National Standards of the People’s Republic of China

Design Rules for Cranes

GB 3811-83

Issue Date: August 3, 1983 Implementation Date: May 1, 1984

Approved by: China State Bureau of Standards

Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
2. General ........................................................................................................................................ 1
3 Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 23
4. Mechanism................................................................................................................................ 55
5 Electric ........................................................................................................................................ 80
Annex A.......................................................................................................................................... 98
Examples of Working Class of the Crane ................................................................................. 98
Annex B ....................................................................................................................................... 100
Estimation Method of the Dynamic Load Factor  2 ............................................................ 100
Annex C ....................................................................................................................................... 105
Acceleration (Deceleration) (a) of the Running Gear and Recommended Value of
Corresponding Acceleration (Deceleration) Time (t) ............................................................. 105
Annex D ....................................................................................................................................... 106
Swing Angle of Jib Crane Hoisting Wire Relative to the Vertical Line ................................ 106
Annex E ....................................................................................................................................... 107
During the Deflection Running of the Crane, the Calculation Method for Horizontal Lateral
Force Ps....................................................................................................................................... 107
Annex F........................................................................................................................................ 109
Materials on Calculation of Wind Loading .............................................................................. 109
Annex G ....................................................................................................................................... 111
Document about checking anti-overturning stability ............................................................. 111
Annex H ....................................................................................................................................... 117
The Numerical Tables Document for Calculation of Axle Load and Bending Member
Stability as well as Thin Plank Local Stability ......................................................................... 117
Annex J ........................................................................................................................................ 131
Calculated Length of Compression Members and Stability Calculation of Box Telescopic
Type Arm Support....................................................................................................................... 131
Annex K ....................................................................................................................................... 142
Table for Structural Fatigue Strength Calculation .................................................................. 142
Annex L ........................................................................................................................................ 145
Annex L ........................................................................................................................................ 146
Annex M ....................................................................................................................................... 149
Standard Load Spectrogram of the Crane Mechanism ........................................................ 149
Annex N ....................................................................................................................................... 150
Examples of Working Class of the Mechanism ..................................................................... 150
Annex P ....................................................................................................................................... 154
Estimate of Transmission Mechanism Dynamic Load .......................................................... 154
Annex Q ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Method for Determination of Fatigue Strength Limit δrk ........................................................ 159
Annex V ....................................................................................................................................... 212
The Permissible Output Capacity P of YZR Series and JZR2 Series Motor under Different
Load Duration Factor JC Values and Different CZ Values................................................... 212
Annex W ...................................................................................................................................... 227
The JC, CZ and G Value in the Motor Capacity Selection Calculation of Crane Mechanism
...................................................................................................................................................... 227
Annex X ....................................................................................................................................... 229
Lead Current Capacity ............................................................................................................... 229
Annex Y ....................................................................................................................................... 234
The Explanation on the Words Narration of the Standard ................................................... 234
1 Introduction

1.1 This national standard is applicable to the power-driven bridge crane, portal
crane, handling bridge, span winch, tower crane, barge crane, crane
having the hoisting mechanism of electric block, deck crane, crawler crane,
wheel-mounted crane, autohoist and cable crane.
Note: The barge crane and deck crane shall meet requirements in marine codes.

1.2 This national standard is the necessary rule and technical basis for the
design calculation of the crane, but it doesn't include particular problems
during the design of the crane. Other design calculation methods that have
proven correct by the theory and practice, after the approval of the design
department and the user, can also be adopted during the design of cranes.
All kinds of professional design rules for crane and standards can't go
against this national standard.

1.3 The establishment of this national standard has referred to Hoisting

Equipment-Classification (ISO 4301-1980), Crane-Estimate of Wind
Loading (ISO 4302-1981), Mobile Crane-Determination of Stability (ISO
4305-1981), Crane-Selection of Wire Ropes (ISO 4308-1981) and Test
Specifications and Procedures of Crane (ISO 4310-1981) by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

2. General

2.1 Working Class of the Crane

2.1.1 Utilization Class of the Crane

The utilization class of the crane can be divided into ten classes according to
the total working cycle number (N) in the designed service life of the crane.
Please refer to Table 1.

Table 1 Utilization Class of the Crane

Utilization Total Working Cycle Number Remarks

Class (N)
U0 1.6*104 Infrequently applied
U1 3.2*104
U2 6.3*104
U3 1.25*105

1
U4 2.5*105 Frequently but idly
applied
U5 5
5*10 Often moderately applied
U6 1*106 Infrequently busily applied
U7 2*106 Frequently applied
U8 4*106
U9 >4*106

National Bureau of Standards

1983-08-03

Implementation Date: May 1, 1984

2
2.1.2 Load Condition of the Crane

The load condition shows the degree of loads received by the crane. It is
Pi
related with two factors: the ratio ( P max ) between the lifted loads and the

ni
rated loads, and the ratio ( N ) between the action times (ni) of each lifted load
(Pi) and the total working cycle number (N). The figure expressing the
Pi ni
relationship between ( P max ) and (( N )) is called the loading spectrum.

The load spectral coefficient (Kp) is calculated according to Formula (1):

 n1 Pi 
Kp    ( )m -------- (1)
 N P max 

Where,

Kp: load spectral coefficient;

ni: action times of load (Pi)
N: total working cycle times, N=∑n;
Pi: the ith lifted load, Pi=P1, P2,...Pn;
Pmax: the maximum lifted load;
M: exponent, m=3 herein.

The load condition of the crane can be divided into four classes according to
the nominal load spectral coefficient. Please refer to Table 2.

Table 2 Load Condition of the Crane and Its Nominal Load Spectral Coefficient
(Kp)

Load Nominal Load Remarks

Condition Spectral Coefficient
(Kp)
Q1 Light 0.125 Seldom lifting the rated load and
commonly lifting the light load
Q2 Moderate 0.25 Sometimes lifting the rated load and
commonly lifting the moderate load
Q3 Heavy 0.5 Frequently lifting the rated load and

3
 commonly lifting the comparatively
heavy load
Q4 Extremely 1.0 Frequently lifting the rated load
Heavy

If the actual load variation of the crane is already known, the actual load
spectral coefficient can be calculated according to Formula (1) and then, the
value closest to the nominal value but no less than this calculated value from
Table 2 will be selected as the load spectral coefficient of the crane. If the
actual load condition of the crane isn't known during the design of the crane, a
proper load condition class can be selected according to the contents in
Remarks of Table 2 according to the experience.

2.1.3 Division of Working Class of the Crane

According to the utilization class and load condition of the crane, the working
class of the crane can be divided into eight classes, from A1-A8. Please refer
to Table 3. The examples for the working class of the crane shall refer to Annex
A (Informative).

Table 3 Division of Working Class of the Crane

Load Condition Nominal Load Utilization Class

Spectral Coefficient U0 U1 U2 U3 I4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9
(Kp)
Q1 Light 0.125 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
Q2 Moderate 0.25 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
Q3 Heavy 0.5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
Q4 Extremely 1.0 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
Heavy

2.2 Calculated Load

2.2.1 Self-weight Load (PG)

The self weight load refers to the gravitation of the structure, mechanical
equipment, electric equipment, deposit godown attached on the crane,
continuous conveyer and the materials on the crane. The gravitation in 2.2.2 is
excluded.

2.2.2 Lifted Load (PQ)

The lifted load refers to the gravitation of the lifted mass. The lifted mass
includes the maximum permissible lifted articles and object-fetching devices

4
(bottom block group, hook, hanging beam, grab bucket, vessel, lifting
electromagnet), the hanging tension elements and the mass of other
equipment during the fluctuation. The weight of the hoist ropes with the lifting
height less than 50m can be neglected.

2.2.3 Lifting Shock Factor 1

When the lifted mass suddenly rise from the ground or fall, the self weight load
will generate the impact effect in the opposite direction of the acceleration.
When considerations are made to the load combination of this kind of working
status, the self weight load 2.2.1 shall be multiplied by the lifting shock factor

1 , 0.9< 1 <1.1.

2.2.4 Dynamic Load Factor (  2 ) of the Lifted Load

When the lifted mass suddenly rise from the ground or fall, the self weigh load
will generate the additional impact effect on the support structure and the
transmission mechanism. When considerations have been made to the load
combination of this working status, the stated lifted load in 2.2.2 shall be

multiplied by the dynamic load factor (  2 ) of the lifted load greater than one.

 2 value is commonly with the range from 1.0 to 2.0. The greater the lifting

speed, system rigidity and the operation is, the  2 value will be greater.

Annex B (Informative) has provided an estimate method for the  2 value.

2.2.5 Sudden Unloading Shock Factor  3

When the lifted mass is suddenly unloaded, partially or wholly, it will generate
the dynamic deloading action on the structure. The reduced lifted load is equal

to the arithmetic product of the sudden shock factor (

 3 ) and the lifted load

stated in 2.2.2.  3 shall be calculated according to Formula (2).

m
3  1  (1   3 ) …………………….(2)
m

Where,

5
m : the mass (kg) of the part suddenly unloaded from the lifted mass;

m: lifted mass (kg);

 3 =0.5: For the grab bucket crane or like cranes;

 3 =1.0: For the electromagnetic crane or like cranes;

2.6 Running Shock Factor  4

When the crane or part of the crane runs along the road or the track, due to the
uneven road or track, the vertical impact effect will be generated by the running
mass. When considerations are made to the load combination under this
working condition, the load stated in 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 shall be multiplied by the

running shock factor  4 . For the track running,  4 shall be calculated

according to Formula (3).

 4  1.10  0.058v h ………………………………<3)

Where,

h: at the joint of cracks, the height difference (mm) of the two tracks;
v: running speed (m/s).

2.2.7 Horizontal Loading

2.2.7.1 Running Inertia Force (PH)

During the starting or braking of the running mechanism, the self mass of the
crane and the lifted mass can generate the inertia force. The force shall be
calculated according to 1.5 times of the arithmetic product between the mass
(m) and the running speed acceleration (a), but it shall be no greater than the
adhesive force between the active wheel and the track. "1.5 times" is decided
considering the dynamic effect of the structure during the sudden increase and
change of the driving force of the crane. The inertia force acts on the relevant
mass. The lifted mass by the flexible mounting shall be treated as the fixed
joint of the crane.

The acceleration (deceleration) (a) and the relevant acceleration (deceleration)

time (t), if there is no special requirement for the user, shall be selected the
recommended value in Annex C (Informative).

6
2.2.7.2 Horizontal Force (PH) during Gyration and Luffing Movement

During the movement of the gyration and luffing mechanism of the arm support
crane, the horizontal force (including the wind power, inertia force due to the
gyration, starting and braking, the centrifugal force during the rotary motion)
generated by the lifted mass shall be calculated according to the horizontal
component generated by the swing angle between the load rope and the
plumb line.

During the calculation of the fatigue and abrasion of the motor power and
mechanical elements, the swing angle αI of the load rope under the normal
working condition shall be adopted; while for the calculation of the strength and
anticapsizing stability of the crane mechanism, the maximum swing angle αII
under the working condition shall be adopted. The recommended value of αI
and αII shall refer to Annex D (Informative).The centrifugal force due to the self
weight of the crane is always neglected.

During the calculation of the metal structure of the crane, during the starting or
braking of the arm support crane gyration and luffing mechanism, the
horizontal force generated by the self weight of the crane and the lifted mass (it
is treated as having rigid connection with the gibbet) is equal to 1.5 times of the
arithmetic product between the mass and the acceleration of the center of
mass. The centrifugal force due to the self weight of the crane is always
neglected. In this case, the wind power received by the lifting mass shall be
calculated separately and added according to the most adverse direction.
When the calculated horizontal force of the lifted load is greater than the
calculated horizontal component of the swing angle αII, the acceleration value
shall be reduced.

2.2.7.3 During the Deflection Running, Horizontal Lateral Force (Ps) of the
Crane

For the bridge cranes, during the deflection running of the cart, the horizontal
lateral force (Ps) vertically acting on the wheel rim or acting on the horizontal
guide wheel shall be calculated according to Annex E (Informative).

2.2.8 Impact Load (Pc)

2.2.8.1 The impact load (Pc) acting on the buffer shall be calculated
according to the kinetic energy absorbed by the buffer under the
impact speed:
For those without grade retarder or limit switches, the impact speed,
for the cart, shall be 85% of the rated running speed and for the trolley,

7
 the rated speed.
For those with the grade retarder or the limit switch, it shall be
calculated according to the actual impact speed after the deceleration,
but no less than 50% of the rated running speed.

2.2.8.2 The permanent connection of the buffer and the backstop pieces of
the buffer shall be calculated according to the impact by the crane at
the rated speed.

2.2.8.3 During the calculation of the impact load, for cranes with the guide
bracket to restrict the swing of the hoisting capacity, the hoisting
capacity shall be considered. For cranes having free-swinging
hoisting capacity, the kinetic energy from the hoisting capacity shall
be taken no account of.

2.2.8.4 The distribution of the impact load on the crane is decided by the
mass distribution of the crane (for some crane, the hoisting capacity
included). During the calculation, considerations shall be made to the
trolley at the most adverse position. The lifting and running shock
factor or the lifted load dynamic load factor shall be taken no account
of.

2.2.9 Roll-over Horizontal Force (PSL) of Trolley with Rigid Lifting Guide
Bracket

During the running of the crane, when the bottom end of the trolley with rigid
lifting guide bracket knocks against some obstruction, the roll-over horizontal
force will be generated on the trolley.

When the bottom end of the trolley without reaction wheels knocks against the
obstruction, the trolley will be lifted (as shown in Figure 1a) or the driving wheel
of the cart will be slipped. The limit value of the roll-over horizontal force (PSL)
shall take the smaller value under the said two conditions.

When the bottom end of the trolley with reaction wheel knocks against the
obstruction (shown in Figure 1b), the roll-over horizontal force (PSL) shall be
restricted only by the slipping conditions of the driving wheel of the cart.

8
 Figure 1

Due to the existence of the PSL force, the wheel pressure on the trolley is
changed and when the trolley without the reaction wheel is lifted, the influence
on the bridge is to the maximum, because in this cause all loads (the self
weight of the trolley, the hoisting capacity and the PSL) are received by main
beam. For trolleys with the reaction wheels, besides the said forces, they shall
consider the vertical additional load (P'SL) action on the main beam from the
PSL force. Please refer to Figure 1b.

During the calculation, no consideration will be made to the lifting and running
shock factor or the dynamic load factor of the lifted load nor the running inertia
force. Also, it is presumed that the PSL force acts on the lowest position of the
hoisting capacity (if any) or the lowest end of the lifting tool (without hoisting
capacity).

2.2.10 Wind Loading (PW)

The cranes working in the open air shall consider the wind loading and regard
the wind loading as a horizontal force in any direction.

The wind loading of the crane can be divided into the working wind loading and
non-working wind loading. The working wind loading (PW,i) is the maximum
calculated wind power received by the crane under the normal working status.

The non-working wind loading (Pw,o) us the maximum calculated wind power
(such as the wind power due to the storm wind) received by the crane under
the non-working status.

2.2.10.1 Calculation of Wind Loading

The wind loading shall be calculated according to Formula (4):

9
 Pw=CKhqA……………………………………(4)

Where,

PW: the wind loading (N) on the crane or objects;

C: wind factor;
Kh: coefficient of the wind pressure altitude change;
q: calculated wind pressure (N/m2);
A: the windward area (m2) vertical to the air direction of the crane or
objects.

During the calculation of the wind loading of the crane, considerations shall be
made to the wind acting on the crane along the most adverse direction.

2.2.10.2 Calculation Wind Pressure (q)

a. The wind pressure is related with the air density and wind speed. It can
be calculated according to Formula (5):

q=0.613V2……………………………………(5)

Where,
q: calculated wind pressure (N/m2);
V: calculated wind speed (m/s).

The calculated wind pressure shall be decided by the calculated wind speed at
the 10m height from the ground in the open area. The calculated wind speed
under the working status shall be considered according to the gust speed
(namely, the instantaneous wind speed), while the calculated wind speed
under the non-working status shall be considered according to the average
wind speed at the time interval of two minutes.

b. The wind pressure can be divided into three kinds: qI, qII, qIII.

qI is the calculated wind pressure under the normal working condition of the
crane and is used to select the resistance calculation of the motor power and
the heat evolution calculation of the mechanical spare parts; qII is the
maximum wind pressure under the working status of the crane and is used for
calculating the strength, rigidity and stability of the mechanical spare parts and
metal structures, checking the overload capacity of the driving device and the
anticapsizing stability of the complete machine under the working status; qIII is

10
the calculated wind pressure under the non-working status of the crane is used
for checking and calculating the strength of the mechanical spare parts and
metal structures, the anticapsizing stability of the complete machine and for
the design calculation of the windproof sliding resistant safety devices and
anchoring devices (please refer to provisions in 2.3.2). Different types of
cranes shall have the wind pressure value selected according to the specific
circumstances.

c. The calculated wind pressure for the crane working outdoor is shown in
Table 4.

Table 4 Calculated Wind Pressure (N/m2) of the Crane

Region Calculated Wind Pressure Calculated Wind Pressure

under the Working Status under the Non-working Status
qI qII qIII
Inland 0.6qII 150 500-600
Alongshore 250 600-1000
Taiwan Province and Islands 250 1500
in South China Sea
Note:
(1) The alongshore region refers to the continent or island within 100km to the shoreline.
(2) The wind pressure under the working status of the crane for special purposes shall be stated
specially. The calculated wind pressure for the mobile crane (namely, autocrane, wheel-mounted
crane and crawler crane), shall be 125N/m2 for the arm length less than 50m and be decided
according to the operation requirements if the arm length is equal to or greater than 50m.
(3) The value of the calculated wind pressure under the non-working status: for North China, Central
China and South China, the smaller value shall be used while for the Northwest, Southwest and
Northeast, the greater. The alongshore region shall take Shanghai as the boundary. Shanghai can
select 800/m2 and north of Shanghai, the smaller value and south of Shanghai, the greater. For
cranes working in the inland river ports and valley wind gap, placer frequently suffering storm wind
(like Zhanjiang River) or the area only having breeze, their calculated wind pressure under the
non-working status shall be calculated according to the yearly maximum wind speed provided by the
local meteorological data and in light of Formula (5). For the barge crane sailing on the same,
qIII=800N/m2, but the altitude change wind pressure will be taken no consideration, namely, K h=1.

2.2.10.3 Wind Pressure Altitude Change Coefficient (Kh)

The working calculated wind pressure of the crane shall take no account of the
altitude change (Kh=1).

The calculated wind pressure under the non-working status of the cranes shall

11
 consider the altitude change. The wind pressure altitude change coefficient
(Kh) is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Wind Pressure Altitude Change Coefficient (Kh)

Height (h) (m) to <10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 200
the Ground
(Sea)
1.00 1.23 1.39 1.51 1.62 1.71 1.79 1.86 1.93 1.99 2.05 2.11 2.16 2.20 2.25 2.45
 h  0.3
Ashore  
 10 
1.00 1.15 1.25 1.32 1.38 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.55 1.58 1.61 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.72 1.82
 h  0.2
 
 10 
Note: during the calculation of the wind loading of the crane, the 20m-high equal wind pressure
segments can be divided according to the height. The calculated wind pressure shall be multiplied
by the coefficient of the altitude of the midpoint segment.

2.2.10.4 Wind Factor (C)

The wind factor is related to the type and dimension of the structure. It shall be
decided according to the following conditions:

a. Commonly, the wind factor (C) for the single-piece structure and the
single-root member is shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Wind Factor (C) of the Single-piece Structure

SN Structural Shape C
1 
Plane girder made of formed steel (solidity ratio =0.3-0.6) 1.6
2 Formed steel, steel plate, formed steel beam, plate 1/h 5 1.3
girder and box members 10 1.4
20 1.6
30 1.7
40 1.8
50 1.9
3 Circular pipe and tube structure qd2 <1 1.3
<3 1.2
7 1.0
10 0.9
>13 0.7
4 Sealed driver's room, machine room, balancing weight, wire 1.1-1.2
ropes and objects
Note:

12
(1) In the table, l is the length of the structure or the structural member; h, the height (m) of the windward
face; q, the calculated wind pressure (N/m2) (see Table 4); d, the external diameter (m) of the pipe.
(2) For the driver's room, on the ground, C=1.1 and suspended, C=1.2.

b. For the space structure composed of two pieces of parallel plane girders,
the wind power for the integrated structure can adopt the wind factor of the
single-piece structure, while the total windward area shall be calculated
according to 2.2.10.5.
c. The wind blows along the diagonal direction of the rectangular section
space truss or box structure. If the side ratio of the rectangular section is
less than 2, the calculated wind loading shall be 1.2 times of the wind
power acting on the longer side of the rectangle; when the ratio is equal to
or greater than 2, it shall be wind power acting on the longer side of the
rectangle.
d. The wind loading for the triangle profile space truss can be 1.25 times of
the wind power on the projection area of the space truss vertical to the wind
direction.
e. For the triangle profile space truss with the bottom boom bar of the square
steel pipe and the web member of the circular pipe, under the action of the
lateral wind power, the wind factor (C) can be 1.3.
f. When the wind blows forming some angle with the long axis (or surface) of
the structure, the wind power received by the structure shall be calculated
according to the force components of two directions divided by the included
angle. The wind power down the wind can be calculated according to
Formula (6):

P PW  CK AQ A sin 2  …………………………………… (6)

Where,
A: windward area (m2);
C: wind factor;
 : Included angle between the wind direction and the longitudinal ax of
the structure.

