Matter is anything, such as a solid, liquid or gas, that has weight (mass) and occupies space.

For anything
to occupy space, it must have volume. Thinking about it, everything on earth has weight and takes up
space, and that means everything on earth is matter.

Take a look at this boy blowing bubbles. He is holding a cup with some
bubble solution in it. He blows air into the bubble wand, trapping air (gas) in
a thin film of the solution.

The boy's cup, liquid and the air he is blowing is matter. They all have some
weight and volume. Different things of matter behave differently. How and
why does the cup, water or air feel and behave the way they do?

It is because of their individual properties that they are made up of. Their
individual properties are held together (bonded) and the strength of the
bonds determine why the cup cannot flow (like water) or why air (gas) can
be compressed.

What are solids?

Solids are simply hard substances, and they are hard because of how their molecules are packed
together. Examples include rock, chalk, sugar, a piece of wood, plastic, steel or nail. They are all solids at
room temperature. They can come in all sizes, shapes and forms.

Think of ice cubes as an example. They are solids when frozen. They change into liquid at room
temperature.
What about ashes? Is that solid too? Yes, ashes are tiny solid particles that fall off when something
burns— like wood ash in the fireplace.

In the diagram below, see how similar the arrangement of molecules are in the piece of rock and wood
ash.
Characteristic of particles (molecules) in a solid.

The particles are close together (that’s why they cannot be squashed or compressed.
The particles cannot move freely from place to place (this is why they have a fixed shape).
The particles are arranged in a regular, distinct pattern.
The particles are held together by strong forces called bonds (This is why solids do not flow like
water. Their particles are only able to vibrate in their position and cannot move from place to place.)
The particles can vibrate in a fixed position
Different solids behave slightly differently because they have different properties such as ‘STRENGTH’.
This makes solids useful for different things. Look at a pencil eraser—it is solid, but can slightly change
shape because the strength of its bonds is slightly weaker that that in a piece of diamond.
What is a liquid?

The particles in liquids are not as closely bonded, arranged and fixed in place as in solids. The particles in
liquid can flow freely and can mix with particles from other liquids. Liquids have their atoms close
together, so they are not very easy to compress.

NOTES
Compressing something means forcing the atoms in it closer together. When you compress an object,
you force the atoms closer together.

Liquids, unlike gases are pulled by gravity to the bottom of the container holding it. They take the shape
of the container holding it. You can pour a volume of liquid from one container to the other — it can
change shape but the volume will be the same.

What are gases?

Gas is everywhere, and it surrounds us. The air around us is a kind of gas. The atmosphere surrounding
the earth is a gas too. Helium, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and water vapour are all gases.

The particles in gases are very different from that of solids and liquids.
In gases, the particles are far apart from each other and arranged in a random way. The particles also
move quickly in all directions. Gases can fill up any container of any shape and size. Gases can be
compressed or squashed because the molecules are far from each other. When gas is compressed, the
gas molecules move from an area of high pressure to low pressure.
Vapour is also a gas. Gases that are liquid at room temperature, like water, can be classified as vapour.
This means they are usually liquid, but can vaporize (turn into gas) under certain conditions.
The table below is a great guide to the relationship between solids, liquids and gases: