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An EERI reconnaissance team House. This report summarizes the at 87,350, although it is estimated
comprising Saif Hussain, Coffman salient portions of the information that the death toll could reach over
Engineers, Inc., Encino, California; gathered during the visit. 100,000. Approximately 138,000
Ahmed Nisar, MMI Engineering, were injured and over 3.5 million
The publication of this report is fund-
Oakland, California; Bijan Khazai, rendered homeless. According to
ed by EERI’s Learning from Earth-
Columbia University, Earth Institute; government figures, 19,000 children
quakes Program, under National
and Grant Dellow, Institute of Nu- died in the earthquake, most of
Science Foundation Grant #CMS-
clear and Geological Sciences, them in widespread collapses of
0131895. (Note: Additional photos
New Zealand, visited Pakistan school buildings. The earthquake
from the reconnaissance team can be
November 13-20, 2005. During the affected more than 500,000 families.
viewed at www.eeri.org/google.)
visit, the team was hosted by the In addition, approximately 250,000
North West Frontier Province farm animals died due to collapse of
(NWFP) University of Engineering Introduction stone barns, and more than 500,000
and Technology (UET) and spent On October 8, 2005, at 8:50 a.m. lo- large animals required immediate
four days in the earthquake-affected cal time, a magnitude Mw = 7.6 earth- shelter from the harsh winter.
areas of northern Pakistan. NWFP quake struck the Himalayan region of
UET staff included Dr. Qaisar Ali, northern Pakistan and Kashmir. The It is estimated that more than
Syed M. Ali, and Mr. Mansoor earthquake epicenter was located ap- 780,000 buildings were either de-
Khan. The trip included a helicop- proximately 19 km north northeast of stroyed or damaged beyond repair,
ter survey of the area courtesy of the city of Muzaffarabad, the capital and many more were rendered
the Pakistan Army. The team also of the Pakistani-administered part unusable for extended periods of
attended a two-day international of Kashmir, known as Azad Jammu time. Out of these, approximately
conference on the earthquake Kashmir (AJK). 17,000 school buildings and most
organized by the NWFP UET in major hospitals close to the epicen-
Islamabad and met with the Prime The Pakistani government’s official ter were destroyed or severely dam-
Minister of Pakistan at the PM death toll as of November 2005 stood aged. Lifelines were adversely af-
fected, especially the numerous
vital roads and highways that were
closed by landslides and bridge
failures. Several areas remained cut
off via land routes even three
months after the main event. Power,
water supply, and telecommunica-
tion services were down for varying
lengths of time, although in most
areas services were restored within
a few weeks.
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
Landslides
Landslide concentrations along the
rupture zone were very high, but
quickly dissipated within as little as Figure 5.
2 km of the surface projection of Note mas-
the fault. During the aerial recon- sive land-
naissance of the affected area, slide in the
landslide damage appeared to be background,
most severe on the hanging wall, completely
with relatively low concentrations collapsed
on the footwall side. A very high structures
concentration of large and small in the fore-
landslides was observed in the ground with
mid-slope area along the surface only roofs
projection of the fault (Figure 4). intact.
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
strength, weak mortar, and lack of rely on emergency medical aid from
seismic detailing. In general, fired- the military and NGOs like the Red
clay brick masonry wall buildings Crescent/Red Cross as they mobil-
appear to have performed better than ized for the rescue effort 24 hours
the other types of wall construction. after the earthquake.