2.2.10.5 Windward area A

The windward area of crane structure and article should be calculated

according to the worst windward direction and the wind ward area will adopt
the area of projection perpendicular to wind direction plane.

a. Windward area of the single piece structure is:

A  A1 ……………………………………… (7)

13
Where,
A1: the outer profile area of the structure or articles, such as Al = hl, m 2 in
Figure 2.
A
 : structural solidity ratio, it is  = A1 , such as Table 7 showed.

Figure 2 The schematic diagram for the overall dimension of structure or

articles

Table 7 structural solidity ratio 

Wind-load structure type and Substantial structure and 1.0

articles articles
Mechanism 0.8-1.0
The truss made from formed 0.3-0.6
steel
Truss structure of steel pipe 0.2-0.4

b. For same type two pieces structure in juxtaposition and constant height, the
wind-blocking of the front piece to the back piece should be taken into
consideration, its total windward area is:

A  A1  A2 …………………………………… (8)

Where,
A1= 1 A1 : The windward area of the front piece structure.

A2   2 Al 2 : The windward area of the back piece structure

: The adjacent front piece and back piece's wind-blocking

reduction coefficient of the truss, it has something to so with

14
 the first piece (front piece) structural solidity ratio 1 and the

interval ratio a/h of two piece truss (see Figure 3), such as
Figure 8 showed. Figure 3 Paratactic structure's interval ratio

Figure 3 Paratactic structure's interval ratio

Table 8 Wind-blocking reduction coefficient of truss structure 

 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Interval 1 0.84 0.70 0.57 0.40 0.25 0.15
ratio 2 0.87 0.75 0.62 0.49 0.33 0.20
a/h 3 0.90 0.78 0.64 0.53 0.40 0.28
4 0.92 0.81 0.65 0.56 0.44 0.34
5 0.94 0.83 0.67 0.58 0.50 0.41
6 0.96 0.85 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.46
Note: the wind-blocking reduction coefficient of miscellaneous structures can be adopted referring to
Annex F (Informative ).

c. For paratactic constant height structure with n pieces in the same type and
same interval, under longitudinal wind action, the multi-pieces overlapped
wind-blocking action is taken into consideration and the total windward area
of the structure is determined according to the following formula.

A  (1     2     n1 )1 A1

1  n 1  5 n  5
 1 At1 (  )1 At …… (9)
1  1  10
Where,
1 : solidity ratio of the At- the overall area of front piece ( first piece) structure,
m2. .

When the total wind loading of the structure is calculated according to

15
windward area A calculated through formula (9) and formula (4), because the
piece structure is the same, the total wind loading can be obtained by one
piece's wind coefficient being multiplied by it.

d. The windward area of articles

The windward area of hoisting article should be determined by the projection

of its actual overall dimension perpendicular to wind direction plane. When
the overall dimension of the articles is uncertain, the approximate method is
allowed to adopt for estimation.

2.2.11 Temperature load

It generally takes no account of, when it is required to considering; it is

calculated according to the user's submittal relevant data.

2.2.12 Installation load

In the crane design, the generant load in the process of crane installation must
be taking into consideration. The wind pressure adopted 100N/m 2 when the
crane for open air is installed.

2.2.13 Gradient load

Gradient load of the crane is calculated according to the following prescription.

a. Mobile crane: it is considered according to physical circumstance.

b. Rail-mounted crane: the gradient load is not calculated when the rail
gradient is no more than 0.5%. Otherwise, the gradient load is calculated
according to actual gradient.

2.2.14 Earthquake load

It generally takes no account of.

For crane worked in the seismic zone, the seismic horizontal loading can be
taken into consideration according to order unit requirements. The seismic
horizontal loading is confirmed according to relevant seismic specifications.

2.2.15 Technical load

In the working process of the crane, the generant load because of production
process need is called technical load. It is taken into consideration as

16
additional load or special load.

2.2.16 Test load

Before the crane is put into use, the overload dynamic test and overload static
test must be carried out. The test site should be stable and level off; the wind
speed generally should be no more than 8.3m/s.

a. Dynamic test load Pdt

The test load should be acted on the worst position of the crane. The
required different kinds of movement and component motion of the crane in
the test should be taken into consideration.

The Pdt value is the arithmetic product of 110% rated load Pmax and

dynamic load coefficient  6 ,  6 is calculated according to formula (10).

1
 6  (1   2 ) ………………………………… (10)
2

b. Static test load Pst

Pst value is 125% of the Pmax. The test load should act on the worst position
of the crane and it doesn’t have impact increase. For crane with special
purpose, its test load is prescribed by the contract which is signed by the
user and manufacturer.

2.3 The anti-overturning stability and windproof and anti-sliding safety of

crane

The anti-overturning stability should be done for the mobile crane. The crane
working in open air on the track must be done the wind-blown test.

2.3.1 The anti-overturning stability of crane

2.3.1.1 Crane grouping

Because of different shapes and working conditions, the requirements of

anti-overturning stability for different kinds of cranes are different. In the
checking of anti-overturning stability, the crane should be grouped according to
Table 9.

Table 9 Crane group

17
Group Crane characteristic
I Crane with large mobility (such as caterpillar crane and autocrane).
II The crane with high gravitational center and non-frequent working as
well as frequently change working site (such as tower crane for
building).
III The field fixed bridge type rail-mounted crane (such as gantry crane
and bridge crane).
IV Rail-mounted crane with high gravitational center and large velocity as
well as infrequent change working site (such as portal crane for
loading and unloading).

2.3.1.2 Checking project

The anti-overturning stability of the crane should be checked according to

listed working condition in Table 10. For tower crane installation state's stability
and floating crane stability check, see Annex G (Informative ).

Table 10 Checking project

Checking working condition Working condition characteristic

1 Windless static load
2 Windiness mobile load
3 Sudden unloading or lifting tool falling
4 The non-working state under storm wind

Note:
(1) In the Checking working condition 1, 3, 4 and group I crane working condition in Table 9, take no
account of rail or foundation gradient.
(2) The working condition 4 is calculated according to non-working state calculation wind pressure qIII.

2.3.1.3 Anti-overturning stability checking

The crane anti-overturning stability should be carried out according to listed

working condition in Table 11 under the worst load combined condition. If the
moment sum of various loads including crane weight to overturning side is
more than or equal to zero (∑M>0), the crane is considered to be stable. The
sign of moment for stabilization is positive and sign of moment making crane
overturn is negative in the calculation.

In consideration of impact degree for stability of different kinds of load, in the

crane anti-overturning stabilization check, various moment of load should be
multiplied by one coefficient of load respectively, such as Table 11 showed.

18
 Table 11 Load coefficient

Crane Checking Crane Load Horizontal Wind Explanation

group working weight coefficient inertia force power
condition (including
article)
I 1 1 0 0 A-The arm support weight
A
1.25+0.1 to arm end and arm support
PQ
linkage point, it is converted
2 1.15 1 1 to the arm end weight
3 -0.2 0 0 according to statical
4 0 1.1 1.1 equivalent principle.
PQ: the lifted load
telescopic arm crane do not
have to check working
condition 4
II 1 0.95 1.4 0 0
2 1.15 1 1
3 -0.2 0 0
4 6 1.1 1.1
III 1 0.95 1.4 0 0 The cantilever crane must
2 1.2 1 1 check:
3 (1) (1) longitudinal
4 0 0 1.15 direction ( cantilever
plane)

( 2) transverse direction
(running direction))
Stability (working condition
1.2)

The non cantilever crane

only check the transverse
stability ( working
condition 4)
IV 1 0.95 1.5 0 0
2 1.35 1 1
3 -0.2 0 1
4 0 0 1.1
Note: (1) the articles received wind power and articles horizontal inertia force can be taken into
consideration together, the total horizontal force can be calculated with carrying rope angle of
drift (see 2.2.7.2).
(2) The load coefficient of group I crane ( wheel-type and auto-type) in Table 9 is only suitable for
the operation working condition with landing leg support.

19
 (3) For arm support crane which arm support can be able to free turning under wind action, the
arm support should lay in the side of the overturn side, the wind blown to arm support from
balancing weight direction.

2.3.1.4 Overturn side confirmation

The running gear of crane only for non- hoisting capacity displaced fixed point
hoisting; it should be in accordance with the prescriptive calculation principle in
2.3.1.3. The stability check for per overturn side of the bearing polygon
(connection of wheel or landing leg and surface contact) should be checked.
All overturn sides can be checked with trace resultant force which is got from
all load of crane being multiplied by the selected load coefficient of Table II.
When the resultant force trace is in the bearing polygon, the crane can keep
stable in all directions. See Annex G (Informative)

For crane with load, the anti-overturning stability should be carried out for the
corresponding dangerous overturning side (generally vertical to direction of
motion) in the crane operation.

2.3.2 Crane windproof and anti-sliding safety

The following two kinds working conditions are checked.

2.3.2.1 Normal operating conditions

Pz1≥1.1Pw, i+Pα-Pf…… (11)

Where,
Pzl: running gear detent generant brake force on the wheel tread, N.

Pw,i: the maximum wind of the crane in working state (along operation
direction), N
Pα: gradient creative sliding force, N

Pf: crane operation frictional resistance, it is calculated according to Table 12

recommended operation frictional resistance coefficient, N.

When the brake force Pz1 is more than the adhesive force of wheel and orbit,
the Pz1 is replaced by the adhesive force of wheel and orbit, the adhesion
coefficient is 0.12.

Table 12 Operation frictional resistance coefficient

Friction of motion coefficient of resistance  =motion friction resistance / total

20
wheel pressure
Sliding bearing Rolling bearing
0.015 0.006

2.3.2.2 Off- working state

Pz2≥1.1Pw,o+Pα-Pf…… (12)

Where,
Pz2: running gear rail clamping device generant retaining brake force along
orbit direction, N.
PW,o: the maximum wind of the crane under off working state (along operation
direction), N. It is calculated according to the likely presented maximum
working wind pressure without anchorage, it is calculated according to
600- 800N/m when it has anchorage.

The friction coefficient of track and rail-clip tongs (snick on the surface and
through quenching) adopts 0.25. The maximum operating force of the manual
operated rail- clip tongs should be no more than 200N.

2.4 Crane security protection

So as to guarantee safe and reliable work of the crane, the corresponding

safety device should be installed on the crane, such as detent, lifted load
limitator, moment limiting device, buffer, windproof rail clamping device,
anchorage as well as electric protection device.

2.4.1 Detent

The reliable detent should be installed on the hoisting mechanism and

amplitude of variation structure. The detent selection principle saw 4
mechanisms.

2.4.2 Lifted load limitator

For crane with overload potential, when the user claims, the lifted load limitator
should be equipped with. The composite error of the lifted load limitator should
be no more than 5%.

2.4.3 Moment limiting device

For arm support crane, its lifted load in response to amplitude variation, the
moment limiting device should be equipped with and its composite error should

21
be no more than 8%.

2.4.4 Travel limiter

For all mechanism required restricted motion, the corresponding travel limiter
should be equipped with

2.4.5 Buffer

For rail-mounted crane operation mechanism, when its running speed is more
than 0.33m/s, the buffer should be equipped with. The buffer design discipline,
see 2.2.8 and 4.4.6.

2.4.6 Deflexion indication and limitator

The deflexion indication and limitator should be installed on large span gantry
crane and bridge crane.

2.4.7 Wind velocity indicator

The wind velocity indicator should be installed on the large crane working in
open air. Its height should be established on the non-wind blocking position.
When the wind speed is more than the working limit wind speed, the working
stop alarm should be sent.

2.4.8 Rail clamping device and anchorage

The rail-mounted crane outdoor working should install rail clamping device. For
tower crane, bar gate type crane and portal crane for shipbuilding, on off
working state, when the wind pressure is more than 600N/m 2, for
miscellaneous cranes , on off working state, the wind pressure is more than
800N/m2, the cable traction and other anchorages must be furnished.

2.4.9 Related electric protection device

The crane should be equipped with emergency switch, ground protection and
air obstacle signal lamp. The overspeed protective device should be installed
on the crane with special working needs. The design discipline, see 5
Electric2.4.10 Driving cab, walking platform and handrail

2.4.10.1 The design of the headroom dimension, manipulator, display

instrument and chair in the driving cab should conform to relevant
regulations of labor protection and security.

22
2.4.10.2 The driving cab should possess favorable visual field. The window
frame position and dimension should not disturb the driver operation.
The glass for driving cab should adopt tempered safety glass or
miscellaneous shatter-proof glass as far as possible.

2.4.10.3 When the proper working temperature of the driving cab and work
environment temperature has great difference, the cooling down or
warm measures should be taken for the driving cab.

2.4.10.4 For miscellaneous specific work environment (such as poison,

imperil and radiological hazard), the corresponding protective
measures should be taken for the driving cab.

2.4.10.5 Walking platform and handrail

Walking platform and handrail setup should conform to 3.9.5.

3 Structure

3.1 Calculation principle

The specifications adopt permissible stress for calculation. The strength,

stability and rigidity calculation should be done for steel members of the crane
and should be satisfied the prescriptive requirements. The material plasticity
influence is generally not taken into consideration.

The fatigue strength for structural members and connections of crane is

calculated according to prescription of 3.7.

3.2 Structure work class

The crane structure work class is divided into A1-A8 according to state of
stress (nominal stress spectral coefficient) and number of cycles of stress
(stress cycle scale) in structural members. Crane structure work class division
mode is the same to that of crane work class see prescription of 2.1. When you
look up the Table 1,2 and 3, the "crane work class", " total working cycle times",
" load", " load condition", " loading spectrum "," nominal loading spectrum
coefficient" and " use scale" should be replaced by " structure work class", "
total number of cycles of stress", " stress", " state of stress"," stress spectrum",
"nominal stress spectral coefficient" and " stress cycle scale" . The m in
formula (1) is the exponential concerning the structural member fatigue
calculation. It can be calculated according to structure actual condition.

The crane loading spectrum and working cycle times are the basis for

23
determining member stress spectrum and number of cycles of stress. The
structure work class is not always the same to the crane work class. It depends
on situation.

3.3 Load classification and load combination

3.3.1 Load classification

The load acted on the crane structure can be divided into to three classes,
basic load, additional load and special load.

3.3.1.1 Basic load

The basic load is the load that always and frequently acted on the crane
structure. They are weight load PG (see 2.2.1), lifted load PQ (see 2.2.2) and
the creative horizontal loading PH (see 2.2.7) because of mechanism starting
(braking). The weight load is taken into consideration according to lifted impact

coefficient 1 (see 2.2.3). The creative vertical additional dynamic load for the
structure when the lifted load in unstable motion, it is taken into consideration

according to dynamic load coefficient  2 (see 2.2.4)

For certain crane operation with grab bucket ( work bin) or electromagnetic
panel, the dynamic load reduction action of lifted load produced because of
sudden unloading, the reduced lifted load is equal to the arithmetic product of

lifted load and the sudden unloading impact coefficient  3 (see 2.2.5). The
deadweight load and lifted load generate impact and vibrating action in vertical
direction at the time of crane ( see2.2.5) operation passing rail-joint or uneven

track ( road), it is taken into consideration with operation impact coefficient  4

(see 2.2.6).
3.3.1.2 Additional load
The additional load is the structure received non- recurrenting acting load
under normal operating conditions of the crane. They are: the maximum
working wind loading Pw acted on the structure, i (see 2.2.10), the generant
horizontal loading (see 2.2.7 and 2.2.10) of suspending articles for structure
under wind load action, creative lateral force Ps in crane deflexion operation
(see 2.2.7.3), and the temperature load according determined practical
situation (see 2.2.11), ice and snow load and certain technical load (see
2.2.15).

3.3.1.3 Special load

24
The special load is the maximum load of the structure when the crane in off
working state or the structure received disadvantage load under operation
condition by accident. The former is the structure received off working state
wind loading Pw, o (see 2.2.10), test load (see 2.2.16) and the installation load
determined according to practical situation (see 2.2.12), earthquake load (see
2.2.14) and certain technical load (see 2.2.15), the latter is the structure
received impact load of the crane operation state (see 2.2.8) and the
overturning horizontal force of the bogie with rigidity lifted guide bracket (see
2.2.9).

3.3.2 Load combination

The 3.3.1 mentioned three class loads is combined according to Table 13.
Only considering basic load combination is the combination I, considering
basic load and additional load combination is combination II, considering basic
load and special load or combination the three classes load, it is combination
III. Several combination modes are listed in every class combination. In the
calculation, the worst combination mode for the calculated structure should be
selected according to specific machine types, working condition and
calculation purpose.

The mentioned load combination is only suitable for the calculation for
structural members and its connection strength, elastic stability and fatigue.
The strength and elastic stability safety coefficient must be satisfying the
specified value under load combination Class I, II and III. The fatigue strength
is calculated according to Class I load combination.

In Table 13, PH1 indicates the horizontal inertial load which is produced by the
worst mechanism of operation, gyration or amplitude variation mechanism in
unstable motion. PH2 indicates the worst combination of horizontal inertial load
which is produced by aforementioned any two mechanisms in unstable motion,
if the aforementioned mechanisms control system is not allowed more than
one mechanism in unstable state of motion, the P H is calculated according to
practical situation.

For mobile load, in the calculation, the calculated structure or joint should be in
the worst position.

The generant horizontal loading Pw,i of structure received maximum wind

loading and article received load under wind load for structure and the
horizontal loading PH are always overlapped according to the worst direction.

25
 Table 13 Load and load combination

Load Load combination

Type Load name Sign Combination I Combination II Combination III
Basic load Ia Ib Ic Ia IIa IIb IIc IIIa IIIb IIIc IIId IIIe IIIf
2.2.1 Deadweight load PG
1 PG  4 PG PG 1 PG 1 PG  4 PG  4 PG PG PG PG 1 PG PG  4 PG
2.2.3 Lifted impact coefficient - - - - -
1
2.2.6 Operation impact
4
coefficient
2.2.2 Lifted load - - -
PQ  2 PQ  4 PQ PQ PQ PQ

2.2.4 Lifted load carrying - - - -

2
coefficient
2.2.5 Sudden unloading impact -
3  3 PQ
coefficient
2.2.7.1 PH PH1 PH1 PH2 PH1 PH2 PH2 PH2 PH1
2.2.7.2 Horizontal loading
Additional 2.2.10 The generant horizontal - - - - - -
PW ,i PW ,i PW ,i PW ,i PW ,i
load loading for structure of the wind
loading in off working state and
article received wind load action
2.2.7.3 The creative lateral force PS - PS - - - - PS
of deflexion operation

26
Special 2.2.10 Off working state wind - - - - - -
PW ,O PW ,O
load loading
2.2.8 Impact load PC - PC -
2.2.9 The over-turn horizontal PSL - - PSL
force of the bogie with rigidity
guide bracket
2.2.16 Test load Pt - - - Pst
 6 Pdt
Note: (1) For combination II, in the calculation for the PH2, the winding influence on starting or braking should be taken into consideration.
(2) Combination IIIa can be used for the installation work condition, PG is determined according to installation design. The PW and O is the installation winding load
(2.2.12)
(3) Pdt and Pst are dynamic test load and static test load(2.2.16) respectively. The  6 is the lifted load coefficient in  6≈0.5(1+  2) .

(4) Combination IIIf is only for the railless high speed operating autocrane and wheel-mounted crane, it is the working condition running on the badness road,  4 is
adopted according to practical situation.
(5) When the specifications 2.2 mentioned temperature load (2.2.11), installation load (2.2.12), gradient load (2.2.13), earthquake load (2.2.14) and technical load
(2.2.15) are taken into consideration, the load combination is determined by physical circumstance.

27
3.4 Material and its permissible stress

3.4.1 Structural member material and its permissible stress

3.4.1.1 Structural member material

In the crane steel structure, the major support structure members generally
adopt the common carbon structural steel A3, C3 conforming to Specification
for Common Carbon Structural Steel (GB 700- 79) or alloy of low percentage
structural steel 16Mn and 15MnTi conforming to Specification for Low-alloy
Structural Steel (GB 1591-79).

The killed steel must be used for the support structure members of the crane
which worked in the low temperature (-20℃ below) region, the impact value of
the steel products under corresponding service temperature should be no less
than 0.30N·m/mm2, and it should satisfy requirements of 180°cold bending test
at ordinary temperature. Except for the crane for iron and steel works, and
crane for special purpose, the major support structures member of the crane
worked-20℃above, the open hearth rimmed steel and basic oxygen furnace
No.3 rimmed steel are allowed to adopt.

