
(𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝑖𝑟)
𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸)
𝐶𝐿 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑢𝑛 𝐶𝐿𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸)
⑦A 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 0.81113 = 𝐶𝐿(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
(𝐼𝐺𝐸) 𝐶𝐿𝛼(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
− 𝐶𝐿𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸) ∆𝛼𝑜
𝐶𝐷 = +𝐶𝐿 2(OGE)
⑧ 𝐶𝐷 during Taxi CD 0.04490 Clean Airplane w/
LG
Coefficient of
⑨ 𝜇 0.03 Assumed
Friction
⑩ 9 𝑥 7𝐴 𝜇𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 0.02433
Height of M.A.C.
⑪ ℎ 4.2461
Above Ground, 𝑓𝑡.
ℎ
⑫ ℎ/𝑏 0.11272
𝑏
Ground Effect 1 − 1.32 ℎ/𝑏
⑬ σ' 0.45178
Factor 1.05 + 7.4 ℎ/𝑏
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
⑭ ∆𝐶𝐷𝑖 = −σ′ ∆𝐶𝐷𝑖 -0.01310
𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝐶𝐷 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
⑮ = 𝐶𝐷+ ∆𝐶𝐷𝑖 𝐶𝐷𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 0.03180
⑧+⑭
⑯ ⑮−⑩ 𝐶𝐷𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 0.00747
Item Standard Sea
Symbols Values Remarks
No. Level Conditions
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
Taken from
⑰ 2𝑊 15 𝑉𝑆 63.63
√ 𝑥 , 𝑚𝑝ℎ Activity No. 9.1
𝜌𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆 22
⑱ Lift – Off Speed, 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 76.356 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 = 1.1𝑉𝑠
Dynamic Pressure at 1
⑲ 𝑞̅𝐿𝑜𝑓 14.9056 𝑞̅𝐿𝑜𝑓 = 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 2
Lift – Off, 𝑝𝑠𝑓 2
Dynamic Pressure at 1 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 2
⑳ 𝑞̅ 7.4528 𝑞̅ = 𝜌 ( )
𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 ⁄√2 2 √2
375√2 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
Take-off Thrust at 𝑇=
㉑ 𝑇 392.0731 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓
𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 ⁄√2
𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 =
Net force for
acceleration
㉒ at 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 ⁄√2 , 𝑙𝑏𝑠. 𝐹𝑚 286.5272
𝐹𝑚 = (𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊) −
(𝐶𝐷𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇𝐶𝐿𝐼𝐺𝐸 )𝑞̅ 𝑆
𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓 2
㉓ 𝑆𝐺 = (2𝑔) ( ),ft 𝑆𝐺 1858.1726
𝐹𝑚
㉔ Rotation Distance, 𝑓𝑡. 𝑆𝑅 0 0
375 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
㉕ Thrust at Lift – Off, 𝑙𝑏𝑠. 𝑇 391.3740 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓
𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 =
㉖ CLTR /CLmax − 0.8 Assumed
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑅=
㉗ Transition Radius, ft 𝑅 2564.4872 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑅
𝑔 [( 𝑉 ) (𝐶 ) − 1]
𝑆 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
Transition 𝐶𝐷 CDTR = 0.029 + 0.049𝐶𝐿 2
㉘ 𝐶𝐷𝑇𝑅 0.12642 (CLEAN AIRPLANE w/
LG)
㉙ Drag in Transition 𝐷𝑇𝑅 282.5223 𝐷𝑇𝑅 = 𝐶𝐷𝑇𝑅 𝑞̅𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑆
𝑇−𝐷 ㉕−㉙
㉚ , 0.03985
𝑊 𝑊
Item Standard Sea Symbol
Values Remarks
No. Level Conditions s
𝑇−𝐷
㉛ Climb Angle, 𝑑𝑒𝑔. 𝜃𝐶𝐿 2.28284 𝜃𝐶𝐿 = sin−1 | |
𝑊 𝑎𝑡 𝑉=𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓

㉜ Transition Distance, 𝑓𝑡. 𝑆𝑇𝑅 102.1500 𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃𝐶𝐿