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
In smaller villages and hamlets, given a great deal of attention in ur- ease, and severe malnutrition. The
water comes from private ground ban planning and policy decisions, early days of the disaster response
water wells or natural streams. and seismic design does not appear were marked by uncoordinated ef-
In one case, a hamlet located be- to be high priority, except for major or forts among a whole host of organi-
tween Mansehra and Ghari Habib- high profile projects. zations involved in relief work.
ullah experienced a significant drop There was little information on who
in water elevation in its wells two In meetings with public officials, it be- was doing what and little oversight.
weeks after the earthquake, and came apparent that there was no A coordinating structure was later
the locals reported high turbidity. code enforcement in the region. It created by the government under
appears that most practicing engi- the Federal Relief Commission
Other Lifelines: While land tele- neers in major urban areas use the (FRC) and the ERRA (Earthquake
phone service was not operational, UBC for building design. The use of Relief and Rehabilitation Authority)
new wireless telecommunication ACI codes and British Standards is to coordinate activities with other
towers were erected within days of also common. In a meeting of the international agencies and NGOs.
the earthquake, and communica- EERI team with the Prime Minister According to the World Bank, the
tions were fully restored relatively of Pakistan, it was mentioned that relief work will cost $2 billion. Ac-
rapidly after that. the development of a proper national cording to another estimate, approx-
building code with appropriate seis- imately 0.5 million tents, 3.5 million
Electricity to the Muzaffarabad area mic design provisions had been out- blankets, 60,000 tons of food, and
is supplied from Mangla Dam and sourced to local consultants, and 3,000 tons of medicine have been
from a local 30 megawatt Jhangra they had been given one month to required.
hydroelectric power plant. Power produce such a document. A draft of
loss in Muzaffarabad was due to this code document was not available Shelter strategy was organized
fallen transformers and broken for review at the time this report was around three populations: people
lines. Electricity was fully restored written. Many people have already who lived in houses in the lower
to most of the city in five to six started reconstruction without building elevations, people living in higher
days. Main transmission towers codes or enforcement. elevations who could come to the
fared very well, with no damage to lower elevations, and people living
the towers even in the area of in- Response and Recovery in inaccessible snowline areas
tense shaking. In one case, how- (5,000-7,000 feet). People in the
ever, a landslide damaged the The earthquake affected a population former two categories were pro-
transmission line near Balakot. of approximately 3.5 million people vided with tented villages man-
either directly or indirectly, and the aged by some agency (Figure 10).
Heating is provided from either logistics of administering aid and re- People in the last category were
electricity or LPG. There are no lief efforts have been extremely not compelled to descend to the
natural gas supply lines to Muzaf- daunting. In addition to the stagger- tented villages. Survivors are being
farabad. ing numbers of deaths, the human taught to build transitional shelter
cost includes amputees, orphans, un- using material from retrieved debris,
hygienic conditions resulting in dis-
Seismic Planning Provi-
sions and Building Codes
Even though Pakistan has desig-
nated seismic zones, the area that
Figure 10.
suffered in the earthquake was
Children in
either not classified or was deemed
makeshift play-
to be Zone 2 (equivalent to UBC
ground in front
Zone 2: low to moderate risk). The
of their tent
major cities of Peshawar (Zone 2),
camp. White
Islamabad (Zone 2), Karachi (Zone
plastic sheets
2) and Quetta (Zone 4) had been
have been add-
classified, but not in a way that
ed to the tents
agrees with those given in Appen-
to protect
dix III of Chapter 16 of the 1997
against rain.
UBC, where Islamabad, Peshawar,
and Karachi are all classified as
Zone 4. Seismic hazard is not
EERI Special Earthquake Report — February 2006
reinforced with locally available far away as Islamabad. Students, ing the disaster). It is estimated that
materials such as timber and hay parents, and teachers want the approximately 400,000 houses will
in addition to the corrugated gal- schools to reopen, but few schools be reconstructed by the govern-
vanized iron (CGI) sheets provided in affected areas are functional. ment. Numerous groups and indiv-
to them. Some tent schools have been iduals are presenting ideas on
opened, and gradually life is return- earthquake-resistant construction,
Recycling CGI sheet roofs from de- ing to normal. Trauma counseling but they are apparently not being
stroyed homes has been problem- for the students will be necessary for coordinated properly at the pres-
atic because of people’s preference quite some time. ent time. Organizations interested in
for using the retrieved material for constructing houses will have to
their permanent structures later on The earthquake destroyed 782 health follow the standards and proce-
and not for temporary structures. institutions, so the area was nearly dures set forth and coordinated by
Outlets for provision of construction devoid of any type of health facility the Earthquake Reconstruction and
material are being devised. The after the earthquake. Despite the Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA),
government has created an incen- base and field hospitals that worked when those become available.
