Infant Care Practices Among Teenage Mother

A Thesis Presented to

The Faculty of the Senior High School of Tupsan National High School

Tupsan, Mambajao, Camiguin

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Course Research Project /

Culmination

By:

Raine Tadle

Abegael Recto

Elvie Caangay

Marime Vicente

Kimberly Lagare

May-ann aboc

March 2019
 TUPSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

APPROVAL SHEET
The THESIS entitled, “INFANT CARE PRACTICES AMONG TEENAGE MOTHER”
prepared and submitted by RAINE V. TADLE, ABEGAEL S. RECTO, MAY ANN T.
ABOC, MARIME T. VICENTE, KIMBERLY M. LAGARE AND ELVIE C. CAANGAY
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

RESEARCH PROJECT / CULMINATION

Has been examined and is recommended for accepted and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.

BERNADETTE D. DOMOLOAN
Adviser

APPROVED by the THESIS EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

VERGELIO W. OYAN
Chairman

MARY JUCEL B. CASTOLO BERNADETTE D. DOMOLOAN

Member Member

Final Oral Examination Date: March 18, 2019 Rating: 90%

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
RESEARCH PROJECT / CULMINA.TION.

DORIS J. YU
School Head
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is here that we wish to express our sincere appreciation to all of those

who helped and supported us during the time that this study was conducted.

Therefore, I ask the following people to accept this acknowledgement of

appreciation a thank-you for all that you did.

Parents & Family, to our precious parents from whom the researchers

drew strength and inspiration. Our parents who have always supported and

encouraged us to follow our dreams. For supporting us financially. Thank-you

very much.

Bernadette D. Domoloan,Practical Research Teacher. Our research

advisor who always offered support, encouragement, and flexibility in the

development of this paper the one who made this research possible by her

invaluable knowledge, wisdom, immeasurable patience, support and also for

providing us this opportunity to experience this kind of task.

Respondents, for their cooperation and hospitality. Classmates, for their

support and motivation.

Doris J.Yu, Principal-Designate of Tupsan National High School for

allowing us to conduct the study.

Julius L. Bocboc Barangay Captain of Magting, Alfred Tam-isan

Barangay Captain of Benhaan, and Yñigo J. Romualdo for allowing us to

conduct the pre-test, post-test and final conduct of the questionnaire of our

study to test its reliability. Friends and other people, who are not mentioned but

contributed of this study, to you wonderful people, Thank you.

-The researchers
 DEDICATION

The researchers lovingly dedicate this work to:

His/her loving parents, for their love, understanding and undying support to

their friends and family also to Mrs. Bernadette D. Domoloan:

For their care & support, motivation, patience and kindness;

Without them the researchers would not have been overcome the challenges

and

Inspired.

Raine Tadle

Abegael Recto

Elvie Caangay

Marime Vicente

Kimberly Lagare

May-ann aboc
 ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate teenage mothers’ infant care

practices in taking care and nurturing the infant in a healthy safe manner.
The study was a qualitative-quantitative approach using the questionnaire
as the main data gathering tool, which undergone expert’s validity and
pretest and posttest to ensure validity and reliability respectively. Based on
the findings of the study, majority of respondents’ family income is 37% of
them earned 5, 000, the results show that most (60%) of the respondents
belonged to 17-19 years old.According to the study teenage pregnancy
appears to be particularly stressful as the result of feelings of isolation and
rejection of the child’s father, the family and the community at large coupled
with low income. These young women are also more likely to have mental
health problems, such as depression anxiety. Pregnant teensare less likely
to receive adequate prenatal care they are more likely to smoke during
pregnancy have inadequate nutrition ad give low birth weight, and pre-term
Infants. Thus, the consequences of teen pregnancy are not isolated to
mothers, their children are also greatly affected this is why supports and
services for pregnant and parenting teens are crucial. In addition, Teenage
mother should be provided with education that is suitable for their mental
and physical developmental characteristics. The community can also help
teenage mothers to create a supportive context for learning includes
organizations, community cultures and policies.