𝑆𝑇𝑅
㉝ ℎ𝑇𝑅 , 𝑓𝑡. ℎ𝑇𝑅 2.0353 ℎ𝑇𝑅 = (1 − cos 𝜃𝐶𝐿 )
sin 𝜃𝐶𝐿
50 𝑓𝑡 − ℎ𝑇𝑅
㉞ Climb Distance, 𝑓𝑡. 𝑆𝐶𝐿 1203.2033 𝑆𝐶𝐿 =
tan 𝜃𝐶𝐿
Total Take – Off
㉟ 𝑆𝑇/𝑜 3163.5259 𝑆𝑇/𝑂 = 𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅 + 𝑆𝐶𝐿
Distance, 𝑓𝑡.
Computation for total take-off distance
Lift Coefficient in Ground Effect
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬)
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) − 𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) ∆𝜶𝒐
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬)

Where:
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = Lift coefficient in the appropriate configuration out of
ground effect

𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = √𝜋𝐴𝑒𝐶𝐷 𝑜

1
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = √( ) (0.029)
0.049

𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏
-

For 𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬)

2𝜋𝐴
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √𝐴2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ⩘𝐶/2 ) + 4
Where:
A = 9.46
⩘𝑪/𝟐 = 2.58º

2𝜋(9.46)
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √(9.46)2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (2.58°)) +4

𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) =
𝒓𝒂𝒅
 𝐴 2ℎ
= 𝑓( )
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏

Where:

𝟐𝒉 2 (4.2461)𝑓𝑡
=
𝒃 37.67𝑓𝑡

𝟐𝒉
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟒
𝒃
 𝟐𝒉 𝑨
= 0.22544, = 0.52256
𝒃 𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇

Therefore,

𝐴
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
0.52256

9.46
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
0.52256

𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐

For 𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬)

2𝜋𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
2 + √𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ⩘𝐶/2 ) + 4

2𝜋(18.1032)
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √(18.1032)2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (2.58°)) + 4

𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟖
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) =
𝒓𝒂𝒅

Taper Ratio, λ
𝒄𝒕
𝛌=
𝒄𝒓

Where:
𝒄𝒕 = Tip Chord = 3.13ft
𝒄𝒓 = Root Chord = 4.83ft

3.13ft
λ=
4.83ft

λ = 0.65

Mean Aerodynamic Chord, 𝒄̅ (Taken From Activity 2)

𝒄̅ = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝒇𝒕
For ∆⍺𝒐

𝑡 3.5655 0.1177
∆⍺𝑜 = [ − ] , 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
𝑐 (ℎ) ℎ 2
𝑐 (𝑐 )

3.5655 0.1177 𝜋
∆⍺𝒐 = (0.12) − 2 𝑥 , 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
4.2461𝑓𝑡 4.2461𝑓𝑡 180°
( ) ( )
[ 4.04𝑓𝑡 4.04𝑓𝑡 ]

∆⍺𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅.

Therefore,

𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸)
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝐶𝐿 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) − 𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸) ∆𝛼𝑜
𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝑂𝐺𝐸)

5.62218
( ) 5.62218
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = (0.76931) 𝑟𝑎𝑑 − ( ) (0.00688 𝑟𝑎𝑑. )
5.0896047 𝑟𝑎𝑑
( )
𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑
Drag Coefficient in Ground Effect

𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝐶𝐷 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) + ∆𝐶𝐷 𝑖

Where:

𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.029 + 0.049 𝐶𝐿 2

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −σ′ , 𝑒 = 0.6867
𝜋𝐴𝑒

𝑪𝑳 = 𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.76931

For 𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬)
𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.029 + 0.049 𝐶𝐿 2

𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.029 + 0.049 (0.76931)2

𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎
For ∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −σ′ , 𝑒 = 0.6867
𝜋𝐴𝑒

ℎ
1 − 1.32 ( )
′
𝝈 = 𝑏
ℎ
1.05 + 7.4 ( )
𝑏

4.2461𝑓𝑡
1 − 1.32 ( )
37.67𝑓𝑡
𝝈′ =
4.2461𝑓𝑡
1.05 + 7.4 ( )
37.67𝑓𝑡

𝝈′ = 0.45178

(0.76931)2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −(0.45178)
𝜋(9.46)(0.6867)

∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟎

Therefore,
𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝐶𝐷 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) + ∆𝐶𝐷 𝑖

𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 0.05800 + (−0.01310)

𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 0.04490
Stall Speed, 𝑽𝑺

𝑊 2 1
𝑽𝑺 = √( ) ( ) ( )
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋

2731.73𝑙𝑏 2 1
𝑽𝑺 = √( 2
)( 3
)( )
149.93𝑓𝑡 0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 1.76

93.3294𝑓𝑡 15
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑥
𝑠 22
𝑽𝑺 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒑𝒉

Lift-off Speed, 𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭

𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 1.2 𝑉𝑆

𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭 = (1.2)(63.63 𝑚𝑝ℎ)

𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒑𝒉

Dynamic Pressure at Lift-off, 𝒒

̅𝑳𝑶𝑭
1
𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 = 𝜌𝑉 2
2 𝐿𝑂𝐹

1 3
22 2
𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 = (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
2 15
̅𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒇
𝒒
 𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭
Dynamic Pressure at ̅
,𝒒
√𝟐

1 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
̅=
𝒒 𝜌( )
2 √2

1 3
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 22 2
̅ = (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (
𝒒 𝑥 )
2 √2 15

̅𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒇
𝒒

Thrust at Lift-off (at V L OF √2)

375√2𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

375√2(56.45 ℎ𝑝)
𝑇=
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ

𝑻 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟏 𝒍𝒃
 APPROXIMATE METHOD I FOR 𝑺𝑮 ,

Static Force, 𝑭𝑺
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 0

𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊

𝑭𝑺 = 392.0731 𝑙𝑏 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏)

𝑭𝑺 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒍𝒃

Lift-off Force, 𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 𝒂𝒕 𝑽 = 𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭

𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − (𝐷 − 𝜇𝐿) − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

1
𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − (𝐶𝐷(𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼) − 𝜇𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸) ) 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2 𝑠
2

1
𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 392.0731 𝑙𝑏 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏) − [0.04490 − (0.03)(0.81113)] ∗
2
22 2
(0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 3 ) (76.356 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
15

𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝒍𝒃

Net Force for Acceleration, 𝑭𝒎

𝑭𝒎 = 𝑘𝐹𝑆
Where:
𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹
1− 𝐹
𝑆
𝒌=
𝐹𝑆
ln
𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹

264.1603 𝑙𝑏
1− ( )
𝒌= 310.1212 𝑙𝑏
310.1212 𝑙𝑏
ln ( )
264.1603 𝑙𝑏

𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐

Therefore,
𝑭𝒎 = 𝑘𝐹𝑆

𝑭𝒎 = (0.92392)(310.1212 𝑙𝑏)

𝐅𝐦 = 286.5272 lb
Ground Distance, 𝑺𝑮

𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑺𝑮 = ( )( )
2𝑔 𝐹𝑚
22 2
2731.73 (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑺𝑮 = [ ] [ 15 ]
(2)(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) 286.5272 𝑙𝑏

𝑺𝑮 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝒇𝒕

Thrust at Lift-off
375 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹
375 (79.69 ℎ𝑝)
𝑇=
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ

𝑻 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃
APPROXIMATE METHOD II FOR 𝑺𝑮

Static Force, 𝑭𝑺
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 0

𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊

𝑭𝑺 = 391.3740 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏)

𝑭𝑺 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝒃

Lift-off Force, 𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭

𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − (𝐶𝐷(𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼) − 𝜇𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸) )𝑞̅𝑠 − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹

1
𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 391.3740 𝑙𝑏 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏) − [0.04490 − (0.03)(0.81113)] ∗
2
22 2
(0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 3 ) (76.356 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
15

𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟐 𝒍𝒃

Net Force for Acceleration, 𝑭𝒎
(𝐹𝑆 + 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹 )
𝑭𝒎 =
2

(309.4221 𝑙𝑏 + 263.4612 𝑙𝑏)