The steel casting should adopt the cast steel conforming to Classification and
Specification for Carbon Cast Steel Members (GB 979-67).

3.4.1.2 The permissible stress of structural member material

The stretching , compress and bending permissible stress of the structural

member material adopted as the corresponding determinative basic
permissible stress [σ]I, [σ]II, [σ]III of the load combination. The shearing
permissible stress and end face bearing permissible stress is determined by
the basic permissible stress according to Table 14.

a. When the ratio of steel products yield point σs to tensile strength σs/σb<0.7,
the corresponding different kinds of safety coefficient of load combination
and basic permissible stress should be determined according to Table 14.
b. When the ratio of steel products yield point to tensile strength σs/σb<0.7,
the different kinds of safety coefficients of load combination is still
determined according to Table 14 and the basic permissible stress is
calculated according to formula (13).

   0.5 s  0.35 b ……………………………………(13)

n

28
Where,
[σ]: basic permissible stress for steel products, it is the permissible stress
[σ]I,[σ]II and [σ]III corresponding to load Combination I, II and III, N/mm 2

σs: Steel products yield point (when the material without obvious yield points,
adopt σs as σ0.2 and σ0.2 will be taken as the proof stress when the steel
products standard tensile test residual strain reached 0.2%. N/mm2.
N: the safety coefficient corresponding to load combination, see Table 14

Table 14 Safety coefficient and permissible stress

Load Safety Stretching, Shearing End face press

combination coefficient compress and permissible permissible stress
category bending stress (planishing and tight)
permissible
stress

r I   I  cd 1  1.5 1
Combination I nI=1.5
S
 I 
1.5 3

r II   II  cd II  1.5 II

Combination nII=1.33
S
II  II 
1.33 3

r III   III  cd III  1.5 III

Combination nIII=1.15
S
III  III 
1.15 3
Note: If the No. 3 rimmed steel is adopted, for the section steel more than 15mm and steel plate
thickness more than 20mm, its permissible stress should be multiplied by 0.95 so as to reduce.

3.4.2 Connection material and its permissible stress

3.4.2.1 Electrode

The electrode for manual welding should be conforming to Test, Packing and
Labeling for Electrode (GB 1125- 76).

For welded structure directly receive dynamic loading under heavy work is
suitable for adopting basicity low hydrogen type electrode.

The automatic welding and semi-automatic welding should adopt welding wire
and corresponding welding flux guaranteeing the equal strength of the welding
seam and base metal.

3.4.2.2 Rivet and bolt

29
Rivet steel material should conform to prescription of Specification for Hot
Rolled Steel for Common Carbon Steel Rivet Bolt (GB 715-65) . The common
bolt steel products should conform to prescription of GB 700- 79.

The high strength bolt nuts and washers steel products should conform to
requirements of Specification for Bolts with Large Hexagon Head, Large
Hexagon Nuts, and Plain Washers for Steel Structures (GB 1231-76). The
tensile strength of the high strength bolt after heat treatment, for 40B steel, it
should be no less than 1100N/mm2, for 45 steel, it should be no less than
850N/mm2

3.4.2.3 The connection material permissible stress

a. The permissible stress of the welding seam, See Table 15

Table 15 Permissible stress of the welding seam

Welding Stress category Sign Manual welding The automatic welding

seam checked with or the manual welding
category conventional checked with exact
method method
Butt welding Stretching and
 h  0.8    
seam stress under
compression
Butt welding Shearing stress
 h  0.8 / 2  / 2
and corner
fillet
Note:

(1)
  is the basic permissible stress of the structural member material, See Table 14.

(2) The welding seam permissible stress is the adoptive numerical value for static strength
calculation. In the fatigue strength calculation, the welding seam permissible stress refers to
relevant regulations of 3.7.4.

b. The permissible stress of rivet, bolt and connection, See Table 16.

Table 16 The permissible stress of rivet, bolt and connection

Joint category Stress Bolt steel grade Member steel grade

category ML2 A3 A3 16Mn 15MnTi
ML3 35 C3

0.9 
Rivet connection Shearing - - - -
(Class I hole))

30
 2.0  2.0  2.0 
Bearing - -

0.56 
Nail head - - - -
pull off

0.8 
Burnished bolt Stretching - - - -
connection (Class I

0.8 
hole) Shearing - - - -

0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18 

Bearing -

0.8 
Stretching - - - -

0.6 
Shearing - - - -

0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14 

Bearing -

Bending -
  - - -

0.6 
Shearing - - - -

1.4  1.4  1.4  1.4 

Bearing -

Note:
(1) [σ] is the basic permissible stress of the corresponding steel grade in the column.

(2) The tack hole quality belonging to the following condition, it is Class I hole.
a) The hole drilled in the installed structural members according to designed hole diameter.
b) The hole drilled by drilling jig on the single parts and structural member according to design hole
diameter.
c) The smaller hole size is drilled or punched on single parts, then it will be drilled into the rated hole
diameter hole on the installed structural member.
(3) When it is sunk or half sunk rivet, the numerical value in the Table should be multiplied by 0.8 so as to
reduce the numerical value.
(4) For jointing rivet installed on the site, its permissible stress should be reduced 10%.
(5) When the pin roll is likely to move in the work, its bearing permissible stress should be reduced 50%.

3.5 Structural member and connective strength calculation

3.5.1 Strength calculation for structural member

The strength calculation of tension, press, bending and torsion for crane
structural members can be calculated according to general strength calculation
formula. The calculated stress should be less than its permissible stress.
Furthermore, the strength calculation for the following should be done

31
regarding to structural member stress condition.

3.5.1.1 Partial pressure

The partial pressure should be calculated according to following formula.

  
P
m  …………………………………………………… (14)
 .C

Where,
 m : partial pressure, N/mm2.
P: concentrated load, N
Δ: Slab thickness, mm
C: Concentrated load distribution length, it can be calculated according to
formula (15), mm.

c  a  ahy ……………………………………………………(15)

Where,
α: concentrated load action length, for slipper, adopt the slipper length, for
wheel, α=50mm.
hy: the distance from the member top surface (railless) or rail head (with rail) to
the board calculated height upper edge, mm.

3.5.1.2 Compound stress

When the member received larger normal stress σ on the same calculation
point and larger shear stress r and part compressive stress σm, the compound
stress should be proved according to formula (16).

 2   m2   . m  3 2 1.1  ………………………………………… (16)

Where, σ and m has respective sign.

3.5.1.3 The strength calculation for high strength bolt connective structural
member

The strength of high strength bolt connective axial tension and axial
compression structural members should be calculated according to formula
(17).

32
   
N'
 ………………………………………………………… (17)
A
Z1
Where, N '  N (1  0.4 )
Z
N: Axial force acted on connection outside, N
Z: High strength bolt numbers in one end or symmetry connection side of the
structural member.
Z1: the high strength bolt number in the proven section (the most outside bolt of
the connector lug)
A: The net area of the proven section, mm2

3.5.2 Connective strength calculation

3.5.2.1 Welding seam connection

When the welding seam receives compound stress, the butt weld strength is
calculated according to formula (18).

 h   2  2 2   h  ………………………………………………(18)

3.5.2.2 High strength bolt connection

a. In the shear resistant connection, the allowable bearing force of every high
strength bolt is calculated according to formula (19),

[P]=0.7ZmfPg …………………………………(19)

Where,
[P]: allowable bearing force of every high strength bolt, N.
Zm: The friction surface number of the force transmission
F: Friction coefficient, it is selected according to Table 17.
Pg:The pretension of the high strength bolt, it is selected according to Table 18,
N.

Table 17 Friction coefficient f

Processing method for joint structural member contact surface Member steel
grade
A3 6Mn
Sandblast 0.45 0.55
The inorganic zinc rich paint is painted after sandblast ( or pickling). 0.35 0.40

33
The rolling surface, the brushing floating rust (or the rolling surface is 0.30 0.35
clean without treatment).

Table 18 High strength bolt pretension value

Bolt specification M20 M 22 M 24

Bolting steel grade
45 steel 120 150 175
40B steel 160 200 230

b. When the high strength bolt connection received shearing force of friction
surface and the external tension of the bolt axial direction, allowable
bearing force of every high strength bolt is calculated according to formula
(19). The Pg should be replaced by the (Pg- 1.4Pt). Pt is the external tension
force in the axial direction of every high strength bolt. The tensile force
should be no more than 70% of the pretension Pg.

c. The number Z of high strength bolt in the connection bolt is calculated

according to formula (20).

N
Z …………………………………………(20)
P 

Where,
N: axial force acted on joint place, N.
[P]: Allowable bearing force of one high strength bolt, N.

3.6 Stability calculation

3.6.1 Axial compression member

3.6.1.1 Stability check formula

   ……………………………………………… (21)
N

A

Where,
A: Gross sectional area of the member, mm2
N: axial force pressure, N
Φ: axial compression member stability coefficient selected according to
structural member maximum slenderness ratio or maximum conversion
slenderness ratio, for the value of  , look up Table H1 and H2 of
Annex H (Supplement ).

34
3.6.1.2 The slenderness ratio of the structural member

a. The slenderness ratio of the structural member is calculated according to

formula (22).

   ………………………………(22)
lc

r
Where,
lc : structural member calculated length, its calculation procedure, see Annex

J (Informative) ,mm.
 : the radius of gyration of member gross section to certain axis , it is
calculated according to formula ( 23), mm.

I
  …………………………………………(23)
A

Where,

I: inertia moment of structural member to gross section of certain axis,

mm4
[  ]: allowable slenderness ratio of the structural member, See Table 19

Table 19 The allowable slenderness ratio of the member [  ]

Member name Tensile Compressive

structural structural member
member
Major support structure Chord member for 150 120
members truss
For whole structure 180 150
The secondary bearing structure member (such as 200 150
miscellaneous poles of the primary truss, and chord
members of the auxiliary truss)
Miscellaneous member 350 250

b. When the steel products yield point σs is more than 350N/ mm2, it can be
approximately select structural member assumed slenderness ratio λ F, the
 value is selected according to Table H2. Assumed slenderness ratio is

35
 calculated according to formula (24)

Where,

σs: Material yield point, N/ mm2.

c. When the structure member is lattice type composite structure, the
conversion slenderness ratio of whole structural member can be calculated
according to Table J in Annex J.

3.6.2 Two-way or one-way press bending structural member

3.6.2.1 The stability calculation formula for two-way or one-way press bending
structural member

When the structural member received the axial force and the two-way bending
moment coiling strong axis (X-axis) and weak axle (Y-axis), the strength is
proved with general strength formula, the stability of it should be proved
according to formula (25), (26) and (27). And it should satisfy:

C ox M  C Hx C oy M oy  C Hy M Hy
   …
N 1 1
( ) ( )C m y
A N WX N Wy
1 1
0.9 N Ey 0.9 N Ey

…………………………… (25)
C ox M ox  C Hx M Hx
   ………………………… (26)
N 1
( )
A N  wW x
1
0.9 N Ex

   ………………………………………………………………… (27)
N
A

Where,

 : axle load stabilizing correction coefficient, its numerical value can be

obtained by formula (28), or look up Table H3 and H4 in Annex H
(supplement) .

0.9 N E  N
  ………………………………………… (28)
0.9 N E    S A(1   )  N 

36
NE: the smaller value in the Euler critical load NEx and NEy, the NEx and NEy are
calculated according to the following formula, N:

 2 EA  2EA
N Ex  ; N Ey 
2x 2y

A: Gross sectional area of the structural member, mm2

Mox, Moy: bending moment of the structural member end, N. mm

MHx, MHy: the creative maximum bending moment of the transverse load in
the structural member; when MH and Mo is reverse and
M H  2M o
, MH is zero, N.mm,
W x, W y: the bending modulus of the structural member section, mm3.
Cox, Coy: the reduction coefficient of the end bending moment nonuniform,
it is calculated according to the formula.

M ' ox
C ox  0.6  0.4  0.4 ……………………………………(29)
M ox

M ' oy
Coy  0.6  0.4  0.4 …………………………………… (30)
M oy

M ' ox M ' oy
M ox , M oy : bending moment ratio of the structural member both ends, with

their own sign, its absolute value is no more than 1.

CHx, CHy: transverse load moment coefficient, when the transverse load is a
N
single force, CH  1  0.2 , it adopts 1 in other conditions.
NE

Cmy: The influence coefficient of the end bending moment coiling strong
axis to end bending moment coiling weak axis, when the section is
closed section, and the slenderness ratio of section with stronger
torsibility or structural member for two axes should be the same

( x  y x), the Cmy can adopt 1. The Cmy is generally more than 1,
its calculated formula as follows:

M ox
Cmy  1   (   ) …………………………………………………… (31)
W x . s

37
Where,
Α: coefficient, see Table H5 and H6 in Annex H.
β: constant, for general opening section (such as I-section steel and channel
steel), adopt 0.15.
 w: The bending structure member lateral flection coefficient of stabilization,
adopt  w as 1 as long as it conforms to listed condition in of 3.6.2.2. For
not conforming, it is selected or calculated according to H.4 in Annex H.
For space truss structural member, the   1 can be set in the calculation,

meanwhile ,the formed additional bending moment Nfo formed manufacturing

errors creative initial displacement fo of structural member will be added to the
bending moment Mox in the second place and Moy in the third place of the
formula ( 25).

3.6.2.2 Lateral flection stability calculation for bending structure member

a. For any bending structure member conforming to one of the following

condition, the lateral flection stability can be not proved.

a) Box section structural member, When the ratio of its section height H to
both sides plate width B is no more than 3, or the section is enough to
guarantee lateral rigidity (such as space truss) of structural member.
b) The miscellaneous section structural member, when it has walking
platform with strong rigidity, and its backup member is fixed to
compression flange board of the structural member and it can be proof
against section torsion and horizontal displacement.
c) For both end simply-supported I-shaped cross-section structural

member, the ratio of its compression flange free length l and its width
b should be no more than specified value in Table 20.

Table 20 The maximum l /b value for both end simply-supported I-shaped

cross-section structural member having no need of proving lateral flection
stability

h /  b  100 h /  b  50

h The load The load There is lateral The load The load There is lateral
b acted on acted on support point in acted on acted on support point in
the upper the lower the span, the upper the lower the span,
flange flange despite of flange flange despite of
plate plate loading action plate plate loading action

38
 place place
2 16/13 25/21 19/16 17/14 26/22 20/17
4 15/12 23/19 17/14 16/13 24/20 18/15
6 13/11 21/17 16/13 15/12 22/18 17/14

Note:
(1) the meaning of sign in the Table is:
h: Overall height of the structural member
l: free length of compressive flange; for structural member without lateral support in the span,
the compressive flange free length is the span, for structural member without lateral support in the
span, the compressive flange free length is the distance of lateral support pints of compressive
flange.
B: the compressive flange width of the structural member

 b : the compressive flange thickness of the structural member

(2) In the end bearing section of the structural member, the construction measures should be taken to
prevent the end section torsion.
(3) The numerator number in the Table is used for No. 3 steel, and the denominator number is used for
the 16Mn steel.

b. When the bending members not conformed to one of the above situation,
the lateral flection stability of the structural member is verified according to
formula ( 25 ) and ( 26), the w can be selected or calculated according to
Annex H.

3.6.3 The local stability of the board and cylindrical shell

3.6.3.1 The local stability calculation of the plate

a. The compressive stress is σ1, the critical stress when shearing stress 
and part compressive stress m acted on respectively.

 1cr  xk  E ........................................ (32)

 cr  xk  E .......................................... (33)

 m c r xk m E ..........................................(34)
Where,
 1cr : critical compressive stress, N/mm2

 cr : critical shearing stress, N/mm2

X: flange elasticity built-in coefficient. It is selected in the range of the 1-1.26,

39
 adopt the larger value when one pair sides are fixed by force received flange
plate or strong longitudinal ribbed stiffener fixing.
K  , K  , Km: the flection coefficient of the simply supported on four sides, it
depends on the side ratio α=α/b of the plate and the load case
of the flange. For part lattice is separated with the ribbed
stiffener, it is obtained according to Table H 11 of the Annex H
(supplement), for ribbed plate with ribbed stiffener, it is
calculated according to Table H12 of the Annex.
 E: Euler stress, N/mm2, it is calculated according to formula ( 35).

 2E  100 2
E  ( ) 2  19( )
12(1  y ) b
2
b ……………………………………(35)

Where,
δ: slab thickness, mm
b: he lattice width or board width, mm
E: The elastic modulus of material, N/mm2
V: Poisson's ratio

When the ribbed stiffener conformed to the prescription of d, the stability is

calculated according to part lattice. Otherwise, the stability of part area lattice
and ribbed plate should be calculated at the same time.

b. Compressive stress  1, shearing stress τ and part compressive stress

 m acted on the critical compound stress together, it is calculated
according to formula ( 36).

 12   m2   1 m  3 2
 i ,cr 
2
1   1  3   1   
( )  ( )  m   ( )2
4  1cr  4  m cr  m cr   cr
……………………(36)

The signification of the  , See Table H11.

  0 ,  i ,cr   1cr ;
Particular case:   0 , m

 1  0 ,  m  0 ,  i ,cr  3 cr ;

  0 ,  1  0 ,  i ,cr   mcr ;

When the part pressure acted on the slab tension side, the σ1 is irrelevant to
σm, it can be calculated adopting  m=0 or  1=0 C The checking calculation

40
for local stability permissible stress and local stability

The local stability permissible stress [  cr ] is calculated according to formula

( 38) or ( 39).

 i,cr
 i ,cr   p  cr  
When , n …………………………………………(38)

 i ,cr  p  cr    cr
When , n ……………………………………………(39)

Where,

n: safety coefficient, it is in accordance with the strength safety coefficient,

See Table 14.
p  s (imaginary proportional limit)
: 0.75

 12   m2   1 m  3 2   cr 
…………………………………(40)

d. The ribbed stiffener dimension requirement.

On the premise of satisfying abovementioned local stability, the transverse

direction ribbed stiffener spacingα of the board should be no less than 0.5b,
and it should be no more than the larger value in 6 and 2m. b is the overall
width of the board.

The board transverse ribbed stiffener dimension is confirmed according to

formula ( 41) and ( 42).

b
bl   40
30 ………………………………………………(41)

1
l   bl
15 …………………………………………(42)
Where,
bl
: external elongation width of the transverse direction ribbed stiffener, mm

 l : transverse ribbed stiffener thickness, mm

41
b: overall width of the board, mm

When the board adopts transverse ribbed stiffener and longitudinal ribbed
stiffener at the same time, the dimension of the transverse ribbed stiffener
should conform to aforementioned prescription, and it should satisfy
requirements of formula (43).

I z1  3b 3 ………………………………………………(43)

Where,
I z1 : inertia moment of the transverse ribbed stiffener section to the slab

thickness central line, mm4.

: slab thickness, mm

The web longitudinal ribbed stiffener should satisfy requirements of formula

( 44 ) and ( 45).

a a2
I z 2  (2.5  0.45 )  3
b b …………………………………………(44)

I z 2  1.5b 3 …………………………………………………………(45)

Where,
I z 3 : inertia moment of the longitudinal ribbed stiffener section to the slab

thickness central line, mm4.

M: the flange plate longitudinal ribbed stiffener should satisfy requirement of
formula ( 46).

a2 a2 3
I z 3  m(0.64  0.09 ) 
b b ………………………………………(46)

I z 3 I z 3 : inertia moment of flange plate longitudinal ribbed stiffener section to

flange plate slab thickness, mm4.

m: flange plate longitudinal ribbed stiffener number
3.6.3.2 Local stability of the cylindrical shell

The thin-walled cylindrical shell received axle load or press bending

42
 
combination, when ratio R of shell wall thickness δ to shell central plane

s
25
radius R is no more than E , its local stability must be calculated.

a. The critical stress of the cylindrical shell received axle load or press
bending combined action

E
 c ,cr  0.2
R ……………………………………………………(47)

Where,
 c,cr
: critical stress when cylindrical shell received axle load or press bending
combined action, N/mm2. When the critical stress calculated by formula

( 47 ) exceeds 0.750  s , it can be reduced according to formula ( 37).

R: central plane radius of the cylindrical shell, mm
 : cylindrical shell body wall thickness, mm

b. Local stability checking calculation for thin-walled cylindrical shell received

axle load or press bending combined action

N M  c,cr
 
A W n …………………………………………(48)

Where,
N: Axial force , N.
M: Bending moment, N·mm
A: Cylindrical shell cross section net area, mm2,
W: Cylindrical shell cross section net section bending modulus, mm3
N: Safety coefficient, it is in accordance with the strength safety coefficient,
See Table 14.

c. Stiffening ring

The stiffening ring should be set up for both ends of the cylindrical shell or the

43
structural member with corresponding action should be set up. When shell
length is more than 10R, the middle stiffening ring should be set up. The
spacing of the stiffening ring is no more than 10R. The section inertia moment
I Z of the stiffening ring should satisfy requirement of formula ( 49).

R 3 R
IZ 
2  …………………………………………………(49)
Where,
I Z : section inertia moment of cylindrical shell stiffening ring, mm4,

3.7 Structural fatigue strength calculation

The structural fatigue strength depends on the work class (stress spectrum
and number of cycles of stress), structural member material category, joint
connection type and structural member maximum stress as well as stress
cycle characteristic. The fatigue strength should be checked for structural
member with work Class A 6, A 7 and A 8 .

3.7.1 Maximum stress

The maximum stress of the structural member is  max or max , it is the absolute


value maximum stress of the fatigue calculation point E which is determined by

the 3.3.2 prescriptive load combination.

3.7.2 Stress cycle characteristic

The stress cycle characteristic r is calculated according to the following

formula, the stress should be with the respective sign in the calculation.

a. When the structural member ( or connection) independently receives

normal stress or shearing stress action:

 min
 
When stretching (or compress),  max …………………………(50)

 min
 
When shearing,  max …………………………(51)

Where,
 mix (  m ix ) is the stress with the minimum absolute value with  max (  max ) in the

44
same load combination condition and the same calculated position calculation
level, it is calculated according to worst load combination condition.

b. When the structural member ( or connection ) received normal stress (  x ,

y 
xy
) and shearing stress ( ) at the same time, the stress cycle
characteristic is calculated according to formula (52).

 x min
x 
 x max

 y min
y 
 y max
……………………………………………………(52)
 xy min
 xy 
 xy max

When certain stress is obviously more than miscellaneous stress in the same
load combination, the other two stress's influence on the fatigue strength takes
no account of, its fatigue stress is calculated according to formula ( 53) or
formula ( 54).

3.7.3 Fatigue strength calculation method

The structural member ( or connection) received normal stress action, it should

satisfy formula ( 53).
 m a x  r ………………………………………………(53)

The structural member ( or connection) received shearing stress action, it

should satisfy formula ( 54).
 m a x  r ………………………………………………… (54)

The structural member ( or connection) received normal stress and shearing

stress action, it should satisfy formula ( 55).
2 2
  x max    y max   x max . y max   xy max 
2

         1.1
  
  rx     ry 
    
 rx   ry   rxy  …………(55)
Where,
 max ,  max : the maximum calculation normal stress and maximum calculation

45
 shearing stress are determined by 3.7.1.
 x max ,  y max : maximum calculation normal stress on x, y direction and
maximum calculation shearing stress on xy plane are determined
by 3.7.1.
 r  : stretching ( or compress) fatigue permissible stress

 r  : shearing fatigue permissible stress

 rx ,  ry : corresponding stretching ( or compress) fatigue permissible stress

to
 x max ,  y max

  :
rxy
corresponding shearing fatigue permissible stress to
 xy max
.

3.7.4 Fatigue permissible stress

The fatigue permissible stress is calculated according to listed formula in Table

21. The r is stress cycle characteristic. Its value is determined according to
3.7.2.  1  is the basic value of the fatigue permissible stress, it is the fatigue

allowable stress values when r is equal to -1. It is obtained from looking up

Table K2 in Annex K (supplement). The stress concentration condition scale in
Table K2 is looked to according to Table K1 in Annex K.

The crane structural members are divided into non- weldment and weldment.
The non- weldment indicates the structural member, joint with hole as well as
bolt and rivet connection. The weldment indicates the joint welding seam and
welding seam nearby metal. According to joint type and technique difference,
the stress concentration condition of the non- weldment is divided into W 0, W 1,
W2 three classes, the weldment stress concentration condition is divided into
K0, K1, K2, K3, K4 five classes, see Table K1 of Annex K.

For tension bolt and rivet, the fatigue strength can be not taken into
consideration. The single-shears bolt and rivet permissible stress is adopted
as 0.6 times as much as the W 2 stretching fatigue permissible stress; the
double shear bolt and rivet fatigue permissible stress is adopted as 0.8 times
as much as the W 2 stretching fatigue permissible stress.

For weldment, when the welding seam received stretching and compressing,
the bonded fatigue of metals permissible stress can be adopted in the fatigue
strength checking.

46
 Table 21 Fatigue permissible stress

Stress state Fatigue permissible stress Remark

computing formula

r0
1.67  1
Stretching

 rt  1  0.67 r 

Compressing
 rc   2  1
1 r
Stretching
r0  
 1.67  1 
 rt 
 1  (1 
  1 )r 
 0.45b 

2  1
Compressing
 rc     1 )r
1  (1 
0.45b

 r    rt 
Shearing fatigue Member adopt
permissible corresponding
3
stress
 rt  of W0

 r    rt 
Welding Adopt
seam corresponding value
2
 rt  of K0

Note:

  1 : fatigue permissible stress basic value ( r = - 1). The value is obtained by test method and 1.33

safety coefficient is taken into consideration. 90% specimen will be remained sound in the trial
value.

For
  1 , see Table K2 of Annex K.

Σb: ensile strength for structural member or joint material. For A 3 steel , adopt σb= 380N/ mm2. For
16Mn steel, adopt σb= 500N/ mm2.

3.8 Rigidity requirement

The rigidity requirement of the crane is divided into static and dynamic. The
static rigidity is indicated by the static state elastic distortion of the structure (or
structural member ) value which is got by the prescriptive loading acted on the
designated position. The dynamic rigidity of the crane as vibration system, it is

47
indicated by the minimum fixed frequency (full load natural frequency of
vibration) of system in vertical direction which is got from the steel wire rope
winding landing suspension length on full load condition corresponding to
rated lifting height.

For miscellaneous cranes, the rigidity requirements are not listed in the
specifications, on the premise of guaranteeing the crane performance, the
rigidity can be confirmed by the designer in the complete machine and
structural design.

3.8.1 Static rigidity

3.8.1.1 The electric drive single and twin beams bridge type cranes
( including gantry crane and bridge crane).

a. When the full load bogie ( or electric block) is laid in midspan, the creative
vertical static deflection YL of the rated lifted load and bogie ( or electric
block) deadweight should satisfy undermentioned requirement:

The work class is the crane under A5 or A5 below, YL≤L/ 700.

The work class is A6 crane, YL≤L/ 800.
For crane with work class A 7 and A 8, YL≤L/ 1000.
L is the crane span.

b. For gantry crane and bridge crane with cantilever, when the full-load bogie
lay effective work position of the cantilever, the creative vertical static
deflection YL of rated lifted load and bogie deadweight in the position
should be no more than 1/ 350LC. LC is the effective work length of the
cantilever.

3.8.1.2 When the tower crane is under the rated lifted load action, the
horizontal static displacement L in the tower body arm support
joint ( or arm support turning support connection section) should be
no more than H/100. where, H, for self-traveling tower crane, it is the
vertical distance from tower body arm support joint to rail surface; for
adhesion tower crane, it is the vertical distance from tower body arm
support joint to the highest adhesion point.

3.8.1.3 For wheel-mounted crane and autocrane adopting box-type telescopic

arm support, on occasions of taking no account of underframe
distortion and amplitude of variation oil cylinder retracting factors,
when the hoisting rated lifted load located in the corresponding
working amplitude, the static displacement YL axial pressure of the
5
arm end in hoisting plane should be no more than LC  10 ( cm) ,
2

48
 Lc is the arm length ( cm), the influence of the axial pressure should
be taken into consideration in the calculation (see Figure 4).

Furthermore, under the action of the above load and end plus lateral load of
5% rated lifted load (the lateral load perpendicular to xoy plane), the lateral
6
static displacement ZL of the arm end should be no more than 7 LC  10 (cm).
2

Figure 4

3.8.2 Dynamic rigidity

For general cranes, the dynamic characteristics are not checked. When the
user or design required this, the check can be carried out. Except particular
case, it can be controlled by the specified value of the Clause in the check.

3.8.2.1 For electric drive bridge type crane (including gantry crane and bridge
crane), the full load natural frequency of vibration f of the bogie laying
in midspan should be no less than 2Hz.

3.8.2.2 For portal crane, its full load natural vibration frequency should be no
less than 1 Hz.

The full load natural vibration frequency calculation procedure is given in

Annex L ( Informative ).

3.9 Construction requirement

3.9.1 General principles

3.9.1.1 The basic structure design stress is designed to simple, stress definite,
direct force transmission and reducing stress concentration influence
as far as possible.

49
3.9.1.2 The design of structure(or structural member) must be in consideration
of manufacturing, inspection, transportation and installation and
maintenance. For open air working structure, the water accumulation
must be avoided.

3.9.1.3 The structural corrosion influence should be taken into consideration

according to crane physical work environment. Unless it has reliable
corrosion protection measures or temporary used facility, the thickness
of the major support structure steel plate and formed steel limb should
be no more than prescription of Table 22.

3.9.1.4 For welded structure members with severe dynamic load and stress,
unless the measures are taken to decrease or eliminate weld internal
stress, the selected steel products thickness of the carbon steel should
be no more than 40mm and the selected low alloy steel should be no
more than 30mm.

3.9.1.5 The major support structure members adopt different connecting

modes in different joints for force transmission is allowed. But the
different connecting modes blending use in the joint is not allowed.

3.9.1.6 For large structure requires connection in a whole section, the high
strength bolt or rivet connection is taken into consideration firstly.

3.9.1.7 For welded beam, approaching to bearing section, the lower end of the
transverse ribbed stiffener should not be welded to the tensile flange
plate, it should be disconnected in the no less than 50mm to the tensile
flange plate inside surface. For quite wide box beam (the construction
staff can pass in its interior) or single web , so as to avoid producing
local deformation of the flange plate in the construction and
transportation process, the lower end of the transverse ribbed stiffener
and the supposed backing should be welded. The backing is welded to
the tensile flange plate with longitudinal weld, such as Figure 5
showed.

50
 Figure 5

If the transverse ribbed stiffener or miscellaneous lateral communication

members is directly welded to the tensile flange plate, or because of the
technical reason, the break distance of transverse ribbed stiffener lower end to
tensile flange plate is less than the aforementioned prescription, the fatigue
strength must be proved.

3.9.1.8 The flange plate of the welded beam and the butt weld of the web are
not suitable for in the same section, its distance should be no less than
200mm. The transverse ribbed stiffener should be departed from its
paralleled web butt weld, and the spacing should also be no less than
200mm.

3.9.1.9 When the compression flange board of the welded beam is supposed
track and received motion wheel pressure action, if the track is positive
to the web, the web and compression flange board generally both
sides welded. For crane with A6- A8 work class, the continuous weld
with penetration is suitable for being adopted. The transverse ribbed
stiffener is made into angular cut in the joint of the flange plate and
web (see Figure 6 and refer to 5). For condition relying on transverse
ribbed stiffener or transverse ribbed stiffener participating in
transferring wheel pressure, the transverse ribbed stiffener should be
welded with the compression flange board (Figure 6), the weld length
under track bearing surface should be no less than 1.4 times of the
track bearing width, the weld should be executed to both sides. The
bifacial overlapping or single-sided intermittent welding can be
adopted for miscellaneous positions.

Figure 6

3.9.1.10 The thickness of the truss joint plate should be selected according to
internal force of the web member and Table 23.

51
 Table 23 Joint plate thickness

Web member internal force P, kN Slab thickness, mm

P≤200 8
200< P≤300 10-12
300< P≤400 12-14
P>400 14-20

3.9.1.11 For crane with A8 work class adopts truss structure, the all welded
type is not suitable for adopting, the node as rivet or high strength bolt
connection is suitable for being adopted. The member is welded
structure.

3.9.1.12 For major support structure, such as long-term receiving radiant heat,
surface temperature reaching 150℃ above, its structural design must
be taken effective heat insulation protective measure.

3.9.2 Trolley track laying

3.9.2.1 When the track adopts pressure pad fixation, the pressure pad
fixation section must be positive to transverse ribbed stiffener. The
pressure pad must be laid on the upward side of the transverse
ribbed stiffener along track length, the staggered arrangement is not
allowed. The fixed mode of the pressure pad can be weld or bolting. If
it is bolt connection, at least two bolts for per piece pressure pad
( anti-turning pressure pad design is an exception.)

3.9.2.2 The rail surface difference of height in the track joint is no more than 1
mm and the clearance is no more than 2mm. The transverse direction
dislocation is no more than 1mm. The track with welded joint is
adopted as far as possible.

3.9.3 Welded connection

3.9.3.1 Butt welding

The butt weld groove form should be selected according to Basic Forms of
Manual Electric Arc Welding Welded Joint (GB 985-80) and Basic Forms and
Size of the Submerged Arc Welding Welded Joint (GB986- 80 ).

In the major bearing structure, the butt welding with unequal slab thickness or
board width, the transition inclined degree no more than 1:4 should be made
from one side or two sides, (see Figure 7).

52
 Figure 7

3.9.3.2 Fillet welding

a. The minimum height hw of the corner fillet should be no more than

prescription of Table 24. For general corner fillet, it should be no more
than 1.2 times of the thinner weldment thickness. For member margin
corner fillet (see Figure 8) should conform to the following requirement:
when δ1 is no more than 6mm, the hw is no more than δ1; when δ1 is more
than 6mm, hw should be less than 1-2mm above of the δ1.

Table 24 The minimum height of the fillet welding hwmin

The thickness δ of the thicker members in hwmin

welded members
δ<l0 4/6
10< δ≤20 6/8
20< δ≤30 8/10

Figure 8

b. When the thickness of welded member is less than 4mm, the minimum
height of the welding seam is equal to the thickness of the welded member.

c. The major bearing structure receiving dynamic load, the surface welding
seam of fillet welding should present concave arcking or straight lines. The
welding seam right angle side proportion, for opposite side welding seam, it
is 1:1. For opposite terminal welding seam, it is 1:1.5 (the longer side is
along the acting force direction).

d. The minimum calculated length of the welding fillet ( side welding seam or
end welding seam) is 8hw. For side welding seam, when the dynamic load

53
 is received, the maximum calculated length is 40hw. When the static load is
received, the maximum calculated length is 60hw. If the weld length
exceeds aforementioned prescription, the overlength part is not taken into
consideration.

3.9.4 Rivet connection and bolting

3.9.4.1 The total thickness of the riveting steel plate should be no more than
5 times as much as the rivet diameter. When the effective measure is
taken to guarantee the nail pole chocking nail hole, the total thickness
is allowed to be 7 times as much as the rivet diameter.

3.9.4.2 In the major bearing structure, the rivet should adopt spherical head.
Countersunk rivet is adopted in particular cases.

3.9.4.3 In the node section or one side of the joint of each member, the
number of rivet or bolt should be no less than 2. Along stress direction,
the number of the rivet or bolt in per row should be no more than 5.
3.9.4.4 The common bolt connection is only allowed to be used in the
secondary member connection.

3.9.4.5 When the adopted reamed hole adopts bolt connection, if the
member received pulsed load, the pore diameter should be no more
than db plus 0.2- 0.3mm, db is the nominal diameter of the bolt
cooperating member. If the member received repeated load, the
cooperation of the hole and bolt should be no less than H11/h9.

3.9.4.6 The extreme dimension of the rivet and bolt collocation should
conform to prescription of Table 25.

Table 25 Extreme dimension of the rivet and bolt collocation, mm

Title Collocation and direction Maximum allowable Minimum

range (adopt the allowable
smaller from the range
following value))
Distance Outer row 8d or 12δ 3d
between Middle row Compression 12d or 18δ
centers member
Tension 16d or 24δ
member
The distance Along the internal force direction 4d or 8δ 2d
from centre to
member Perpendicular to Cutting edge 1.5d

54
margin internal force Rolled edge 1.2d
direction
Note: d is the diameter of the rivet or bolt, mm. δ is the thickness of the thinner member of the outer layer,
mm.

3.9.5 Walking platform, ladder, handrail and driving cab

3.9.5.1 The ladder leading to driving cab, electric installation room, walk
platform and mechanic and electric components installation platform
must be convenient and reliable. The minimum passing (width)
dimension of the ladder is not suitable for less than 500mm.

3.9.5.2 `The planking of the walking platform and operation platform should be
made from the steel plate with anti-sliding performance. With the
permission of the user, the pierced steel planking or grid plate can be
adopted. The area of the hole (lattice) should be no more than
400mm2.

3.9.5.3 The firm handrail must be set up for walking platform and operation
platform. The vertical height from handrail to planking should be no
less than 1,000mm. The middle handrail should be set up in the place
where it is about 450mm to the planking. The baffle no less than
70mm should be in the bottom.

3.9.5.4 When the service ladder exceeds 10m, it should be transferred in

section, The half space must be set up in the transfer section.

3.9.5.5 When the arrangement and design of the driving cab and electric
installation room influence on the transportation, installation and
dismantlement of the cranes. The connection of driving cab and
electric installation room and bearing member must be demountable,
here, the connecting bolt should receive shearing design.

4. Mechanism

4.1 Working Class of the Mechanism

4.1.1 Utilization Class of the Mechanism

The utilization class of the mechanism shall be divided into ten classes
according to the general designed service life of the mechanism. Please refer
to Table 26. The general designed service life is defined as the total running
hours in the designed assumed services years. It is the basis for the design of
mechanical spare parts, but not for the warranty period.

55
 Table 26 Utilization Class of the Mechanism

Utilization Class of the General Designed Remarks

Mechanism Service Lift (h)
T0 200 Infrequently applied
T1 400
T2 800
T3 1600
T4 3200 Frequently but idly
applied
T5 6300 Often moderately
applied
T6 12500 Infrequently but busily
applied
T7 25000 Frequently applied
T8 50000
T9 100000

4.1.2 Load Condition of Mechanism

The load condition of the mechanism shows the degree of the loads receives
by the mechanism. It is expressed in the available load spectral coefficient (Km).
Km shall be calculated according to Formula (56):

t P 
K m    i ( i ) m  …………………………………………… (56)
 tT Pmax 

Where,
m: the exponent of the material fatigue test curve of the spare parts of
the mechanism;
P i: different loads received by the mechanism during the working time,
Pi=P1, P2, P3, Pn
Pmax: the maximum of Pi;
t i: the duration (ti, t2, t3, ....., tn) of different loads received by the
mechanism.
tT: the total duration (tT=∑ti=t1+t2+t3+……+tn) of different loads.

When m=3,

t1 P1 3 t 2 P2 3 t 3 P3 3 t P
Km  ( )  ( )  ( )    n ( n ) 3 …… (57)
tT Pmax t T Pmax t T Pmax tT Tmax

56
The load condition of the mechanism can be divided into four classes
according to the nominal spectral coefficient; please refer to Table 27. Annex M
(Informative) has specifies the loading spectral figure corresponding to the
load condition in Table 27. If the actual load variation condition of the
mechanism is already known, the actual load spectral coefficient shall be
calculated according to Formula (57) and then, the nominal load spectral
coefficient closed to the actual load spectral coefficient but no less than it shall
be selected according to Table 27. Then, the load condition class of the
mechanism can be got. If the actual load of the mechanism is unknown, then, a
proper load condition class according to "Remarks" in Table 27 can be
selected. During the determination of the load condition of the mechanism, the
calculation can be carried out according to the actual load spectrogram. In this
case, m shall be decided according to the practical situation. The load spectral
coefficient got can be converted to some nominal load spectral coefficient in
Table 27 according to the said principles.

Table 27 Classification of the Load Condition of Mechanism and Its Nominal

Load Spectral Coefficient Km

Load Condition Nominal Load Remarks

Spectral Coefficient
Km
L1 Light 0.125 Often receiving maximum loads,
sometimes receiving light loads
L2 Moderate 0.25 Often receiving moderate loads,
seldom receiving light loads
L3 Heavy 0.5 Often receiving relatively heavy loads,
also frequently receiving the maximum
load
L4 Extremely 1.00 Frequently receiving maximum loads
Heavy

4.1.3 Working Class of the Mechanism

The working class of the mechanism can be divided into eight classes
according to the utilization class and the load condition. Please refer to Table
28.

The examples for the working class of the crane mechanism shall refer to
Annex N (Informative).

Table 28 Working Class of the Mechanism

57
Load Nominal Utilization Class of the Mechanism
Condition Load T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Spectral
Coefficient
Km
L1 Light 0.125 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
L2 Moderate 0.25 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
L3 Heavy 0.50 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
L4 Extremely 1.00 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
Heavy

4.2 Principles for Design Calculation of the Mechanism

4.2.1 Hoisting Mechanism

4.2.1.1 Initial Selection of the Electromotor

According to the lifted load, rated lifting speed and the mechanism efficiency,
the static power of the mechanism can be calculated. For the switching
mechanism and hoisting mechanism with the twin-rope grabs, the static power
of the electromotor for each mechanism shall be 0.66 times of the total power.
According to the static power and load duration factor of the mechanism, the
electromotor shall be selected initially. The load duration factor of the
mechanism shall refer to Annex W (Informative).

4.2.1.2 Check of the Motor Capacity

The electromotor must undergo the overload and heat evolution check. The
method can refer to Annex T (Informative) and Annex U (Informative).

For the electromotor that can be cooled to the environmental temperature

during the rest period after the application, the capacity can be selected
according to the short-time duty system. The rated capacity of the short-rated
motor shall be provided by the electromotor manufacturer.

During the check of the electromotor, if there is no special requirement, the

mean acceleration of the article during the starting of the mechanism can be
selected according to Table 29.

4.2.1.3 Selection of Arrester

Each independent driving gear of the hoisting mechanism shall be installed

with at least one support arrester. For the hoisting mechanism for lifting the

58
liquid metal and other hazardous substances, each set of the independent
driving gear shall be installed at least of two support arresters.

The support arrester shall be the normally-closed type and the braked wheel
shall be installed on the shaft having rigid coupling with the transmission
mechanism.

The braking safety factor shall be no lower than:

a. For the common hoisting mechanism: 1.5;

b. For the important hoisting mechanism: 1.75;
c. For the hoisting mechanism designed to handling the liquid metal and
dangerous articles: if there are two support arresters, the braking safety
factor for each shall be no lower than 1.25; for two sets of driving gears
having rigid connection with each other and each set having two arresters,
the braking safety factor shall be no less than 1.1.
d. For the hydraulic driven hoisting mechanism functioning in hydraulic
braking, the factor shall be no lower than 1.25.

If there is no special requirement, the article fluctuation deceleration due to the

braking shall be no greater than theoretic values in Table 29.

It is recommended that the support arrester shall be used jointly with the
control braking. The control braking can be electric, like the oversynchronous
braking, plug braking, dynamic braking and turbulator braking. It can also be
mechanical. The control braking is only used to consume the kinetic energy to
make goods safely decelerate. When it is used jointly with the control braking,
the minimum braking safety factor of the support arrester shall meet
requirements in the aforesaid.

Table 29 Average Fluctuation Acceleration (Deceleration) (m/s2)

Purpose and Type of Crane Mean Acceleration

(Deceleration) (m/s2)
Crane for Precision Erection 0.1
Crane for Lifting Liquid Metal and Dangerous Goods 0.1
Hook, Electromagnetic and Grab Bucket Crane for 0.2
the Processing Workshop, Storehouse and Storage
Space
Port Hook Span Winch 0.4-0.6
Port Grab Bucket Span Winch 0.5-0.7
Crane Having High Productivity in Metallurgical 0.6-0.8
Plant
Port Gantry Crane with Hook 0.6-0.8

59
Port Handling Bridge 0.8-l.2

4.2.2 Running Gear

4.2.2.1 Running Static Resistance

The running static resistance includes the frictional resistance, isoeffect ramp
resistance and wind resistance. The frictional resistance includes the
resistance from the wheel rolling along the rail head, the frictional resistance in
the wheel bearing and the additional frictional resistance between the wheel
rim and the rail head side. The latter is always the sum of the former two basic
frictional resistances multiplied by the additional frictional resistance coefficient.
In the cable traction running gear, the resistance due to the wire ropes on the
hoisting mechanism and the running gear passing the guide sheave during the
running of the trolley shall be calculated.

4.2.2.2 Initial Selection of Electromotor

According to the running static resistance, running speed and the mechanism
efficiency, the static power of the mechanism can be calculated. According to
the static power and the load duration factor, the electromotor shall be selected.
If the inertia force is greater, the influence from the inertia force shall be
considered. The load duration factor of the mechanism shall refer to Annex W
(Informative).

4.2.2.3 Check of the Motor Capacity

The electromotor shall check the overload and heat evolution and control the
acceleration. The electromotor must undergo the overload and heat evolution
check. The method can refer to Annex T (Informative) and Annex U
(Informative).

If there is no special requirement, the mean linear acceleration due to the

mechanism starting shall refer to Annex C (Informative).

4.2.2.4 Selection of Arrester

The brake moment plus the running frictional resistance (excluding the
frictional resistance torsion between the rim and the rail head side surface) of
the running gear arreste4r shall be able to stop luffing trolley under the most
adverse conditions within the required time (the required time shall be decided
according to the working conditions of the crane).

It is recommended that the controllable arrester is adopted.

60
4.2.2.5 Slipping Calculation

During the starting or braking of the running gear, the driving wheel shall not
slip. During the calculation, the sticking coefficient of the steel wheel and the
rail, for the indoor work, shall be 0.15 and for the outdoor, 0.12.

4.2.3 Swiveling Gear

4.2.3.1 Isoeffect Static Moment of Resistance

The isoeffect static resistance moment of the swiveling gear includes the
frictional resistance moment, isoeffect wind resistance moment and the
isoeffect ramp moment of resistance under the normal operating conditions.

4.2.3.2 Initial Selection of Electromotor

According to the isoeffect static resistance moment, the swiveling speed and
the efficiency of the mechanism under the steady motion of the mechanism,
the equivalent power of the mechanism shall be calculated. According to the
equivalent power and load duration factor of the4 mechanism, the electromotor
shall be initially selected. If the inertia force is greater, the influence from it shall
be considered. The load duration factor of the mechanism shall refer to Annex
W (Informative).

4.2.3.3 Check of the Motor Capacity

The electromotor of the swiveling gear must undergo the overload check and
the check method shall refer to the Annex T (Informative). For the handling
swiveling gear of the crane, the check on the heat evolution of the electromotor
must be carried out. The calculation method shall refer to Annex U
(Informative).

After the selection of the electromotor of the swiveling gear, the starting
acceleration of the mechanism shall be checked so that the header tangential
acceleration (deceleration) of the swinging boom won't exceed the following
recommended values; for the erecting crane having a lower swiveling speed, it
shall be 0.1-0.3m/s2 according to the hoisting capacity; while for the crane for
handling having a higher swiveling speed, it shall be 0.8-1.2m/s2 according to
the hoisting capacity. The larger the hoisting capacity is, the smaller the value
will be.

4.2.3.4 Selection of Arrester

61
The swiveling gear shall adopt the controllable normal-open arrester. Under
the most adverse working status and the maximum radius of gyration, the
brake torque of the arrester shall be able to stop the return part. If the
normally-closed type arrester is adopted, the braking deceleration shall not
exceed the recommended value in 4.2.3.3.

4.2.3.5 For the transmission mechanism that has the possibility of

self-locking shall be installed with the limit moment coupling, while for
the non-self-locking mechanism without the limit moment coupling,
the transmission mechanism shall have the static strength under the
accidental status.

4.2.4 Luffing Mechanism

4.2.4.1 Isoeffect Luffing Resistance Moment

It is the root mean square value of the luffing resistance moment at different
amplitude positions and the corresponding luffing time in the differ zone during
the luffing process according to the relevant hoisting capacity under the normal
operating conditions. The luffing resistance moment is generated by the
unbalanced self weight load of the unbalanced lifted load the arm support
system, the wind power acting on the arm support system, the horizontal force
generated by the carrying rope swing angle αI, the inertia force of the arm
support system, the ramp resistance due to the incline of the crane and the
frictional resistance during the amplitude of the arm support system.

4.2.4.2 Initial Selection of Electromotor

Under the normal working condition, according to the maximum value of the
root mean square isoeffect resistance moment, the equivalent power of the
electromotor of the luffing mechanism can be calculated. According to the
equivalent power and load duration factor of the mechanism, the electromotor
shall be initially selected. The continuance rate of the power-charged
mechanism shall refer to Annex W (Informative).

4.2.4.3 Check of the Motor Capacity

The electromotor must undergo the overload and heat evolution check. The
method can refer to Annex T (Informative) and Annex U (Informative).

After the selection of electromotor of the luffing mechanism, the starting

acceleration of the mechanism shall be checked. During the luffing of the crane,
the maximum acceleration (deceleration) of the header horizontal shifting shall
be no greater than 0.6m/s2.

62
4.2.4.4 Selection of Arrester

The normally-closed arrester shall be adopted. For the balance luffing

mechanism, its braking safety factor shall be 1.25 and 1.15 for the working and
non-working status respectively. For the important non-balance luffing
mechanism, two support arresters shall be installed with the braking safety
factor selected according to the selection principles same as that of the
hoisting mechanism.

The braking deceleration shall not exceed the recommended value in 4.2.4.3.

4.3 Calculation Principles of the Strength of the Spare Parts

4.3.1 Calculation Method

The strength calculation includes the static strength calculation and the service
life calculation. The calculation of the static strength includes the check of the
brittle fracture and the unallowed plastic deformation of the spare parts. The
calculated load shall be in accordance with 4.3.2.2, 4.3.2.3 and 4.3.2.4. Most
spare parts of the transmission mechanism shall undergo the check on the
brittle fracture or the unallowed plastic deformation. The service life calculation
includes the fatigue calculation of the spare parts receiving the cyclic stress
and the resistance to wear of the sliding frictional pieces and covering
surfaces. The calculation load and load variation is related with the action time
and shall refer to 4.3.4.

The calculation procedures are: according to the relevant calculated load, the
calculated stress shall be determined. According to the mechanical features of
the materials, the strength limit shall be decided according to 4.3.6 and the
4.3.7. Then, the comparison shall be made to make the ratio between the
strength limit of the spare parts and the calculated stress equal to or greater
than the safety factor.

For the longer high-speed rotating shaft, the critical speed shall be calculated.

4.3.2 Calculated Load

The spare parts of the mechanism can receive two kinds of loads: one is the
load directly related with the brake moment of the arrester or the driving
moment of the electromotor. This load shall be expressed by the moment of
the shaft where the spare part is in. The other load is foreign to the
electromotor or the arrester, but is directly caused by the external load and
can't be balanced by the moment of the driving shaft.

63
This item has specified the determination method of the former load as
following in principle.

4.3.2.1 Basic Load for Fatigue Calculation

a. Running and Swiveling Gears

The inertial load on this kind of mechanism is comparatively large. The

basic load for the fatigue calculation is the sum of the inertia force moment
received by the spare parts and the static resistance moment during the
starting of the mechanism. The inertia moment shall be determined by the
rigid-body dynamics method. For the electrodynamic mechanism, the
basic load for the fatigue calculation of the spare parts of this kind of
mechanism shall be estimated according to Formula (56).

M Im ax  8 M n ……………………………………(58)

Where,
M Imax : The basic load moment for the fatigue calculation of the spare

parts, N·mm;
Mn: the basic load moment for the fatigue calculation of the spare parts,
N·mm;
 8 : Rigid dynamic load factor.

The rigid dynamic load factor is related with the ratio between the drive
features of the electromotor and the moment of inertia on both sides of the
spare parts,  8 =1.2-2.0.Annex P (Informative) provides a referential method

of the basic load for the fatigue calculation of the mechanism.

b. Lifting and Non-balance Luffing Mechanism

In this kind of mechanism, spear parts1* receiving the inertial load shall
have the basic load for the calculation of the fatigue as the arithmetic

product between the lifted load and the dynamic load factor
6 .

1 The spare parts having smaller inertial load refers to spares parts having the sum of the inertial
moments of all movement spare parts on the passive side of the spare parts far less than that on
the driving side (like other spare parts excluding the motor shaft in the hoisting mechanism).

64
 The dynamic coefficient  6 shall be calculated according to Formula (10).

For other spare parts, 1.3-1.4 times of the rated moment of the
electromotor received by the spare parts shall be selected.

c. Balance Luffing Mechanism

In this kind of mechanisms, the spare parts receiving smaller inertial load
shall have the basic load for the fatigue calculation shall be the isoeffect of
the luffing status resistance moment received by the spare parts. For other
spare parts, 1.3-1.4 times of the rated moment of the electromotor
received by the spare parts shall be selected.

4.3.2.2 Maximum Working Load

The maximum working load belongs to the recurrent load and is designed to
the static strength of the calculated spare parts. The maximum working load
shall be decided according to the following method:

a. Running and Swiveling Gears

The maximum vibratory moment received by the spare parts during

starting or braking of the mechanism; it shall be calculated according to
Formula (59):

M I Im ax   58 M n …………………………………(59)

Where,
M I Imax : the maximum working vibratory moment for calculated spare

parts, N·mm;
Mn: the basic load moment for the fatigue calculation last the spare

parts, N·mm;

The moment augmenting factor considering the elastic vibration; for the

suddenly-started mechanism,
5 =1.5-1.7; for the comparatively

smoothly-started mechanism,
 5 =1.1-l.5. For those having the large flexibility

and damping of the system, the smaller value shall prevail.

65
 b. Lifting and Non-balance Luffing Mechanism

For spare parts receiving small inertial loads*2, the loads on the spare
parts from the arithmetic product of the lifted load and the dynamic load

factor  2 shall be adopted.

For other spare parts, 2.0-2.5 times of the rated moment of the
electromotor received by the spare parts shall be selected.

c. Balance Luffing Mechanism

for the spare parts receiving smaller inertial load, the maximum luffing
resistance or the maximum luffing resistance moment (including the loads
due to the αII) shall be selected.

For other spare parts, 2.0-2.5 times of the rated moment of the
electromotor received by the spare parts shall be selected.

d. When the mechanism often uses to complete some special processes,

the load due to such processes shall be taken into account.

4.8.2.3 Non-working Maximum Load

The non-working maximum load shall be decided according to the combination

of the non-working maximum wind loading and the self weight of the
equipment under the non-working status. The non-working maximum load
belongs to the infrequent load and shall be used to calculate the static strength
of some members.

4.8.2.4 Special Load

The special load belongs to the infrequent load and shall be used to calculate
the static strength of some members.

a. Impact Load of the Buffer

Calculated according to Formula (60).

R
M II Im ax  0.25
i
 Pmax ………………………………(60)

Where,

66
 M II Im ax : The moment on the driving shaft of the running gear during the

impact of the buffer, N·mm;

R: radius of curvature, mm;
I: resultant gear ratio of the hoisting mechanism;

P max : The sum of the maximum wheel pressure on the driving wheel of

the transmission mechanism, N;

b. Erection Load

If some mechanism of the crane is used for the erection of the crane, the
load on the mechanism during such a task shall be checked.

c. Test Load

According to provisions in 2.2.16, the product of the dynamic test load

multiplied by the dynamic load factor  6 and the static test load shall

have the larger prevailed as the special load of the calculation mechanism.
It belongs to the infrequent load.

d. Infrequent Technical Load

When the crane is used to complete some special process occasionally,

such a task will generate loads on the mechanism.

4.3.3 Number of Stress Cycles

During the calculation of the fatigue strength of the transmission spare parts,
the number of stress cycles within the required designed service life shall be
calculated. When the stress fluctuation value is less than 10% of the maximum
stress absolute value, their number of the stress cycles shall be free of the
calculation.

The total number of stress cycles (N) is:

N=FZ ………………………………………(61)

Where,

F: the number of stress cycles hourly; it is got from the working cycle number
or revolutions within each working hour on average.
Z: the general designed service life of the spare parts, h; it shall be selected

67
 according to Table 26.

The spare parts of the mechanism are commonly calculated according to the
designed service life of the mechanism. In some cases, due to economic
reason or restrictions from technology6, the designed service life of some
spare parts can be lower than the theoretic value of the utilization class of the
mechanism.

The number of stress cycles hourly shall be calculated according to the

following two conditions:

a. Transmission spare parts having the number of stress cycles related

with the working cycles:

F=KaSp………………………………………(62)

Where,

Sp: the working cycles in one working hour;

Ka: the number of stress cycles received by the spare parts in one working
cycle.

b. Transmission spare parts with the number of stress cycles related with
the rotation speed:

60 n m  K b
F …… (63)
im

Where,

nm: the revolution of the electromotor in every minute, min-1;

im: the transmission ratio between the electromotor and the calculated spare
parts.
Kb: the number of stress cycles received by the spare parts in one working
cycle.

4.3.4 Equivalent Load

The equivalent load of the fatigue calculation of spare parts shall be estimated
according to Formula (64).

M eq  k m k n M Im ax ……………………………………(64)

68
k m  m K m ……………………………………(65)

n
Kn  m ……(66)
N0

Where,

Meq: equivalent load (N), mm;

Km: load coefficient;
Kn: the cycle number coefficient;
N0: the basic stress cycle number.

If N>N0, the m in Formula (66) shall be replaced by 2m.

When the arithmetic product of the km and kn is greater than 1, kmkn=1.

4.3.5 Calculated Stress

The calculated stress of the peril points of the mechanical element shall adopt
the mechanical method for calculation according to the loads stated in 7.2.2.
The combined stress shall be synthesized according to the proper theory of the
strength.

4.3.6 Intensity Limitation

During the calculation of static strength, for the material having good plasticity,
the yield point of the materials can work as that of the spare parts.

If the ratio between the yield point

 s of the material and the tensile strength

 b is greater than 0.7m, to reduce the danger of brittle fracture due to the

exceeding of the material yield point. It is stated that the Formula (67) and (68)
will be adopted for calculating the hypothetical yield point.
 s  0.7 b
 sf  …… (67)
2

 sF
sF  …… (68)
3

4.3.7 Fatigue Strength Limit

The fatigue strength limit  rk of spare parts shall be got from the test or

69
calculation. Under the stress, 90% of spare parts can't fail.

The fatigue strength limit of spare parts rests with:

 min
a. Features of the stress cycle:  (  );
 max
b. Material quality;
c. Shape of spare parts;
d. Dimension of spare parts;
e. Surface status of the spare parts.

Annex Q (Informative) provides the method for determining the fatigue strength
 rk .

4.3.8 Strength Checking Calculation

The transmission spare parts of the mechanism shall undergo the strength
check and calculation according to method stated herein. But for spare parts
that have short loading time and are difficult to have fatigue damages or over
wear, they can be free of the fatigue and anti-abrasion calculation. The
strength checking calculation shall meet Formula (69):

……(79)

The strength safety coefficient shall be selected in Table 30.

Table 30 Theoretic Values of the Strength Safety Coefficient

Fatigue Checking Static Strength Checking Calculation

Calculation nI Maximum Working Non-working Maximum Load,
Load nII Special Load, nIII
1.25 1.50 1.15
Note: for cranes of special importance for transporting the molten metal and hazardous substance, the
safety factor shall be enlarged correspondingly.

4.3.9 Critical Speed of Shaft

The transmission shaft having the rotation speed exceeding 400min -1 shall
have the critical speed checked in accordance with Formula (70).

70
 ncr
nmax  …………………………(70)
1.2

Where,
nmax: the actual maximum speed of the shaft, min-1;
ncr: critical speed, min-1; it shall be calculated according to Formula (71).

d 22  d11
ncr  1210 ……(71)
l2

Where,
d1: the internal diameter (mm) of the shaft; for the solid axle, d1=0;
d2: the external diameter of the shaft, cm; l: the support point spacing of the
shaft, m.

4.3.10 Abrasion Check

Spare parts that often have frictions in the movement shall be ensured that
during their service period, the wearing capacity of the frictional surface is
within the allowable range. Usually, the related interface quantities that
influence the wearing capacity shall be checked to make them not exceed the
allowable value. For arrester, clutch and sliding support, the pressure intensity
and characteristic coefficient (pv) (the arithmetic product of p and the covering
surface speed of relative movement shall be checked not to exceed the
permissible value. The allowable interface quantity for the commonly-used
friction surface materials shall refer to Annex R (Informative). When the
hydraulic pressure handspike arrester or other arresters are used as the speed
regulation devices, the friction surface shall select the wear resistant fire
resistant materials. The braked wheels shall have favorable heat dissipation
conditions and checking calculation shall be carried out on the radiation so that
the temperature rise can be within the allowable range.

4.4 Spare Parts

4.4.1 Hook

The hook materials shall adopt the quality low-carbon killed steel or the
common low alloy steel.

When the hook is designed by the plane elasticity bent lever means method,
the calculated load shall consider the lifting dynamic load factor, but the

71
permissible stress, for the common hooks, may adopt the yield point of the
materials, while for the laminated hooks of the foundry crane, shall be 0.4 time
of the yield point.

The hook can be selected according to the hoisting capacity and working class
from the performance table provided by the manufacturer.

4.4.2 Wire Ropes, Pulleys and Reel

This article is applicable to the wire ropes that bypass the reel and pulley.

4.4.2.1 Selection of Wire Rope Structural Type

The linear contact lay wire rope shall be adopted preferentially.

Under the environment having great erosion, the galvanized wire rope shall be
adopted.

4.4.2.2 Calculation and Selection of Wire Rope Diameter

a. The diameter of the wire rope shall be decided according to Formula

(72) by the maximum static tensile of the wire ropes:

d  c s ……………………………·(72)

Where,

d: the minimum diameter of selected wire ropes, mm;

c: selectivity coefficient, mm/ N ;

s: Maximum static tensile of wire ropes, N;

The maximum static tension of the wire rope:

In the hoisting mechanism, the maximum working static tensile of the wire rope
shall be decided by the lifted loads considering the pulley block efficiency and
the bearing branches. The lifted load calculation shall refer to 2.2.2 in this
national standard.