Keywords: Practices, Teenage Mother, Infant care

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

Chapter

1 PROBLEM AND ITS SCORE

Introduction 1

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 3

Statement of the Problem 5

Assumption of the Study 6

Scope and Delimitation of the study 7

Significance of the study 7

Definition of terms 8

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 13

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14

Research Design

Research Setting

Research Respondents and Sampling Procedure 15

Research Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedure 16

Categorization of Variables 17

Statistical Treatment 19

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 21

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 22

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation 31

REFERENCES 44

APPENDICES Commented [U1]: Include questionnaire, letters

A. Letter of request to conduct the study 46

B. Questionnaire 47

CURRICULUM VITAE 49 Commented [U2]: PAGE

 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

A Distribution of Respondent’s Profile 50

B Likert Scale

1 Distribution in terms of Monthly Family Income 52

2 Distribution in terms of Respondent’s Age 54

3 Extent of infant care practices used by teenage mother 57

in Mambajao
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title PAGE

1 Schematic diagram showing the relationship between the

Independent and Dependent Variables of the study 4

2 Map of Camiguin/Location Map 15

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Infant care refers to the social welfare service concerning support

for nursery facilities and home fostering, taking care of and nurturing from

0-5 years old infants in a healthy safe manner.

March dimes (2013) said that during pregnancy their babies are

more likely to experience pre mature birth, low birth weight, and

malnutrition. The common issue in our society the reason of that is lack of

nutritious food the mother intake and the chemical that intake to the mother

during pregnancy such as cigarette and medicine intake without the

permission of the doctor, Lack of breastfeeding also in that case baby will

put into harm complication such as birth defects, poor nose blowing

skills,irritation,common cold virus, anatomy and injuries that may put infant

in the greater risks of suffering and disability or death because lack of

parental guidance, study and discipline.

In the short term, lack of sustained and sufficient sources of income

reduces access to recommended nutritious food and drugs needed during

the pregnancy/delivery phase.in the long term this results in reduced

decision making power regarding earing practices for the child.

As a caregiving student we can help them to improve their

knowledge on how to take good care of infant, to avoid the common issue

among infant care practices and to provide information supporting the need

for a multispectral response to provide more efficient and appropriate

support to teenage mother.

THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Good caring practices are key to ensuring the growth and

development of a child. The Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS)

collaboration with United nation information children education fund

(UNICEF) and other parents have developed the infant and young child

feeding practices guidelines to support mothers in providing children with

the right nutritious food despite the efforts, sierra Leone’s rates of early

initiation and exclusive breastfeeding remain quite low, with 54% of

newborns breastfeed within 1 hour and only 32% of children are

exclusively breastfeed until 6 months (SLDHS 2013).

According to Rural Health Unit (RHU) officer of the municipality of

Mambajao, the biggest population of teenage mother is barangay

Poblacion,Mambajao, Camiguin.

This study reveals similar figures with 64% ( 95% CL 50% to 70%)

of mothers reporting having breastfeed within 1 hour after delivery giving

water or breast milk substitutes (mixed feeding) is common however is

not advised as it can increase the risk of diarrhea or other infections the

majority of mothers reported that they provided their child asked for

additional food than breast milk and that, in some cases, they believe

that, due to their nutritional status, their milk was not sufficiently nutritious

to respond the child’s needs.(Grummer strawn Lm,1996)

According to the study teenage pregnancy appears to be

particularly stressful as result of feelings of isolation and rejection of the

child’s father, the family and the community at large coupled with low
income. Due to rejection and challenges at home, over half of teenage

mothers reported experiencing a change in living circumstances between

pregnancy and after giving birth

In addition, this study confirms a correlation between teenage

pregnancy and dropout rates from schools with 89%(95%Cl 76%-100%)

of participants throughout the pregnancy and the delivery although many

of adolescents reported that health workers treated them badly because

they were young which is a concerning finding. The type of support

mothers refers to was the possibility of asking questions on pregnancy

and delivery receiving some help during the last months of pregnancy

and having someone accompanying them at birth. (hauck Fr,

Signore,2005)
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABES

Infant Care Practices

1. Extent of infant care among Teenage Mothers.
practices used by teenage

mother in Mambajao.