𝑭𝒎 =
2

𝑭𝒎 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝒍𝒃

Ground Distance, 𝑺𝑮

𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑺𝑮 = ( ) ( )
𝑔 (𝐹𝑆 + 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹 )

22 2
2731.73 𝑙𝑏 (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑺𝑮 = [ ] [ 15 ]
(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) (309.4221 𝑙𝑏 + 263.4612 𝑙𝑏)

𝑺𝑮 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒕
For transition radius, R
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑹=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2 𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝑅
𝑔 [( 𝑉 ) (𝐶 ) − 1]
𝑆 𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋

Where:
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋

𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 0.8 ∗ 176
= = 0.8
𝑪𝑳 𝑴𝑨𝑿 1.76

22 2
(76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑹= 15
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 2
(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) [( ) (0.8) − 1]
63.63 𝑚𝑝ℎ

𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒕

Transition 𝑪𝑫 , 𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹

𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 0.029 + 0.049 𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝑅 2
(𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒)

Where:
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 (1.76)

𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 1.41
 𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 0.029 + 0.049(1.41)2

𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟐

Drag in Transition, 𝑫𝑻𝑹

1
𝑫𝑻𝑹 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑇𝑅 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2 𝑠
2

1 2
22 2
𝑫𝑻𝑹 = (0.12642) (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
2 15

𝑫𝑻𝑹 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝒍𝒃

Where:
Str = 102.1500 𝑓𝑡
Scl = 1203.2033 ft
R = 2564.4872 ft
Anglecl= 2.28284 deg.
Hr = 50 ft
hTr = 2.0353 ft
Item No. 30
𝐓 − 𝑫𝑻𝑹 391.3740 𝑙𝑏 − 282.5223 𝑙𝑏
=
𝐖 2731.73 𝑙𝑏

T − 𝐷𝑇𝑅
= 0.03985
W

Climb Angle, θ C L
𝑇 − 𝐷𝑇𝑅
𝜽𝑪𝑳 = sin−1 | |
𝑊 𝑎𝑡 𝑉=𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓

𝜽𝑪𝑳 = sin−1 |0.03985|

𝜽𝑪𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟒

Transition Distance in ft, S TR

𝑺𝑻𝑹 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃𝐶𝐿

𝑺𝑻𝑹 = 2564.4872 sin 2.28284

𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 102.1500 𝑓𝑡
 h T R in ft
𝑆𝑇𝑅
𝒉𝑻𝑹 = (1 − cos 𝜃𝐶𝐿 )
sin 𝜃𝐶𝐿

102.1500
𝒉𝑻𝑹 = (1 − cos 2.28284)
sin 2.28284

𝒉𝑻𝑹 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒇𝒕

Climb Distance in ft, S CL

50 𝑓𝑡 − ℎ𝑇𝑅
𝑺𝑪𝑳 =
tan 𝜃𝐶𝐿

50 𝑓𝑡 − 2.0353 𝑓𝑡
𝑺𝑪𝑳 =
tan 2.28284
.
𝑺𝑪𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕
Total Take – Off Distance, ft
Approximate Method I for SG

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = 𝑆𝐺 + 𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅 + 𝑆𝐶𝐿

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = ( 1858.1726 + 0 + 102.1500 + 1203.2033 )𝑓𝑡

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟗𝒇𝒕

Approximate Method II for SG

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = 𝑆𝐺2 + 𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅 + 𝑆𝐶𝐿

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = ( 1858.7275 + 0 + 102.1500 + 1203.2033 )𝑓𝑡

𝑺𝑻/𝑶 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝒇𝒕

Approximate Method I for SG

Where:
Sg = 1858.1726 ft
STR = 102.1500 ft
SCL = 1203.2033 ft.
St/o = 3163.5259 ft.
R = 2564.4872 ft
ΘCL = 2.28284 deg.
hr = 50 ft.
Approximate Method II for SG

Where:
Sg = 1858.7275 ft
STR = 102.1500 ft
SCL = 1203.2033 ft.
St/o = 3164.0808 ft.
R = 2564.4872 ft
ΘCL = 2.28284 deg.
hr = 50 ft.