For the closed rope and support ropes with twin rope grabs shall have the load
distributed according to the following:

If the system applied can make the load evenly distributed on the closed wire

72
rope and the support rope in a short time and automatically, the closed rope an
the support rope shall select 66% of the total loads respectively and otherwise,
the closed wire shall select 100% of the total load and the support rope, 66%.
Selectivity Coefficient C:

The value of the selectivity coefficient c is related with the working class of the
mechanism. It shall be selected from Table 31. In the table, the selectivity
coefficient c shall be selected under the coefficient  of fullness of the steel
wire is 0.46 and the reduction coefficient (k) is 0.082.

If the  , k and  t value are different from those in the table, the n value shall
be selected from Table 31 according to the working class and then, the
selectivity coefficient (c) shall be converted to according to Formula (73)

according to the ,  , k,  t value of the selected wire ropes. Then, the wire
rope diameter shall be selected according to Formula (72).

Where,

n: safety factor; it shall be selected according to Table 31.

k: the twisting reduction coefficient of the wire rope;
 : Coefficient of fullness of the wire rope; it shall be calculated according to:

 t : The nominal tensile strength of the steel wire, N/mm2.

b. The wire rope diameter shall be selected according to the safety factor
related to the working class of the mechanism where the wire rope is
located. The failure pull of the selected wire ropes shall meet Formula
(74).

F0  sn ………………………………………(74)

Where,

F0: the minimum failure pull of the wire rope attached, N;

n: the minimum safety factor of the wire rope; it shall be selected according to
Table 31.

During the design, any one method can be selected according to specific
circumstances.

73
 Table 31 c and n Value

Working Class of the Selectivity Coefficient C Safety

Mechanism Nominal Tensile Strength of the Factor n
Wire Rope
 b , N/mm2
1550 1700 1850
M1-M3 0.093 0.089 0.085 4
M4 0.099 0.095 0.091 4.5
M5 0.104 0.100 0.096 5
M6 0.114 0.109 0.106 6
M7 0.123 0.118 0.113 7
M8 0.140 0.134 0.128 9
Note:
(1) For wire ropes used for hoisting dangerous substances, the c and n value shall be selected by the
working class a level higher than the designed one. For the crane for iron and steel works with the
working class of the hoisting mechanism of M7 and M8, to ensure the service lift, it is allowed that the
selection is made according to the low working class, but the minimum safety factor shall be no less
than 6.
(2) The lifting rope and hauling rope for the cable cranes shall be treated accordingly, but the minimum
safety factor of the hoisting rope shall be no lower than 5 and for the hauling rope, no lower than 4.
(3) For wire ropes for the arm stretching, the safety factor shall be no less than 4.

4.4.2.3 Wound Diameter of Pulley and Reel

The minimum coiling diameter of the reel and pulley calculated according to
the center of the wire rope shall be calculated according to Formula (75):

D0 min  h  d ……………………·……………”(75)

Where,

D0min: the minimum wound diameter of the pulley and reel calculated
according to the center of the wire rope, mm;
h: the coefficient related with the working class of the mechanism and the
structure of the wire rope; it shall be selected according to Table 32.
d: the diameter of the wire rope, mm;

The diameter of the compensating pulley, for the bridge cranes, shall be the
same as D0min and for the jib crane, no less than 0.6 time of the D0min.

74
 Table 32 Coefficient h

Working Class of the Mechanism Reel h1 Pulley h2

M1-M3 14 16
M4 16 18
M5 18 20
M6 20 22.4
M7 22.4 25
M8 25 28
Note:
(1) When the non rotating wire ropes are adopted, the h value shall be selected a class
higher than the working class of the mechanism.
(2) For the mobile crane, it is suggested that h1=16 and h2=18; they are foreign to the
working class.

4.4.2.4 Permissible Inclination of Wire Ropes

a. The maximum declination angle (the included angle between the wire
rope ax and the plane shaft is vertical to) of the wire rope for winding-in
or winding-out of the pulley groove shall be no greater than 5°.
b. When the wire rope is winding in or out of the reel, the angle for the
wire rope deviating from the ax of the spiral scroll shall be no greater
than 3.5°.
c. For the smooth reel and multilayer wound reels, the wire rope ax
deviation shall have the angle with the plane the barrel shaft is vertical
to shall be no greater than 2°.

4.4.3 Gear

The gears for cranes shall undergo the tooth surface contact strength
calculation and the gear tooth bending strength calculation. The calculation
method adopted shall suit the working features of the crane. Annex S
(Informative) has provided a suggestive calculation method.

4.4.4 Wheel

This calculation method is applicable to the wheels having favorable track

erection and maintenance, right wheel adjustment and the diameter no greater
than 1.25mm. The wheels with large diameter shall not be used. The
permissible pressure between the wheel with large diameters and the track
shall be reduced.

4.4.4.1 Calculated Load

75
The fatigue calculation of spare tire treads shall be calculated according to
Formula (76).

2 Pmax  Pmin
Pc  ………………….(76)
3

Where,
Pc : the fatigue calculation load of the tire tread, N;
Pmax: the maximum wheel pressure (N) under the normal working;
Pmax: the minimum wheel pressure (N) under the normal working;

During the determination of the Pmax and Pmin, the 1 ,  2 ,  3 and  4 in

Article 2.2 shall be selected as 1.

4.4.4.2 Calculation of Tire Tread Fatigue

The contact fatigue strength shall be calculated according to the hertz formula.
According to the wheel and track contact status, it can be divided into the line
contact and whisker contact.

a. the line contact shall be calculated according to Formula 77.

Pc  k1 Dlc1c2 …………………………………(77)

Where,

k1: the permissible line contact stress constant related to the materials,
N/mm2. For the steel wheels, it shall be selected according to Table 33.
D: wheel diameter (mm);
L: the effective contact length between the wheel and the track (mm);
c1: speed coefficient; it shall be selected according to Table 34.
c2: the working class coefficient; it shall be selected according to Table 35.

Table 33 Coefficient k1 and k2

k1 k2
b
500 3.8 0.053
600 5.6 0.1
550 6.0 0.132

76
 700 6.6 0.18l
>800 7.2 0.245
Note:

(1)  b : the tensile strength of materials, N/mm2;

(2) Steel wheels shall undergo heat treatment commonly, The hardness of the roller face is
recommended as HB=300-380 and the depth of the quenching zone shall be 15-20mm. During the

determination of the permissible k1 and k2 value, the

b under the untreated materials shall be

selected.

(3) When the nodular graphite cast iron is adopted for the wheel, for the materials with
 b >500N/mm2,

the k1 and k2 value shall be selected according to

 b =500N/mm2.

Table 34 Speed Coefficient c1 Value

Wheel Rotation c1 Wheel Rotation c1 Wheel Rotation c1

Speed Speed Speed
Min-1 Min-1 Min-1
200 0.66 50 0.94 16 1.09
160 0.72 45 0.96 14 1.1
125 0.77 40 0.97 12.5 1.11
112 0.79 35.5 0.99 11.2 1.12
100 0.82 31.5 1.00 10 1.13
90 0.84 28 1.02 8 1.14
80 0.87 25 1.03 6.3 1.15
71 0.89 22.4 1.04 5.6 1.16
63 0.91 20 1.06 5 1.17
56 0.92 18 1.07

Table 35 Working Class Coefficient c2 Value

Working Class of the Running Gear c2

M1-M3 1.25
M4 1.12
M5 1.00
M6 0.9
M7, M8 0.8

b. For the whisker contact, it shall be calculated according to Formula (78):

77
 R2
P  k2 c1c2(78)
m3
Where,

k2: the permissible whisker contact stress constant related to the materials,
N/mm2. For the steel wheels, it shall be selected according to Table 33.
R: radius of curvature; it shall be the larger radius of curvature between the
wheel and the track;
m: the coefficient decided by the ratio (r/R) between the radius of curvature of
the track and wheel; it shall be selected according to Table 36.

Table 36 Coefficient m Value

r 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

R
m 0.388 0.400 0.420 0.440 0.468 0.490 0.536 0.600
Note:
r
(1) If is the value not included in the table, the m value shall be calculated
R
according to the according to the interpolation method.
(2) r is the smaller radius of curvature between the two interfaces.

4.4.5 Selection of Antifriction Bearings

4.4.5.1 Designed Service Life

Due to technical restrictions or economic reasons, the general designed

service life of the antifriction bearing can be one or two class (s) lower than the
general service life of the mechanism where it is located.

4.4.5.2 Calculation of the Load-bearing Capacity

The static load-carrying capacity shall be checked by the maximum working

load received by the antifriction bearing and the dynamic load-bearing capacity
shall be checked by the average equivalent dynamic load received. For the
antifriction bearing with the speed lower than 10min -1, no check is needed to
the dynamic load-bearing capacity.

4.4.5.3 Average Equivalent Dynamic Load

The average equivalent dynamic load (Pm) is the equivalent load during the
calculation of the fatigue strength of the variable load antifriction bearings. It is
directly related with the torsion on the mechanism from the electromotor or

78
arrester and shall be expressed by PMm. The load that can't be balanced by the
torsion on the driving shaft shall be expressed by PRm.

a. PMm average equivalent dynamic load shall be calculated according to

Formula (79).

PMm=km·PMmax (79)

Where,

km: coefficient of load; please refer to 4.3.4;

PMmax: the equivalent load *3 generated by the antifriction bearing of the basic
load MImax during the fatigue calculation on the shaft, N.

b. PMm average equivalent dynamic load shall be calculated according to

Formula (80).

2 PR max  RR min
PRm  ………………… (80)
3

Where,

PRmax, PRmin: the maximum and minimum load respectively of the calculated
bearing under the normal working conditions.
c. Determination of Generalized Type Average Equivalent Dynamic Load
Pm

During the calculation of the PMm and PRm received by the antifriction bearing,
the Formula (79) and (80) shall be adopted. Then, a total average equivalent
dynamic load Pm can be got.

4.4.6 Buffer

The buffer shall be designed according to the impact kinetic energy and
maximum impact force stated in 2.2.8. The allowable maximum deceleration is
4m/s2.

For the running gear with the rated running speed less than 0.7m/s, the

3 The " Equivalent Load" refers to the resultant force converted by the radial coefficient (X) and axial
coefficient (Y) in the calculation method of the bearing selection from the radial force and the axial
force received by the antifriction bearings.

79
capability of the cushioning device for absorbing the kinetic energy can be free
of checks.

The buffer shell shall be designed according to the maximum impact force
during the collision of the crane at the rated speed. The strength safety
coefficient shall select nIII in Table 30.

4.4.7 Selection of Retarder

During the selection of the standard model retarder, the total designed service
life shall match the utilization class of the mechanism where it is in (please
refer to Table 26, Annex N). For the mechanism of the retarder receiving small
dynamic load during the unstable running, the retarder can be decided
according to the specified loads or the nominal power of the electromotor. For
mechanisms having larger dynamic loads (considering the influence from the
dynamic load), the retarder shall be selected considering actual loads of the
dynamic loads. If necessary, the maximum radial load on the retarder end shall
be checked.

4.4.8 Selection of Coupling

The coupling adopted on the crane, commonly, can be selected from the
coupling standard table. Then, the torque transmitted shall be checked to meet
Formula (81).

M c  M t ………………………………………(81)

Where,

Mc: the calculated moment of the coupling; it shall be calculated according to

Formula (82); N·m.

M c  nM Im ax  n 8 M n ………………………………(82)

n: the safety factor of the coupling; for the hoisting mechanism, n=1.5; for the
rest mechanisms, n=1.35.

Mt: the moment listed in the coupling specification parameter list, N·m.
5 Electric

5.1 Electromotor

80
5.1.1 Type Selection

5.1.1.1 Type

Cranes always adopt the winding asynchronous motor, cage-type

asynchronous motor, self-retention asynchronous motor, series excitation DC
electromotor, D.C. compound generator and separate excitation DC
electromotor.

5.1.1.2 Requirements on Selection of Type

Except the auxiliary mechanisms, the crane shall adopt series electromotor for
hoisting the metallurgy:

The asynchronous motor for hosting the metallurgy;

The DC electromotor for hosting the metallurgy;

Taper rotor brake asynchronous motor;

Other types of electromotor meeting requirement of the crane can also be

adopted.

The protection class of the motor enclosure shall commonly be no lower than
IP 44 stated in Classification of Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures
for Rotating Machines (GB 1498-79).

5.1.2 Capacity Check

The check results shall meet the following requirements: under the condition of
the design limit, the maximum moment of the electromotor or the locked rotor
moment shall be able to ensure the starting of the mechanism. Under the
design requirements, the electromotor shall have no overheat.

The check formulae and data shall refer to Annex T (referential annex), U
(referential annex), V (referential annex), W (referential annex).

5.2 Driving Elements for Arrester

5.2.1 Type Selection

5.2.1.1 Driving elements for arresters shall be selected according to the power
voltage and frequency, the ambient conditions and the behavior (load
duration factor, hourly working times) of the corresponding

81
 mechanisms.
The thrust and journey of the driving elements shall be no lower than
the rated value required by the arresters.

5.2.1.2 For the AC transmission system, the running gear commonly adopts
the hydraulic pressure handspike. Under the condition of a low load
duration factor (JC value no greater than 25%), fewer electrification
times hourly (no greater than 300times/h) and the small brake moment,
it is allowed that the single-phase short-stroke brake electromagnet
can be adopted. The hoisting mechanism shall adopt the hydraulic
pressure handspikes shall have relevant measures if there are strict
requirements on the stop accuracy.

5.2.1.3 For the DC transmission system, the diesel engine-generator power

supply system shall adopt the series connection electromagnet, while
for other power supply systems, the hoisting mechanism shall adopt
the series connection electromagnet as possible or the parallel
connection electromagnet can be adopted. The parallel connection
electromagnet shall adopt the discharge resistance and forced
excitation measures. The running gear shall adopt the parallel
connection electromagnet.

5.2.2 Check

The DC series connection electromagnet shall have the holding force of the
electromagnet at the initial pull and the minimum load when starting the first
gear of the electromagnet checked.

5.3 Resistor

5.3.1 Selection

5.3.1.1 Ohmic Value

a. For electromotor having different load duration factors shall select general
resistors for cranes of different parameters. For those with the load duration
factor though different but similar, it is allowed that the resistor of the same
specification can be adopted.
b. The tolerance between the selection value and calculated value of the
resistance of all levels for resistors for starting shall be ±5%. To reduce the
cabinets of the resistor, the tolerance of the selection value of the resistor of
some level shall be ±10%, but the total resistance selection tolerance of all
phases shall not exceed ±8%. The common concatenate resistance
tolerance may have a loose restriction, but the error value shall not exceed

82
 1.5% of the rated resistance of the electromotor.

5.3.1.2 Heat Evolution Capacity

a. Commonly, the selection is made according to the repeated short-time

working system. If a cycle period is defined as 60s, then, the load duration
factor shall be 100%, 70%, 50%, 35%, 25%, 17.5%, 12.5%, 8.8%, 6.25%
and 4.4% respectively.
b. The load duration factor for the resistance of all levels for resistors shall
have the value selected according to the access conditions. The same
resistor unit shall have different allowable current values under different
load duration factors. The allowable current value of the selected elements
shall be no less than the rated current of the electromotor. To reduce the
number of the resistance boxes, the allowable current value of some
components can be 5% less than the rated current of the electromotor. The
common concatenate resistance shall be selected according to the
long-term working system. the allowable current for the components shall
be no less than the rated current of the electromotor.

5.3.1.3 The hoisting mechanism shall not select the frequency sensitive
varistor.

5.3.2 Erection

5.3.2.1 Four-case-and-fewer resistors can be directly stacked up, while for

more-than-four-case resistors are stacked up, the interval distance
between cases of the resistor shall be no less than 80mm and in the
middle, the thermal baffle shall be added. If the spacing is too small,
the capacity shall be reduced or other measures can be taken.
5.3.2.2 For resistors without the connecting methods, the external connecting
wires shall have a naked segment and relevant measures shall be
taken to prevent the short circuit. Except located in the special electric
room or places unable to be reached by the operator, resistors shall be
taken the protection measures. For the outdoor application, the resistor
shall be added with the enclosure that is in favor of the heat elimination
and rain protection.

5.4 Protective Equipment

5.4.1 Short-circuit Protection and Overcurrent Protection

5.4.1.1 The loop of the general power shall be installed with the automatic air
switch or the fuse protector as the short-circuit protection. The
automatic air switch shall have the over-current release that can act

83
 instantly on each phase. The setting value of the release shall be no
greater than the peak current of the crane. the value shall be decided
according to the type of the air switch. The rated current of the fuse
1 1

pieces in the fuse protector shall be 2 1.6 of the peak current of the
crane.

5.4.1.2 Except the diesel engine-generator power system or the driving and
auxiliary mechanisms of the cage-type asynchronous motors, each
motor in the mechanism shall be installed with the overcurrent
protection separately. The triphase winding asynchronous motor is
only allowed to be installed with the overcurrent protection in two
phases. The DC electromotor is allowed to use only one overcurrent
protection. The system protected by the protective casing shall be
installed with the general overcurrent protection of the third phase of all
electromotor. During the action, all contractors shall be disconnected.

5.4.1.3 For the winding asynchronous motor protected by the overcurrent

relay that acts instantly, its action current shall be about 250% of the
rated current of the electromotor. During the protection of the DC
electromotor, the action current shall be decided according to the
permissible maximum current. When the electromotor adopts the
overcurrent relay that acts with an inverse time limit, during the normal
starting of the electromotor, the relay shall not act and during the
overcurrent, it shall have good protection features.

5.1.2 No-voltage Protection

The crane must be installed with the no-voltage protection. When the electric
power supply is interrupted, the to total loop shall be disconnected
automatically.

5.4.3 Zero Position Protection

The crane must be installed with the zero position protection. On the operating
and the power supply restoring after the pressurization loss, the handgrip of
the controller shall be placed at the zero position before the mechanism or the
electromotor of all mechanisms are started.

5.4.4 Limit Protection and Journey Protection

5.4.4.1 The lifting and luffing mechanism shall be installed with at least one set
of rising limit switch. The hoisting mechanism for cranes used for

84
 handling the liquid metal shall be installed with two sets of lifting limit
switches. The two sets of switches shall act orderly and they shall
adopt the tripper having different structural types and controls.
The luffing mechanism for the tower or portal cranes, the hoisting
mechanism for the port span winch and mechanism having
requirements on the lower limit shall be installed with the falling limit
switch.

5.4.4.2 The running gears of the cart and trolley commonly have the limit
switch installed on both ends. For some running gear, like the running
gear of the trolley for the single-beam electric crane, the limit switch
may not be installed, while for the running gear of the cart of the tower
crane, two limit switches shall be installed in each direction
respectively to control different trippers.

5.4.4.3 The swiveling gear having the power supplied by the hanging flexible
cables shall be installed with the limit switch controlling the revolution
angle.

5.4.4.4 The port span winch that adopts the cable drum to provide the power
shall be installed with the travel switch having the cable completely
released.

5.4.5 Main Disconnecting Switch

The crane shall be installed with the main disconnecting switch able to cut all
power sources. Such switches shall be as close as possible to the cart current
collector. If there are sophisticated isolation measures for the crane or other
power supplies and no influence on the running of other cranes having the
same span, the disconnecting switch may be not installed. For instance, the
cut-off device of the cart current collector, or only one crane on one span, or
cranes of the same span allowed to be parked at the same time can be free of
the disconnecting switch.

5.4.6 Misc.

5.4.6.1 The crane shall be installed with the channel switch (for the overhead
traveling crane, the hatch and end beam door switch shall be installed)
to disconnect the general supply when the channel is opened.

5.4.6.2 The main hoisting mechanism of the casting and quenching cranes
and the hoisting mechanism and luffing mechanism for cranes used
for the silicon controlled rectifier stator voltage regulation,
eddy-current brake, dynamic braking, Silicon controlled rectifier

85
 power supply, DC unit power supply speed regulation shall adopt the
overspeed protection measures.

5.4.6.3 DC separately excited motors shall be installed with the deexcitation

protection.

5.4.6.4 For the power supply system of the magneto dynamo, when the
controller is at the zero position, measures for preventing the
creepage of the electromotor shall be taken.

5.4.6.5 The emergency switches or devices for rapidly disconnecting the

general power shall be selected. Such switches or devices shall be of
non-automatic reset type and placed at the place easy to be
accessed by the driver.

5.4.6.6 In the electric equipment on the crane, the charged naked part that
can be touched shall be installed with the protective measures for
preventing the electric shock, but electric equipment installed on the
special parts are excluded.

5.5 Transmission System

5.5.1 Selection of the Transmission Proposal

5.5.1.1 Cranes commonly adopt the AC transmission system. If there are

special requirements and there is only DC power supply, the DC
transmission system can be adopted.

5.5.1.2 The hoisting mechanism transmitted by the control-panel-controlled

winding asynchronous motor, during the falling, at least one gear of
low speed shall have. During the speed decreasing process during
the falling, there shall be electric breakage, but cranes having
requirements on the grab buckets shall be exceptions.