MODERATOR VARIABLES

1. Monthly family income

2. Age

Figure1: Schematic diagram of the study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the profile of the respondents in the terms of the following

characteristic?

1.1 Monthly family income

1.2 Age

2. What is the extent of infant care practices used by teenage mother in

Poblacion, Mambajao, Camiguin?

ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

1. The teenage mothers in Poblacion, Mambajao, Camiguin

moderately practiced infant care.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study focused on the infant care practices among teenage

mothers of Poblacion, Mambajao, Camiguin. It will delimit its focus on age

and family of income of the respondents, the teenage mother. This was

conducted on the school year 2018-2019, with 30 respondents.

Respondents who declined to be a part of the study was not included

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are viewed to benefit from this study.

Teenage Mothers. Teenage Mother will gather knowledge of their

infant care practices.

Infant. Infant will be beneficial to this study since they are the direct

recipients of the study.

Researchers. Will investigate on infant care practices among

teenage mother to get some information or idea will be working on their

actual jobs someday or when they will become mothers in the future. Data

of the study will be useful to future researchers who will conduct a parallel

study.

Rural Health Unit (RHU). The result of the Study will provide them

baseline information in formulating programs about infant care practices.

Barangay Council. The result of the study will keep them formulate

programs for infant care practices.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Infant – a very young child aged 0-5

Infant care- refers to social welfare services concerning social support for

nurse ring facilities among fostering, taking care of and nurturing from 0-5

years old infants in a healthy safe manner.

Monthly Family Income- total compensation receive by all family members

age 15 older living in the same household compensation may include

wages, social security, child support pensions on capital gains and

dividends

Practices - to do regularly or constantly as an ordinary part of your

life.

Teenage Mother- is a define as a teenage girl, usually within ages

of 13-19 becoming pregnant

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies

taken from foreign and local materials. The review provided background

knowledge and theoretical support system that help in the solution of

problems in the study.

Teenage Mother

According to world health organization {2006}, a teenage mother is

a young woman who becomes a mother at less than 19 years of age.

However, term in everyday usually refers to a young woman who becomes

a mother at less that of 20 years of age, that is, before reaching adulthood

which is, generally regarded as 20 years of age {UNICEF,2008}.

Every year, are approximately 750,000 teen pregnancies and

400,000 teen births in the United States. Nearly in 3 to 10 girls get pregnant

at least once before age 20; higher rates are reported among youth of color.

Subsequent births among teenage 15 to 19 represent 18.7% of teen births.

This rate is down from 19% in 2008, 19.3% in 2007, and 19.6% in 2006.1

this provides information to grantees serving pregnant or parenting teens

to better support this youth

 By and large, teen parents want to do what is right for their children.

Because they are teens, parents, in often low income, they need strong

support networks in a comprehensive array resources to help them parent

effectively while working toward becoming self-sufficient adults.

Unfortunately, the specialized service needs of pregnant and parenting

teens are often overlooked in family and youth policies and practices. A

recent study found that slightly more than one-half of young mothers

received a high school diploma by the age of 22, compared with 89% of

women who had not had a child during their teen years. In a nationwide

survey of dropout youth, close to the one-half of all female dropouts and

one-third of male dropouts said that becoming a parent played a role in

their decisions to leave school. These young women are also more likely

to have mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Pregnant

teens are less likely to receive adequate prenatal care; they are more likely

to smoke during pregnancy, be unmarried, have inadequate nutrition, and

give birth to low birth weight and pre-term infants. Thus, the consequences

of teen pregnancy are not isolated to mothers; their children are also greatly

affected this is why supports and services for pregnant and parenting teens

are so crucial.

NEGATIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS

Pregnancy and childbirth during the teenage years were found to

increase the risk of poor health and wellbeing for both the mother and the

baby(paranjothy et al..2017; Haiek&

Lederman,dystocia,Hayes,1987;Hediger,scholl,belsky,ances,&

Salmon,1989), Hypertension, anemia dystocia, operative delivery,

cephalophevicdisproportion,intra urine growth retardation and neo natal

mortality (Cunnington,2001;Grady&panpuing,1999;nyirati et al..,

1999).Further details of adverse birth outcomes in teenage mothers were

well described by chen et al..(2007) who carried out a retrospective cohort

study of 3,886,364 pregnant women in the united states aged less than 25

with a live singleton birt95 and 2000.This study found that all cohort

members faced increased risks of pre-term delivery, low birth weight and

neonatal mortality. Infants born to teenage mothers aged 17 or younger

were at greater risk of having a low Apgar score at 5 minutes. Teenage

mother aged below 20 were found more likely to be African American,

Unmarried, to have smoked during pregnancy, to have had inadequate

parental care and have gained less weight during pregnancy, Research

suggested that the immaturity of the uterine or cervical blood supply in

teenage pregnancy could increase the risk of subclinical infection and

prostaglandin production and lead to an increased risk of pre-term delivery.

Teenage mothers who themselves continued to grow during pregnancy

could complete the developing fetus for nutrients. This is supported by

studies showing that weight gain during pregnancy might be more critical

for teenage mothers than for older mothers (Halek&Lederman, 1989;

Hediger et al..1989) Teenage mothers have also been found to be at

greater risk of psychological problems compared to non-parenting

teenagers and older mothers (Brikeland et el. 2005;Liao,2003;

plyasil,1998; Schweingruber& Kalil,2000).Depression was found to be

common amongst teenage mothers (Birkeland et el,,2005;Liao,2003;

Sadler et al,, 2007).Birkeland et el.(2005) found that one third of their

participants had clinical levels of depressive symptoms. This was similar to

the rate found by Sadler et el., (2007) who also found that life stress events,

particularly homelessness, could lead to poor psychological well-being.

The findings from Birkeland indicated that social isolation, weight/shape

disturbance, and maternal self-efficacy were associated with depression in

the teenage mothers. Birkeland also conducted that the first year

postpartum was a challenging period for teenage mothers and many of

them confronted this difficult time with limited psychological and social

resources. There was a similar finding Liao(2003)who conducted a

longitudinal study by using data from the birth Household Panel

Survey(BHPS) 1991-2000.Teenage mothers in the study were found to

have a significantly lower level of mental health than other mothers or

teenagers who were not mothers. This was found to be part because most

teenage pregnancies were unplanned. Liao’s findings suggested that

teenage mothers have ‘elevated medium term depression ‘That is

depression occurring within three years of giving birth(Yardley,2008). To

understand the factors that might lead to depressive symptoms in teenage

mothers, Turner, Sorenson and Turner(2000) conducted a 7 year

longitudinal study of more than 250 teenage mothers in Ontario,Canada.

They found that exposure to social stress and life trauma such as

experiencing a major illness or accident, long term parental unemployment,

or even major difficulty in school could cause the depressive symptoms.

Those who reported having experienced their mother as not ‘warm’

exhibited significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms more than

7years after giving birth. It appeared that the respondent’s relationship with

her mother or father that was recalled as being emotionally cold was

associated with greater mental health risk than was the absence of the

parent. Low social support was also found to contribute significantly to poor

mental health of young mothers (liao,2003;Sadier et al,2007) However,

many researchers (Cunnington,2001;1987;Paranjothy et al,, 2009)Believe

that the poor health of teenage mothers could possibly relate to their

previous circumstances and socio economic circumstances , rather than

their young age per seethe’s is discussed later in this chapter.

Infant Care

The term of infant care refers to the social welfare service

concerning support for nursery facilities and home fostering, taking care of

and nurturing from 0-5 years old infants in a healthy safe manner, while

providing them with education that is suitable for their mental and physical

developmental characteristics.

Infant Care Practices

It refers to the care provided for infants and toddlers, preschoolers,

and school-aged children, either in their own homes, in the home of a

relative or other caregiver, or in a center-based facility.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, the

respondents of the study, research instruments, data gathering procedure,

categorization of variables, and statistical treatment data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research design is quantitative-qualitative approach. It is also

descriptive in the manner that it investigates the teenage respondents

profile as to monthly family income and age of infant care practices.

RESEARCH SETTING

This study was conducted in Poblacion,Mambajao,Camiguin to 30

Teenage MothersPoblacion is a barangay in the municipality of

Mambajao, in the province of Camiguin.It’s population as determined by

2015 census was 10,623. This represented the 27.42% of the total of

Mambajao
Figure2. Location Map of the Study
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The instrument of gathering the data was the researcher-made

questionnaire covering the responses of the respondents. The

questionnaire for the respondents consisted of two parts: Part 1 was all

about the infant care practices among teenage mother in

Poblacion,Mambajao,Camiguin. Part 2 is about the challenges

encountered by the teenage mother in infant care. The questionnaire is

tested for validity and reliability by means of expert validity and pretest-

posttest method respectively.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers seek permission from the barangay captain or any

representative through a letter to conduct the study. After the approval of

the request, the researcher personally administered the questionnaire to

the respondents to ensure that necessary instruction will carry and

clarifications will be given. It then be administered during the free time of

the respondents to avoid disturbance.

CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES

The following categories were created to facilitate analysis and

interpretation of the gathered data:

MONTHLY FAMILY INCOME

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000 above

Age

13-14

15-16

17-19
To quantify the responses of the respondents, the researcher used the five-

point Likert scale with the assigned statistical limits and descriptive

equivalents.

Table B

Likert scale

Arbitrary Value Statistical limit Description Symbols

5 4.21-5.0 Very much VMP

practiced

4 3.41-4.20 Much MP

Practiced

3 2.61-3.40 Moderately MOP

practiced

2 1.81-2.60 Less LP

practiced

1 1.00-1.80 Not NP

practiced

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The analysis and interpretation of the gathered data of the study was aided

by the following statistics tools.

1. Descriptive Statistics. The Frequency and percentage distribution

was used in the presentation of data according to the identified

variables of the study. Frequency count was administered to the

 profile of the respondents as well as the number of responses in

each item of the questionnaire. It’s corresponding percentage

distribution was also employed to show the relative frequency of the

profile of the respondents. To find the central tendency of the

respondent’s responses, mean was used and the standard deviation

was utilized as the measure of dispersion of responses.

2. Inferential Statistics. The analysis and interpretation of the

gathered data of the study was aided by the statistical tool, ANNOVA

and T-test. The formula of these statistics was not reflected here

since the researchers made use of the statistical package for social

sciences (SPSS). The spearman rank correlation coefficient was

used to determine the correlation. It was aided by the following

arbitrary value and indication.

Computed rho Indication

0.60-1.00 High correlation (reliable)

0.40-0.59 Moderate correlation(Not reliable)

0.01-0.39 Low correlation (not reliable)

 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analysis, and interprets the data

collected from the survey. The data are presented in a tabular form,

analyzed and interpreted in the same order as the questions were raised

under the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1.

Problem 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of age,

and monthly family income as background information?

To answer the question raised as Problem 1, the

researcher included in the questionnaire the profile of respondents

in terms of age bracket and monthly family income. Frequency

count was used to determine the number. Percentage expresses the

relative frequency of the respondent’s profile.

 Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents as to their Monthly family income

Family Monthly Frequency Percentage

Income
3,000 3 10%
4,000 3 10%
5,000 11 37%
6,000 3 10%
7,000 4 13%
8,000 3 10%
9,000 1 3%
10,000 2 7%
Total 30 100%

Table 1 shows the respondents profile of the Infant Care Practices Among
Teenage Mother as to monthly family income. As indicated in the table, 3
(10%) said that their family monthly income earned 3,000; 3 (10%) have an
earning 4,000; 11 (37%) have an income of 5,000; 3 (10%) have an income
of 6,000; 4 (13%) have an income of 7,000, 3 (10%) have an income of
8,000; 1 (3%) have an income of 9,000; 2 (7%) have an income of 10,000.

Based on the data gathered, majority of family monthly income is

5,000 (37%) and below. This suggests that the teenage belong to a poor
family.

Monthly family income an early first birth is associated with

reduced schooling, which is, in turn, associated low earnings, and lower
income, then an early first birth is indirectly associated with lower family
income later on. The total direct implacable is called the total effect of age
at first birth. Moreover, pathways which a variable considered as age at first
birth are called infant. By and large, teen parents want to do what is right
for their children. Because they are teens, parents, in often low income they
need strong support networks in a comprehensive array resources to help
them parent effectively while working toward becoming self-sufficient
adults. (Yardley,2008)

Table 2.

Distribution of Respondent’s Age

Age Frequency Percentage

Bracket
13-14 5 17%
15-16 7 23%
17-19 18 60%
Total 30 100%

Table 1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of age

bracket of the respondents.13-14 years old, 15-16 years old, 16-19 years
old. Out of 30 respondents 5 (17%) of them were 13-14 years old, 7
(23%) of them where 15-16 years old, 18 (60%) of them were 17-19
years’ old. This result suggests that teenage pregnancy is a problem.

Clearly, the results show that most (60%) of the respondents

belonged to 17-19 years old. One in ten young Filipino women age 15-19
has begun childbearing: 8 percent are already mothers and another 2
percent are pregnant with their first child according to the results of the
2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Approximately
16 million girls aged 15-19 years give and 2.5 million girls under 16 years
give birth each year in developing regions. Complications during
pregnancy and child birth are the leading cause of 15-19 years old girls
globally every year, some 3.9 million girls aged 15-19 years undergo
unsafe abortion adolescent mothers (ages 10-19 years) face higher risks
of eclampsia, puerperal end metritis and systemic infection.(UNEF,2008)

Table 3

The extent of infant care practices used by teenage mother

Indicators Weighted Standard Descriptive

mean deviation value
A. BATHING Much

4.15 4.3 Practiced

1.Checking the 4.5 0.78 Very Much

infants body Practiced
temperature before
bathing
2.Using mild soap 4.2 6.37 Much
when bathing the Practiced
baby
3.Bathing the infant 3.8 3.44 Less
daily Practiced
4.Using baby 4.1 6.71 Much
shampoo when Practiced
bathing the infant
B. DRESSING 2.8 1.8 Moderately
Practiced
5.Changing the diaper 3.7 2.79 Moderately
every 4hrs Practiced
6.Dressing the infant 1.96 0.91 Not Practiced
in dirty layette
C.STERILIZING 2.8 1.8 Moderately
Practiced
7.Using unsafe water 1.8 0.84 Not Practiced
when mixing the milk
formula in feeding
8.Sterilizing feeding 3.83 2.85 Much
bottle before using Practiced
D.FEEDING 9.3 11.43 Much
Practiced
9.Breastfeeding per 3.86 4.15 Much
demand Practiced
10.Burping the infant 4.23 6.36 Very Much
after feeding practiced
11.Keeping the 3.63 2.77 Much
nipples of the feeding Practiced
bottle filled with milk
OTHER
Much
PRACTICES
3.5 3.4 Practiced

12.Securing infants 4.16 6.52 Very Much

Practiced
safety
13.Comforting and 4.03 6.90 Much
consoling infant when Practiced
crying
14.Introduce 3.83 2.85 Much
Practiced
appropriate toy for
age
15.Leaving the infant 1.66 0.77 Not Practiced
unattended
16.Follow 3.86 0.15 Much
immunization Practiced
schedule on correct
intervals
Total: 3.4 4.5 Moderately
Practiced

Table 4 depicts the infant practices among teenage mothers, it

shows that the teenage mothers moderately practiced infant care as

reflected by its total average of 3.4.

Bathing Practices got the highest area mean of 4.15 interpreted

as much practiced. It suggests that teenage mother are assisted by their

mothers in bathing the child.

The lowest mean went to dressing and sterilizing with area

mean of 2.8 interpreted or moderately Practiced. Interview and focus group

discussion revealed that some of the respondents did not use diapers due

to meager family. Some did not change diapers every 4 hours. Sterilizing
are the other hand is also moderately practiced since some of the teenage

mothers practiced breastfeeding.

 Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion to the study. It

contains a discussion of the findings of the study, including a comparison

between its findings and the research reported chapter 2 of the study. It

also contains some general conclusions regarding the results. The chapter

ends with recommendations regarding this study and for future studies.