tive for people to use their own around the clock, it was difficult to get
materials by giving free CGI sheets the right kind of medical teams and According to a World Bank esti-
to people who use half of their own equipment to the affected areas due mate, $3.5 billion will be needed for
material. NGOs working in Neelum to the difficult terrain. The earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Valley noted the problem of people also badly affected maternal health
carrying heavy GI sheets, weighing because most traditional birth References
8-9 kg each, to higher altitudes. Al- attendants either died or moved to
ternative lightweight materials such safer places. Pregnant women will Center for the Observation and
as plastic sheets have been sug- not get needed pre- and post-natal Modeling of Earthquakes and
gested, but their inability to carry care. Mental health programs are Tectonics (COMET), 2005. ���������
Locating
the weight of the snow does not being administered by both the gov- the Kashmir Fault, http://comet.
make them a viable alternative. ernment and international agencies. nerc.ac. uk/news_kashmir.html
Debris clearance has been slow be- A task force of psychiatrists has been
cause much of the heavy equip- formed by the government that is Durrani, A.J., Elnashai, A.S., Hash-
ment has been tied up in road funded at $5 million to administer ash, Y.M.A., and Masud, A., 2005.
clearance and repair. Other sensi- treatment for post-traumatic stress. The Kashmir Earthquake of October
tivities regarding debris removal in- 8, 2005, A Quick Look Report, Mid-
clude bodies and people’s posses- Managing the displaced populations America Earthquake Center, Univer-
sions still buried under the rubble in the shelter camps has proved to be sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
and an unwillingness to part with a major challenge, and some people
potentially useful scrap. Dumping of had not relocated to camps as of Hussain, A., 2005. Geology and
rubble collected from the city into this writing. Prevention of disease in tectonics of northern Pakistan with
valleys and gorges has also been a camps has government officials con- respect to October 8, 2005, earth-
problem, as people are putting their cerned. Diseases such as diarrhea, quake, presented at Earthquake
lives at risk by attempting to re- respiratory infection, and scabies in Rehabilitation Conference, Seismol-
trieve rebars with sledge hammers crowded tent settlements have ogy, Structures and Codes, Novem-
and bare hands. Debris from chem- sprung up in the weeks following the ber 18-19, 2005, Islamabad.
ical warehouses, hospitals, and earthquake. Instructions on hygiene
pesticide storage areas is a signifi- are being published to create aware- Ilyas, M., 2005. E-mail communica-
cant cause of environmental con- ness among the people in relief tion with M. Wieland, Chairman of
cern. Currently, the Pakistan Gov- camps. Because the population is the International Commission on
ernment estimates 20-30% of de- not used to living in such an environ- Large Dams (ICOLD) Committee on
bris is yet to be removed. ment, social and cultural issues are Seismic Aspects of Dam Design.
creating difficulties. According to one
About 67% of the educational insti- relief worker, issues of modesty com- Seeber, L., and Armbruster, J.G.,
tutions in the affected area were pel many women to wait until dark to 1979. Seismicity of the Hazara arc
destroyed. The cost of rebuilding use the communal toilet facilities. in northern Pakistan: Decollement
schools in the affected areas is esti- vs. basement faulting, in A. Farah
mated at about $614 million. Many A long-term project for reconstruction and K. A. DeJong, eds., Geodynam-
students and teachers have been and rehabilitation is set to begin by ics of Pakistan, Geological Survey
displaced, and some migrated as mid-February (the 18th week follow- of Pakistan, 131-142.