5.5.1.3 Commonly, it is required that the bridge crane running gears shall be
able to carry out plug braking or other electric braking to ensure the
rapid and smooth braking under the normal running speed.

5.5.1.4 AC Speed Regulating System

a. Commonly, speed regulation proposals like frequency conversion, Silicon

controlled rectifier stator voltage regulation, dynamic braking, eddy-current
brake, hydraulic pressure handspike arrester, multiple-speed motor and
double electric engines are adopted.

86
b. The capacity of the main components like electromotor and resistors in the
speed regulating system shall be selected and checked according to the
actual working conditions.
c. If the hydraulic pressure handspike arrester is adopted in the hoisting
mechanism for speed regulation, support arrester shall be stocked.

5.5.1.5 DC Speed Regulating System

For the AC power supply, commonly, the silicon controlled rectifier power
supply system, silicon commutation power supply system and DC
generator-DC electromotor system will be adopted. During the Dc supply. the
series excitation and D.C. compound generator system is always adopted.

5.5.2 Selection of the Control Mode

5.5.2.1 The control mode shall be decided according to the requirements on

the operation performances and methods from the transmission
system, the type and capacity of the electromotor, load duration factor,
make-and-break times, expected service life of the controller and the
form and position of the operating devices.

5.5.2.2 The control mode for the winding asynchronous motor transmission
shall be selected according to Table 37.

Table 37 Control Mode of Winding Asynchronous Motor Transmission

150 300 600 >600

2 1

3
≤22 K K K(P) P
>22 P(K) P P P
Where, 1: Make-and-break Times, h-1; 2: Control Mode; 3. Motor Capacity
Note:
(1) The motor capacity herein is the rated power (kW) of the electromotor under the benchmark load
duration factor under the intermittent periodic duty (S3).
(2) If the make-and-break times are higher than 600h-1, the DC control circuit unicoil contactor control
screen shall be adopted.
(3) K: the direct control of the cam-operated controller; P: the control by the master controller and
control panel; Out of the parentheses, it is the commonly-adopted form and in the parentheses, it is
the allowable form.

5.5.2.3 The DC system commonly adopts the master controller and control
panel for the control.

87
5.5.2.4 The ground control shall meet the following requirements:

a. Otherwise required by the user, the ground controlled cranes shall have the
no-load speed of the trolley and cart not exceed 50m/min.
b. In the control station, there shall be emergency tripper able to the cut the
general supply.

5.5.2.5 Cranes that adopt the radiotelecontrol mode shall be able to stop work
automatically under the incontrollable condition.

5.6 Feeder Equipment

5.6.1 Feeder Equipment for the Trolley

5.6.1.1 The feeder for the trolley can adopt cables, copper wires, formed steel
or other conducting materials. The selection of the material quality and
specification shall be able to make the current capacity and the internal
voltage loss of the crane meet requirements. The diameter of the
copper slide wire shall be no less than 6mm and the dimension of the
angle steel shall be no less than 40*40*4mm.

5.6.1.2 If the signals transferring the low voltage and low power or the
current interruption due to the jumping of the current collector can
cause serious results, the movable type cables shall be used as the
feeder.

5.6.1.3 The feeder equipment for the trolley shall be installed at the place
easy for the maintenance, but not between the crossbeams. If the
naked conducting materials are used for the trolley feeder, safety
measures shall be taken near the device.

5.6.1.4 The rigid slide wire shall be installed on the fixer of the insulated
slide wires. The spacing of the fixer bracket shall be no greater than
3m and the length exceeding the bracket of the slide wire terminal
shall be no greater than 0.8m. The spacing of the neighboring slide
wires shall be no less than 130mm in the vertical direction and no
less than 270mm in the horizontal direction.

5.6.1.5 The flexible slide wire shall be installed with the middle hander. The
middle support insulation shall be installed on the rigid bracket. On
both ends of the slide wires, the tension apparatus shall be installed.

88
5.6.1.6 When the movable type cable works as the trolley feeder, on the
bridge framework and the trolley rack, there are commonly fixed
junction boxes and the cables are arranged by the proper method.
During the running of the trolley, no abrasion shall be caused to the
cable and no excessive stress shall be acted on the cable. The
movable brackets shall be able to move flexibly. ]

5.6.2 Feeder Equipment of the Cart

5.6.2.1 The slide wire of the cart shall be prepared and erected by the user.
Details concerning the crane structures shall meet relevant
regulations and confirmed by the user and the manufacturer in the
contract. If there are special requirements, they shall be agreed by
the user and the manufacturer.

5.6.2.2 When the movable type cables work as the feeder equipment of the
cart (like the hanging cables, cable trailers or cable drums),
requirements in 5.6.1.6 shall be referred to.

5.6.3 Current Collector and Collecting Slip Ring

5.6.3.1 The current collector of the rigid slide wires shall adopt the self weight
or spring-weighted method to ensure the favorable contact of slide
wires during the operation process. In the operating, the current
collector shall not be skew or slide. The power supply slide wires of
the lifting electromagnet shall adopt the double current collectors.

5.6.3.2 The current collector of the flexible slide wires, for the low capacity
and the commonly charged section, the single-sheaved block type
can be adopted; for the section that faults may be caused due to the
transient interruption of the current, the sister block V-shape bracket
shall be used.

5.6.3.3 The current collector and its flexible circuit conductors must have
enough current capacity. The connection position of the current
collector flexible circuit conductor shall not influence the flexible
movement of the current collector. When the current collector slides
from the slide wires, no short circuit shall happen.

5.6.3.4 the collecting slip ring shall meet requirements of relevant voltage
class and current capacity. Each slip ring shall have at least on pair of
carbon brushes. The complete equipment shall have a shield easy to

89
 be opened. The shield shall be able to prevent oil indoor and prevent
rain outdoor.

5.7 Lead and Its Laying

5.7.1 Selection of Leads

5.7.1.1 The copper-core multi-strand lead shall be adopted. The type of the
wire shall be selected according to the laying mode, environmental
temperature and the voltage class.

5.7.1.2 Leads commonly adopt the rubber insulation wires, cables and plastic
insulated cables. The small section leads can adopt the
plastic-covered wires.

5.7.1.3 The leads for the port crane shall select the marine cables.

5.7.1.4 When the cart and trolley adopts the cable for feeding, the heavy type
cab tire cable (the medium cabtyre cable for the light and small
cranes) or the marine flexible cables.

5.7.2 Selection of the Lead Section

5.7.2.1 The wiring on the crane shall adopt the multistrand single-core lead
with the section less than 1.5mm2 and the multistrand multi-core
leads with the section of 1mm2. No provision has been made on the
section of the connecting wire of the electronic equipment,
oil-pressure servomechanism and sensing elements.

5.7.2.2 The section of the lead shall be decided according to the current
capacity (Iz) no less than the carrying current (Ie). The circuit shall
have the voltage loss checked.
a. The current capacity of the lead shall be calculated according to
Formula (83):

I z  K f K t K j I g …………………………………(83)

Where,

Kf: correction factor for the parallel laying of multiple leads or cellular
conductors;
Kt: correction factor for the environmental temperature;
Kj: the correction factor for the load duration factor under the intermittent duty

90
 system;
Ig: the base value (A) of the current capacity of the wire and cable.

The calculated coefficient of the current capacity shall refer to Annex X

(referential annex).

b. Current Capacity (Ie) of the Lead

For the electromotor (including other current collectors) providing power for the
unit mechanism, the lead current shall be the rated current of the mechanism.
For the electromotor (including other current collectors) providing power for
many mechanisms at the same time simultaneous working unit mechanisms,
the lead current shall be the sum of the rated current of mechanisms working
at the same time or the calculated current.

5.7.3 Lead Laying

5.7.3.1 If wires are laid in the wire casing or the metallic conduits, if the wire
casing or metallic conduit is inconvenient for the laying or there is
relative movement, the wire can be laid by passing the tube and the
cable can be laid directly. In places having mechanical damage,
chemical corrosion, oil erosion, protective measures shall be taken.

5.7.3.2 During the pipe penetration of leads for different mechanisms, AC and
DC and different voltage classes shall be separated as possible. The
illuminating line shall be laid with the single-core lead.

5.7.3.3 For the AC carrying current higher than 25A, it is unallowed that the
metallic conduit is penetrated independently.

5.7.3.4 The connection and branch points of the lead shall be installed with the
junction box. The outdoor junction box shall be able to prevent rain and
the line hole shall have sheathing.

5.7.3.5 Both ends of the leads shall have the permanent signs matching that of
the schematic diagram and the cable joints for connections.

5.7.3.6 When the cables are fixedly laid, the bending radius shall be no less
than five times of the outside diameter of the cable. While, the bending
radius of the removable cables shall be no less than eight times of the
cable.

5.8 Voltage Loss

91
5.8.1 Total Voltage Loss

For the AC power supply, at the peak current, the voltage loss from the
low-voltage busbar of the self-powered transformer to the terminal of any
electromotor of the crane shall not exceed 15% of the rated voltage.

5.8.2 Internal Voltage Loss of the Crane

5.8.2.1 Internal Voltage Loss of the Crane

For the bridge crane for the general purpose (hook type, grab type) with the
rated lifting capacity of 32t and lower, the internal voltage loss shall be 5%,
while for those with the rated lifting capacity higher than 32t and less than 160t,
40%. For the shipbuilding span wind, the internal voltage loss is 3%; for the
port span wind with the rated lifting capacity of 10t and lower, the internal
voltage loss is 2.5% and for those with the rated lifting capacity higher than 10t,
3%.

When the cable reel is adopted for the power supply, the voltage loss of the
reel cable doesn't belong to the internal voltage loss of the crane.

5.8.2.2 The internal voltage loss of the cranes having special specifications
and of special types can be agreed by the crane designer and user.

5.8.3 Peak Current and Power Factor

5.8.3.1 The peak current of single mechanism of the crane shall be

calculated according to Formula (84).

I p  KI n ………………………………………(84)

Where,

Ip: peak current (A);

K: the electromotor starting current times; it shall be selected according to the
design value. If there is no exact value, the winding electromotor shall
select 2 and the cage-type electromotor selects the data of the specimen.

In: the sum of rated current (A) of the electromotor actual working load duration
factor.

5.8.3.2 Peak Current for the Complete Crane and Multiple Mechanisms

92
I p  K1 I1  K 2 I 2 …………………………(85)

Where,

K1: the electromotor starting current times, same as K in 5.8.3.1;

I1: the mechanism having electromotor having the maximum gross capacity in
the complete machine crane, the sum of the rated current of all the
electromotor under the actual working load duration factor, A;
K2: coefficient; for the indoor crane, 0.8; for the outdoor crane, 0.6-0.7.
I2: the sum of the rated current of the electromotor actual working load duration
factor in mechanisms that may work at the same time.

5.8.3.3 During the calculation of internal voltage loss of the crane, the power
factor cos  at the starting of the electromotor shall select the

following values:

For the winding electromotor: cos  0.65 ;

For the cage-type electromotor: cos  0.5 ;

5.9 Lifting Electromagnet

5.9.1 Type

The lifting electromagnet can be divided into the electromagnetic system and
the electric-control static type.

5.9.2 Power

5.9.2.1 The lifting electromagnet on the AC crane and its DC power supply for
the control are forbidden the access of other DC equipment.

5.9.2.2 The power of the electromagnetic lifting electromagnet shall have the
wire connected on the AC side. It is crucial to ensure that during the
accidental power failure of the crane, the power supply of the lifting
electromagnet can't be cut. In the necessary occasion, the backup
power (like the accumulator) can be installed. The power shall allow
the access of the hoisting mechanism brake electromagnet. This
condition can be free of consideration to the electric-control static-type
lifting electromagnet.

93
5.9.3 Feeder Equipment

5.9.3.1 The feeder equipment for the lifting electromagnet shall be in

accordance with Article 5.6.

5.9.3.2 The feeding movable-type cable of the lifting electromagnet shall be

rolled on the special cable drums to ensure that during the fluctuation,
the cable can't be pulled apart or go into chaos. Requirements on the
cable drum are as follows:

a. The lifting electromagnet cable can't touch the lifting wire ropes and
in the fluctuation process, cables can't be excessively strained or
loosened.
b. The collecting slip ring in the reel shall meet requirements in 5.6.3.4.

5.9.4 Protection

5.9.4.1 The lifting electromagnet shall be designed and made according to

the load duration factor of JC50%. When the JC value is greater
than 50%, to make the coil not too hot, the DC power supply voltage
of the electromagnet shall be reduced to the value determined by
Formula (86).

Un / 2
U …… (86)
JC

Where,

U: when JC value is greater than 50%, the controlling value (V) of the DC
supply voltage;
Un: the rated voltage (V the lifting electromagnet.

5.9.4.2 5.9.4.2 The lifting electromagnet can adopt the overcurrent relay or
the fuse protector as the protection. When the fuse protector works
as the protection, its current capacity shall be 150% of the working
current of the electromagnet.
5.9.4.3 5.9.4.3 The lifting electromagnet having the power supplied by the
AC grid direct commutation shall have the enclosure grounded by
the special slip ring through the cable drum.

5.9.5 Control

5.9.5.1 For the lifting electromagnet adopting the countercurrent for the

94
 demagnetization unloading, the demagnetization current shall be
15%-20% of the working current under the cold state of the coil.
5.9.5.2 The discharge resistance for the lifting electromagnet releasing the
magnetic energy shall have the value three to four times of that of the
coil under the cold state.

5.10 Illumination, Signal, Communication

5.10.1 Illumination

5.10.1.1 The crane machine room, electric room, walkway and the driver's
room shall have proper illumination. The illumination for the task
shall be installed on the crane and earthquake counter measures
shall be considered.

5.10.1.2 The power voltage for the fixed lighting installation shall not exceed
220V. Except that the voltage of the single battery for power supply
shall not exceed 24V, the metal structural are strictly prohibited to
work as the circuit of the illuminating line.

5.10.1.3 The power voltage of the carriable lighting installation shall not
exceed 36V. For the AC power supply, the insulating transformer
shall be used. The autotransformer is prohibited to be used for the
direct power supply. The primary coil for the insulating transformer
shall be controlled by the double-pole switch or automatic air circuit
breaker.

5.10.2 Signal

5.10.2.1 The open-close status of the general supply of the crane shall have
obvious signal indications in the driver's room. The fault signal or
alarm signals shall be installed as required. The signal device shall
have places able to be reached by the vision and audition of the
driver's room or the related personnel.

5.10.2.2 Cranes having the total height higher than 30m outdoor and having
the possibility of collision shall be installed with the red obstacle light
at the highest point. The obstacle light shall be installed on the tower
crane arm end, the port crane arm end and the port gantry crane
bridge framework end. The power circuit of the obstacle light shall
be ensured free of the influence from the stopping of the crane.

5.10.2.3 The signal lamp of the barge crane shall be in accordance with
relevant regulations of the ship survey departments.

95
5.10.3 Communication

The crane can select means of communication including the radio interphone,
the carrier telephone, sound powered telephone and loud-speaker for the
regulation and communication facilities of the working.

5.11 Grounding

5.11.1 All electric equipment of the crane, the normal uncharged metal
enclosure, metal wire tubes, cable metal sheet and the step down
side/end of the safety lighting shall have reliable grounding. If the
electric equipment is directly fixed to the metal structure and there is
reliable electric contact, no additional electric contact line is needed.
But for the power supply greater than 1000V, the ground wire
connected to the metal structure shall be provided.

5.11.2 Under the general condition, it can be considered that there is reliable
electric connection between the crane wheel and the track. If there is
unreliable electric connection between the wheel and track due to
deposition of non-conducting dust, the crane shall be installed with the
special ground lead or other measures to ensure the favorable contact.
In most occasions, the non-welding points of the steel structure shall
be installed with the grounding trunk.

5.11.3 The grounding of the cart track shall be in the charge of the user. The
grounding shall be in accordance with relevant regulations.

5.11.4 The grounding branch line of the single low-voltage electric equipment
shall adopt the copper lead with the minimum section as:

Exposed naked conductor: 4mm2;

Insulated conductor: 1.5mm2.

5.11.5 Conductance of the ground lead and facilities for grounding shall be no
less than 1/2 of that of the maximum phase in the circuit, but the
maximum section of the ground lead shall be no greater than the
following values:

Steel: 800mm2
Copper: 50mm2.

5.11.6 When the driver's room is connected with the crane with the bolt, the
grounding line between the two shall adopt the flat steel no less than

96
 40*4mm or the copper wire no less than 12.5mm 2. The ground points
shall be no fewer than two.

5.11.7 The connection between the ground lead and the equipment shall adopt
the bolt or welding. When the bolt is adopted for connection, measures
shall be taken to prevent the loosening and rust to make the grounding
reliable.
5.11.8 It is strictly prohibited that the ground lead works as the current-carrying
zero line.

5.12 Misc.

5.12.1 Cooling

5.12.1.1 Cranes working under the hot environment for a long term shall adopt
heat insulation measures to the driver's room. The electric control
equipment shall adopt cooling measures. The cooling equipment
installed in the driver's room and the electric room shall be allocated
by the maker.

5.12.1.2 In the crane driver's room, the fan power socket shall be built.

5.12.2 Heating

According to the environmental conditions and the requirements from the user,
the heating equipment shall be installed. The three-phase supply shall be used
as possible.

5.12.3 Special Requirements

For electric equipment of cranes utilized under the particular environment and
behavior, the fixed shield nonluminous heater shall be used. The design and
selection of the electric heater shall meet relevant requirements.

97
 Annex A
Examples of Working Class of the Crane
(Informative)

Crane Type Working

Class
Bridge Crane Hook type For erection and A1-A3
maintenance in the power
station
For workshops and A3-A5
storehouses
For workshops and A6-A7
storehouses having rugged
work
Grab type For interval handling A6-A7
For continuous handling A8
Special for For lifting the work bin A7-A8
metallurgy For charging up A8
For casting A6-A8
For forging A7-A8
For quenching A8
For crane and stripping A8
For covering A7-A8
Plough type A8
Electromagnet type A7-A8
Portal Crane Hook type for general purposes A5-A6
Grab type for handling A7-A8
Hook type for the power station A2-A3
Hook type for the shipbuilding and erection A4-A5
Grab type for handling the container A6-A8
Gantry Crane Grab type for handling in the stock ground A7-A8
Grab type for port handling A8
Grab type for handling container A6-A8
Span Winch Hook type for the erection A3-A5
Hook type for the handling A6-A7
Grab type for handling A7-A8
Tower Crane For common building and erection A2-A4
Handling concrete by the hoist bucket A4-A6
Auto, Tyre, Hook type for the handling and erection A1-A4
Track, Railway Grab type for handling A4-A6
Crane
Deck Crane Hook type A4-A6
Grab type A6-A7

98
Barge Crane Hook type for the handling A5-A6
Grab type for handling A6-A7
For the shipbuilding and erection A4-A6
Cable Crane Hook type for the erection A3-A5
Hook type for the handling or construction A6-A7
Grab type for the handling or construction A7-A8

99
 Annex B
Estimation Method of the Dynamic Load Factor  2

(Informative)

B.1 The dynamic load coefficient  2 of the lifted loads is the augmenting

coefficient of the dynamic load effect considering the suddenly hoisting or

braking of articles. Its value is related with the lifting speed, the system
rigidity and the operation conditions. It can be calculated according to
Formula (B1).

1
 2=1+ cv (B1)
g ( 0  y 0 )
Where,

 : rated lifting speed, m/s;

c: Operation coefficient; it is the lifting speed of the lifted mass when instantly
lifted from the ground, m/s;
g: Acceleration of gravity, g=9.81m/s;
 0 : The displacement of the bottom block relative to the upper one under the
action of the rated lifted load, m;
y 0 : The structural static deflection value of the hanging place of the article

under the action of the rated lifted loads, m;

 : The structural quality influence coefficient; it shall be calculated according
to Formula (B2).

m1 y0
＝1＋ ( )2
m2 y 0  0
(B2)
Where,

m1: the converted mass of the structure at the article hanging place, kg;
m2: the lifted rated mass, kg;

During the calculation according to Formula (B1). if the  value is larger and
the calculated result of  2 is greater than 2, then, measures shall be taken to
make the acceleration of the article during the hoisting from the ground or the
braking process not too large. The  2 shall be equal to 2.

100
During the design, if the  0 ,  0 , y 0 and m1 values can be given correctly,

the  2 value shall be calculated according to Formula (B1). If such values

can’t be provided, the c, m1, y 0 and  0 values can be calculated according

to the following recommended value. Then, the  2 value can be calculated

according to Formula (B1).

a. Operation Coefficient c

It shall be selected from Table B1 according to the operation condition.

Table B1 Operation Coefficient c Value

Application Type For Common Electromagnetic and Grab Type,

of the Crane Erection Hook Type Hook Type for Onerous
Handling
Value c 0.25 0.5 0.75

b. Converted Mass m1

For the bridge crane, it shall be half of the trolley mass and the bridge
framework mass. For the jib crane, it shall be 1/3 of the arm support mass.

c. Structural Static Deflection Value y 0

For the bridge crane:

y 0 =(1/700-1/1000)L

L is the span.