The study is about the teenage mothers of the Poblacion,

Mambajao,Camiguin.The conclusions will be drawn based on the

researchers insights regarding the findings and limitations of the study, the

data extracted from the interviewees and the interpretations and

discussions of the data. There commendations will be presented on this

chapter and the first set of recommendations are directed and will be

benefited toward the Teenage mothers, Infant care, Rural Health Unit

(RHU), Barangay Council, Researchers and the Future researchers.

SUMMARY

The study was conducted to look into teenage mother’s profile and

infant care practices among teenage mothers in which the result would

serve as a basis for a proper care practices.1) What is the profile of the

respondents in terms of Monthly family income and age? 2)What is the

extent of infant care practices used by teenage mothers in Poblacion,

Mambajao, Camiguin
FINDINGS

1. On the respondent’s monthly family income, it was found out majority of

income they earned monthly is 5,000 and below with an average of (37%).

2.The study found out that the majority of the respondent’s age who early

got pregnant is 17-19 years old with a frequency of 18 and the percentage

is 60% followed by 15-16 years old (23%).

3. It was found out that the highest practices of infant care is bathing

practices with the weighted mean of 4.15, standard deviation of 4.3 and

with the descriptive value of much practiced and the lowest is in dressing

and sterilizing with the mean of 2.8 and with the descriptive value of

Moderately Practiced.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions

were drawn:

The study was is about teenage mothers and to establish infant

care practices in poblacion,mambajao,camiguin and began when

researchers observed thatthere is a rampant pregnancy which involves the

teenager at Mambajao,Camiguin not only increasing numbers women

getting pregnant at young age, but also about the proper infant care

practices of teenage mother as to age and monthly income of teenage

mother. The study shows that independent variable of the study is the
extent of infant care practices used by teenage mother in Poblacion

Mambajao Camiguin. And infant care practices among teenage mother, the

dependent variable

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Teenage refrain from being pregnant.

2. Feed the babies from the mother’s breast.
3. Strengthen the teen center to avoid teenage mother.
 REFERENCES

Internet Sources

Aysun Guzel (2017) Traditional practices adopted by mothers when caring for

their infant

ADDIN EN. CITE Kane 19996246 (kane & Satiger,(1996) 2462461

kane,Thomas J. Satiger,Douglas Teen motherhood and

abortionAccessTheQuarterly Journal economicsThe Quarterly Journal of

economics467-506111219960xford University

Brikeland et el.(2005),Liao,2003;Plyasil,(1998),Schweingruber and

Kalil(,2003) problems encountered of a teenage mother

(Brikeland et el.(2005)found that one third of their participants

(BHPS)1999-2000 lowel level of mental health

(Cunnington,(2001,1987),paranjothy et al..(2007) poor health of a teenage

mother and

circumstanes and socio-economic circumstances

Capik Capik (2014) The evaluation of the application used in the baby care by

the mothers
Chen et al (2007) who carried out a retrospective cohort study

Dee Di sharma AJ, cogswell me,Gummer-strawn lm,fein Scanlon Ks sources

of supplemental iron among breasfeed Infants during the first year of life

Fein SB, labiner-wolfe j, shearly kr,li,R, chen J,Grummer_straw

Lm,Infant feeding practices Study

Fein Jb, tabinei wolfe j, Scanlon Ks, Grummer Strawn Lm,Selected

complementary feeding practices and their association with maternal

education

Grummer strawn Lm,Scarlon Ks, fein B,.Infant feeding and feeding transition

during the first year of life

Grady & panpuing,(1999) nyirati et.. al..(1991) further details of adverse birth

outcomes in teenage mothers

Hauck Fr,Signore C,fein SB, Rajv TNKi..infant sleeping arrangements and

practices during the first year of life

http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1764/Infant%20care.pdf

http://www-healthofchildren.com/D/day-care.html.

http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/teenage-pregnancies-overview.pdf
http://www.babycenter.com/0-top-new born-problems and-how-to-solve-them-

10357996.bc

Https://psa.gov.ph/tags/teenage-pregnancy

Https://www,who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/

Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219229/

Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28128877/

Https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy

Http://www.iloorg/dyn/travail /docs/1764/infant%20care.pdf

(Halek&leaderman,(1998),hediger et.. al..(1989)Teenage mother have also

been found to be at greater risks

Liao(2003) who conducted a longitudinal study by using data from the birth

household panel survey

Liao,(2003);sadier et al..( 2007) poor mental health of young mothers

Shealy KR,Scanlon Ks,tabiner-wolfe J,Fein Sb,Grummer-strawn

Lm..,Characteristics of breastfeeding practices among us

Sarah Clarck,A mom in Washington, Dc (2009) The old adage

Turmer,Sorenson and turner(2000) ,,.Depressive symptoms in teenage

mothers

Tabiner-wolfe-J,fein,SB,shealy KR, Infant formula-handling education and

safety.
(UNEF,2008) a young women who becomes a mother at less than 19years of

age

Vicki Lansky,(1989) author of getting your sleep..and back to sleep(Book

Peddlers)

Word Health Organization(2006)

Yardley,(2008) ,.,Depression occurring within threeyears of giving birth.

Sadler et..al..(2007)life stress event,could lead to poor psychological well

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Raine V. Tadle

Age : 18

Date of birth : December 8,2000

Place of birth : Camiguin General Hospital

Address : Mapa, Tupsan Pequeño, Mahinog,

Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Raul S.Tadle

Mother : Minda V. Tadle

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National HighSchool (2015-2016)

Elementary : Mapa Elementary School (2012-2013)

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Abegael S. Recto

Age : 18

Date of birth : November 1, 2000

Place of birth : Camiguin General Hospital

Address : Magting, Mambajao, Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Benjamin Recto

Mother : Emma Recto

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National High School (2015-2016)

Elementary : Magting Elementary School (2012-2013)

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Elvie C.Caangay

Age : 18

Date of birth : December 8,2000

Place of birth : Camiguin General Hospital

Address : Mapa, Tupsan Pequeño, Mahinog,

Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Raul S. Tadle

Mother : Minda V. Tadle

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National High School (2015-2016)

Elementary : Mapa Elementary School (2012-2013)

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Marime T. Vicente

Age : 17

Date of birth : April 16,2001

Place of birth : Mapa

Address : Mapa, Tupsan Pequeño, Mahinog,

Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Melecio Jr.Vicente

Mother : Marife Vicente

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National High School (2015-2016)

Elementary : Mapa Elementary School (2012-2013)

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : May Ann Aboc

Age : 19

Date of birth : May 20, 1999

Place of birth : Benhaan

Address : Benhaan,Mambajao, Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Tito Aboc

Mother : Sosana Aboc

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National High School (2015-2016)

Elementary : Benhaan Elementary School (2012-2013)

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background

Name : Kimberly Lagare

Age : 18

Date of birth : April 08, 2001

Place of birth : Anito

Address : Anito, Mambajao, Camiguin

Course : Caregiving

Strand : TVL

Parents

Father : Rudy Lagare

Mother : Geneveb Lagare

Educational background

Senior High : Tupsan National High School (2018-2019)

Junior High : Tupsan National High School (2015-2016)

Elementary : Anito Elementary School (2012-2013)

Appendix A

Letter Request for Pre-test & Post-test

January 13, 2019

Mr. Julius L. Bocboc

Brgy.Captain

Magting,Mambajao,Camiguin

Dear Mr.Bocboc:

Good Day,

The undersigned are Grade 11 students of Tupsan National High

School who are currently enrolled in Practical Research 1. The title of our

study is “Infant Care Practices among Teenage Mother” In connection to this,

we would like to ask your permission to conduct the pre-test and post- test of

the questionnaire of our study to test its reliability. Data will be gathered from

the 30 Teenage Mother of your barangay. Attached herewith is a sample of

the questionnaire for your perusal. Comments and suggestions are most

welcome

We are hoping for your positive response to our request. Thank you very

much
Respectfully yours,

Raine Tadle

Abegael Recto

Kimberly Lagare

Elvie Caangay

May-ann Aboc

Marime Vicente

Researchers

Noted by:

MRS. BERNADETTE D. DOMOLOAN

Teacher

Recommending Approval:

MRS.DORIS J. YU

Principal-Designate, TNHS

Approved: MR. JULIUS L. BOCBOC

Barangay Captain