For the span winch:

y 0 =(1/200-1/250)L

L is the maximum amplitude.

d. Displacement  0 of Bottom Block Relative to the Upper One

For all kinds of cranes:

101
  0 =0.0029H
H is the actual lifting height.

B.2 During the initial design of the crane, the  2 value can be calculated
according to the estimate formula in Table B.2 according to the type and
working conditions of the crane.

B.3 Explanations to Origin of Formula in Table B2

Formula (B1) is a theoretical formula got b simplifying the crane structure,

pulley block and the lifting article system into the dual-mass single-mode
system. The approximate formula listed in Table B2 calculates the average of
the  2 of the crane in light of the average rigidity of the cranes. The
simplification conditions and origin of the development of equation are
explained as follows:

Formula (B1) can be converted to Formula (B3):

 2  1  acv (B 3)

Where,

a: the comprehensive influence coefficient considering the system rigidity;

For all kinds of cranes, some average value or several averages shall be
selected.

Table B2 Calculation Formula of  2

Crane Calculation Applied Examples

Type
Formula of  2

1 1+0.17 v For erection, idle applied jib crane

2 1+0.35 v
3 1+0.70 v
4 1+1.00 v
Note:
Bridge crane for erection, hook type jib crane for
common handling
Hook bridge crane, port grab bucket span winch
used for the machine processing workshop and
storehouses
Grab bucket and electromagnetic bridge crane

If the v is too large to make the

2 value greater than 2, measures shall be taken to control the
acceleration of the articles not too huge during the hoisting from the ground and the
 2 shall be greater
than 2.

102
 a. Bridge Crane

Averagely, y 0 =L/800 and H=8m. The span L can be divided into three groups

and three “a” values listed in Table B3 can be got.

Table B3 a Value in the Calculation of Bridge Crane  2

Span, m 10-16.5 >16.5-25.5 >25.5

The calculated Value of Span, m 13 25.5 30
a Value (d=1) 1.60 1.42 1.29

After the determination of the span and type of the crane, the c value can be
got from Table B1 and the a value can be got from Table B3. Then, the  2
value can be calculated according to Formula (B3).

The calculation of the a value for the moderate span averagely shall adopt the
following three simple calculation formulae:

For the bridge crane for the erection:

 2=1+0.36 v (B4)

For the hook bridge crane for the machine processing workshops and the
storehouses:
 2=1+0.71 v (B5)

For the grab bucket and electromagnetic bridge crane:

 2=1+1.00 v (B6)

The dynamic load factor of the bridge crane is not too large, so, formula (B4),
(B5) and (B6) can be adopted for the calculation.

b. Span Winch
c.
Averagely, the amplitude (R) is the same as the lifting altitude (H) and the
amplitude can be divided into three levels: R=20m, 30m and 40m.
Approximately, δ=1, so the three “a” values listed in Table B4 can be got.

103
 B4 a Value for the Calculation of  2 in Span Winch

Amplitude, m 403040 >16.5-25.5 >25.5

a Value 0.86 0.70 0.57

The three groups of "a" values and the "c" values can get nine design formulae
for the dynamic load factor. If averagely taking the R=30m as the example, the
simpler formulae for the dynamic load factor of span winches for three
purposes can be got:

For the erection span winch:

 2=1+0.18 v (B7)

For the common hook span winch:

 2=1+0.35 v (B8)

For the hook crane for the port handling:

 2=1+0.53 v (B9)

Due to the onerous working conditions of the span winches (or gantry cranes)
for the port cargo handling with grabs, the condition of c=1.0 shall be added.
But for the port grab bucket span winch, the dynamic load factor formula shall
be:
 2=1+0.7 v (B10)

Then, the said formulae are merged to get the following four formulae:

Table B5

1
2  2=1+0.17 v

2
 2=1+0.35 v

3
 2=1+0.70 v

4
 2=1+1.00 v

This is the origin of formulae in Table B2.

104
 Annex C
Acceleration (Deceleration) (a) of the Running Gear and Recommended
Value of Corresponding Acceleration (Deceleration) Time (t)
(Informative)

Acceleration (Deceleration) (a) of the Running Gear and Recommended Value

of Corresponding Acceleration (Deceleration) Time (t)

Running Low-and-medium-speed Medium-and-high-speed High-speed Hoisting

Speed Hoisting Equipment Having Hoisting Equipment Equipment Adopting High
m/s Long Journeys Commonly Used Acceleration
Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration Acceleration
(Deceleration) (Deceleration) (Deceleration) (Deceleration) (Deceleration) (Deceleration)
Time (s) (m/s2) Time (s) (m/s2) Time (s) (m/s2)
4.00 8.0 0.50 6.0 0.67
3.15 7.1 0.44 5.4 0.58
2.50 6.3 0.39 4.8 0.52
2.00 9.1 0.22 5.6 0.35 4.2 0.47
1.60 8.3 0.19 5.0 0.32 3.7 0.43
1.00 6.6 0.15 4.0 0.25 3.0 0.33
0.63 5.2 0.12 3.2 0.19
0.40 4.1 0.09 2.5 0.16
0.25 3.2 0.078
0.16 2.5 0.064

105
 Annex D
Swing Angle of Jib Crane Hoisting Wire Relative to the Vertical Line
(Informative)

D.1 Under Normal Working Conditions, the Swing Angle  I of Carrying

Ropes:

During the calculation of the electric power,  I=(0.25-0.3)  II ;

During the calculation of the fatigue and abrasion of the mechanical

components:  I=(0.3-0.4)  II

Where,

 II: the maximum swing angle of the hoisting wire under the working
conditions; please refer to D.2.

D.2 Under Working Conditions, the Maximum Swing Angle  II of the

Hoisting Rope

The value of  II shall be selected according to the recommended values

in the following table:

Recommended Value of  II

Type of Handling Span Installation Span Winch Rubber-tyred

Crane Winch and Autocrane
n≥2min -1 n<2min n≥0.33min n<0.33min
-1 -1 -1

Within the 12° 10° 4° 2° 3-6°

Arm Support
Plane
Vertical to 14° 12° 4° 2°
the Arm
Support
Plane

106
 Annex E
During the Deflection Running of the Crane, the Calculation Method for
Horizontal Lateral Force Ps
(Informative)

The horizontal lateral force of the crane during the deflection running shall be
calculated according to the following:

1
Ps  P
2
Where,

 P : The sum of the most adverse wheel pressures on the side where the
crane has the lateral force (it is related with the position of the trolley);
please refer to Figure E1.
: The horizontal lateral force coefficient; it shall be determined according
to Figure E2.

107
Where:

L: the span of the crane, m;

B: the cardinal distance of the crane; it shall be decided according to Figure
E1. If there are horizontal guide wheels, the horizontal wheel distance will
be selected; m.

108
 Annex F
Materials on Calculation of Wind Loading
(Informative)

F.1 The windproof reduction coefficient η of the I-shaped cross-section

members, the box section members and trapezoidal section members
can be looked up in the following table approximately:

a. I-shaped cross-section member (beam):

b. Mixed structure of the I-shaped cross-section beam and truss:

c. Box and trapezoidal section member (beam))

F.2 Windproof reduction coefficient of truss structures (if a /h=0.5)

109
If a /h is greater than 6, η is equal to 1.

F.3 In the truss tower having the square section or nearly-square sections, if
the diagonal web member between the back and front parallel trusses is
installed reversely, the reduction coefficient of the back truss shall be two
times of that allocated in the same direction (the η value of the truss web
member allocated in the same direction shall refer to Table 8).

F.4 The wind factor (C) for the single-root trapezoidal section members
(beams) under the crosswind action shall be 1.2.

110
 Annex G
Document about checking anti-overturning stability
(Informative)

G.1 The installation stability of the tower crane

a. Stability check for low level slewing tower crane installation (lifted tower) or
dismantlement (crane topple down).

kbPG "  aPG ' (G1)

Where, PG ' - weight of the crane fixed section, N

PG " - weight of the crane hoisting part, N

ab -The lever of force of PG ' and PG " , m

k -the overload coefficient considering weight estimation error and

starting or braking inertia force, adopt k =1.2

b. Stability check for high level slewing tower crane after lifted tower
Pw,i h  0.95cPG
(G2)

Pw,i
Where, -maximum wind under working order, N
h-the distance from wind loading resultant force to the action point, m
PG - weight of the crane assembly part, N

c-The horizontal distance from assembly part centre of gravity to

overturning side, m

111
G.2 Check overturning stability with resultant force track (round)

The stability check for each overturning side of fixed point overhung crane (the
non- hoisting capacity displacement is only done for running gear, such as
group I and group IV crane in Table 9 of the specification) can be carried out by
the resultant force track. When in the crane hoisting capacity gyration, of the
resultant force (according to Table 11, it is got by being multiplied by the load
coefficient, all composition of the lo0ad) be track lay in bearing surface
(according to supporting point number and the collocation mode, the bearing
surface can be divided into triangle, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezia, and
polygon), the crane is stable in all directions.

When the crane is in hoisting capacity gyration under determined amplitude,

the resultant force track of all loads (it is being multiplied by load coefficient
according to Table 11) is a circle. For the generalized case, the centre of
gravity of the crane dismounting part is on the longitudinal center line of the
underframe (see Figure G3), for the resultant force track circle equation, see
formula (G3),

PG1 2 P R M'
（x  ）  y 2  ( G0 ) 2  ( ) 2 (G3)
PG PR PG

Where, x, y-The co-ordinate of the resultant force application point, m

- total vertical load of the crane dismounting (fixed section), N
PG0- total vertical load of the crane ascending, N
PG- total vertical load of the crane, N
E- The co-ordinate of the crane dismounting centre of gravity on the

112
 underframe longitudinal center line, m
R- the radius of gyration of the vertical load action gravity center crane
ascending, m
M ’-lateral overturning moment perpendicular to arm support plane,
N·m.

Such approach is mainly used for checking the stability of working condition 1
in Table 11. It can also be used for checking miscellaneous working conditions.
For isolated pillar crane (the centre of gyration is not superposition to the
dismounting centre of gravity, bearing non- rectangle collocation) and group 1
cranes in Table 9 (non- 360°hoisting capacity gyration), the checking method is
more suitable for this.

G.3 The stability checking for floating crane

a. Checking working condition

The transverse stability of different kinds of floating cranes should be

checked according to the following three kinds working conditions.
Normal operating conditions- considering the maximum wind action of the
working state, the hook hoisted the articles in amplitude peak full load
(checking forward tilt), or hook without load on the arm support ascending

113
 to the extreme higher position (checking backward tilt).

Sudden falling out hoisting capacity-under the maximum wind action of the
working state, the arm support ascending to the extreme higher position,
the hoisting capacity suddenly fallen out. The backward inclinations
checked.

The off working state storm wind invasion-under the maximum wind action
of off working state, the crane is in the overwater anchorage state. The
backward inclinations checked.

b. Computing formula

Because the maximum angle of static inclination of different kinds of

floating cranes generally are no more than 5°, the maximum angle of
dynamic inclination should be no more than the minimum deck immersion
angle and the emersion angle of the ship bilge, it can be calculated by the
approximated stability calculation formula (G4), (G5), (G6), (G7) replacing
complex static stability curve and dynamic stability curve. When stability
height is more than 0.4 time of the initial metacentric radius, its error
should be no more than 2.5 - 3%.

The stability checking under normal operating conditions

Hook full load (forward inclination).
M ( PG  PQ )  M W
  57.3[ ]  [ ] (G4)
( PG  PQ )h

M ( PG  PQ )
Where, - creative transverse inclination moment of the gross
weight of crane with hoisting capacity, N·m.
PG- crane deadweight , NPQ- lifted load, N
 -the unit of  is (°).

MW
-the maximum wind (along arm support plane) creative moment
when the crane with hoisting capacity in working state, N·m.
h-The transverse initial metacentric height of crane with hoisting
capacity, m

[  ]-permissible limit heeling angle. It adopts 3° for middle and

mini-type floating crane for cargo handling, it adopts 5° for
miscellaneous floating cranes for miscellaneous purposes.

Hook zero load (backward inclination).

114
 MPG  M W '
  57.3[ ]  [ " ] (G5)
PG h'

Where, MPG - deadweight creative heeling moment of the crane without

hoisting capacity, N·m.
M W ' -for crane without hoisting capacity, its arm support ascending to

the extreme higher position , the creative moment ( backwards

blown) of the maximum wind in working order, N·m.
h - Without hoisting capacity, the crane transverse initial metacentric

height, N·m.

Other signs are the same as the above.

The stability checking for sudden falling out of the hoisting capacity

MPG  M W ' M ( PG  PQ )  M W 2f 2d
  57.3（
[ 1.6～1.7）  ]  min[ a  tg  1 ,  b  tg  1 ]
PG h ( PG  PQ )h B B

Where,  a -transverse deck immersion angle

 b - Transverse ship bilge emersion angel

f - Freeboard height of the hoisting keel under no-load state, m

B- Molded width of hoisting keel under no-load state, m

d- The sea gauge f hoisting keel under no-load state, m

The stability checking for off working state (storm wind invasion):
MPG M" 2f 2d
  57.3[ （1.6～1.7） W ]  min[ a  tg  1 ,  b  tg  1 ]
PG h PG h' B B

Where,
M "W - creative heeling moment of the off working state

maximum wind acted on the arm support plane, N·m

For floating crane being incapable of gyration, the check formula
can be listed according to analogy principles. The document
confined to stability checking for floating cranes in harbor interior

115
and internal waters operation, and took no account of rolling
motion of the wave. The stability for sailing and towing should be
checked referring to related specifications for seagoing vessel
stability.

116
 Annex H
The Numerical Tables Document for Calculation of Axle Load and
Bending Member Stability as well as Thin Plank Local Stability
(Supplement)

H.1 Stability coefficient  for axial compression member

H.1.1 Stability coefficient  of No. 3 steel axial compression member,

See Table H1

Table H1 Stability coefficient  of No. 3 steel axial compression

member

117
H.1.2 Stability coefficient  for 16Mn steel axial compression member, See
Table H2.

Table H2 Stability coefficient  for 16Mn steel axial compression member

118
H.2 The reduction coefficient  for axle load stabilization

H.2.1 Reduction coefficient  for No. 3 steel axle load stabilization, See
Table H3

Table H3 The axle load stabilization reduction coefficient  for No. 3 steel
(δs=240N/mm2).

N  2E
a
Note: A 2

119
H.2.2 Axle load stabilization reduction coefficient  for 16Mn steel, See Table
H4

Table 14 Axle load stabilization reduction coefficient  for 16Mn steel

(δs=360N/mm2)

N  2E
a
Note: A 2

120
H.3 The stability calculation a for bending member

H.3.1 The a for I-shaped cross-section, See Table H5

Table H5 a for I-shaped cross-section

121
H.3.2 a for channel section, See Table H6

Table H6 a for channel section

H.4 Lateral flection coefficient

  for bending member

H.4.1
  for rolled common I-shaped steel and both end simple support

member, See Table H7

Table H7
  for rolled common I-shaped steel and both end simple support

member

122
 Note:
(1) The concentrated load indicates that a few of concentrated loads lay in the 1/3 range of the
midspan, for miscellaneous loads, it can be taken as uniform load.

(2) The
  11 of rolled I-shaped steel is adopted according to the Table, when   12 is more
than 0.8, it is selected according to Table H8. And the original value is replaced of.

(3) The Table is only suitable for No. 3 steel, when miscellaneous steel grades are used, the

in the Table should be multiplied by 240/δs. (δs is counted with N/mm2).

(4) When
 is no less than 2.5, the lateral flection stability can be not checked. When
 is

more than 2.5, it is used for the conversion of miscellaneous steel grades. The not listed

are more than 3.60.

Table H8 Stability coefficient



H.4.2 The
  for I-shaped compound section bending member

If the member section is the I-shaped compound section, the lateral flection

123
stability coefficient   of bending member can be calculated according to
formula (H1).

l b I y h 2 240
  k1 (k2  k3 ) ( )
bh I x l  s (H1)

Where,  - lateral flection stability coefficient, when the calculated value is

more than 0.8, it is replaced by the   ’ value inquiring Table

H8.
k1 - Coefficient, it is selected according to following prescription.

For both end simple support member of twin-shaft symmetrical compound

section
b
3
When  h , k1 =1
b
3
When  h , k1 =0.9

For both end supporting structures of compound section with fortified

compression flange sheet board and web ax-symmetry.
2m  1
l b k1  y
When 1, h
bh
0.8(m  1)
l b k1  y
When  1, h
bh

For cantilever member of twin-shaft symmetrical compound section k1 =1

 h -web thickness, mm

 b -compression flange thickness, mm

y -The distance from centroid axle to the maximum compression fiber, mm

124
 I1
m
I1  I 2 ;

I 1、I 2 -The inertia moment of compression flange and tension flange for Y-axis,

mm4
k 2、k 3 - Coefficient, it is selected according to Table H9 and H10.

l -The free length of the member compression flange, mm

b- Compression flange width, mm

h- Member overall height, mm
I x、I y
- Section inertia moment for X-axis and Y-axis, mm4

 s - Steel products yield point, N/ mm2; the No. 3 steel adopts 240N/ mm 2.

H.4.3 The  value for rolled channel steel and both end simply-supported.

If the member section is the rolled channel steel with both end
simply-supported, without reference to load forms and action position, lateral
flection coefficient of stability is calculated according to formula (H2), but is
should be no more than 1.0.
570b b 240
 ＝ 
lh s (H2)

The sign in the formula is the same as above.

125
 Table H9 The both end simple support member coefficient k 2、k 3 of I-shaped section

Coefficient Member without lateral support point in the span The member with lateral
Concentrated Uniform load support point in the
load span, no matter the
load acted on any place)
Along Along lower Along upper Along Twin-shaft Single-shaft
upper flange flange Lower symmetry symmetr
flange flange section y section
1 4750 1350 3600 2360 1970
l b k2
 0.85 4
bh 8
0
1 1200 1040 1040 1180 980
k3
2
0
0
4 3730 460 2710 1450 1210
l b k2
 0.85 6
bh 0
2 2400 2080 2080 2240 1870
k3
4
0
0

126
Note: (1) The concentrated load indicates that a few of concentrated loads lay in the 1/3 range of the midspan, for miscellaneous loads, it can be taken as uniform load.

(2) The Table is suitable for the condition that the member free end received concentrated load and bearing is fixed end.

127
 Table 10 Coefficient value k 2、k 3 for I-shaped uniform cantilever

member

Concentrated load acted on

k2 k3

Upper flange 480 1330

l b
 0.5
bh
-300 2890
l b
 0.5
bh
Section centroid 2650 2500
Lower flange 5690 1350

H.5 The flection coefficient in the thin plank local stability

calculation

H.5.1 The flection coefficient of part grid section separated by ribbed

stiffener.

Table H11 The flection coefficient of part grid section

128
 Note:

(1)
1 is the flange maximum crushing stress,
  a2 1 is the stress ratio of the flange both

ends,
1 ,  2 with their own sign.

(2) For one of the longitudinal ribbed stiffeners of web received partial pressure action, the flection
coefficient of the upper lattice can be calculated referring to SN 6, the flection coefficient of the
upper lattice can be calculated referring to SN5 after the extended area width of the partial
pressure is confirmed. For web with two or more than two longitudinal ribbed stiffener, its flection
coefficient can be calculated according to aforementioned principles.

129
H.5.2 The ribbed plate flection coefficient including ribbed stiffener

Table H 12 Flection coefficient of the ribbed plate

Note: the sign in the Table

EI z Az
a  a 
bD , b

I z -The inertia moment of the ribbed stiffener section to the board central plane axial line,

mm4.

Az - Sectional area of ribbed stiffener, mm2

r-The separation number of the ribbed stiffener

E 3
D
12(1  v 2 ) - ( v is the material Poisson's ratio)

130
 Annex J
Calculated Length of Compression Members and Stability Calculation of
Box Telescopic Type Arm Support
(Informative)

J.1 Calculated Length lc of Members

J.1.1 The calculated length only considering the influence from the bearing
shall be calculated according to the following formula:

lc  1l (J1)

Where,

l : The actual geometrical length of the member;

1 : The length coefficient related with the support mode (in the two planes,
but not always the same) please refer to Table J1.

J.1.2 The calculated length of the variable cross-section compression

member shall be calculated according to the following formula. The
inertia moment of the member section shall be that of the maximum
section of the original member.
lc  1  2 l (J2)

Where,
 2 : The length coefficient of the variable cross-section; please refer to Table

J2, J3 and J4. For the uniform cross section,  2 =1.

J.1.3 In consideration of the luffing wire rope on the crane gib arm end or the
favorable influence on the hoist rope, the calculated length of the gib
arm in the gyration plane shall be calculated according to the following
Formula:

lc  1 2 3l (J3)

Where,

 3 : The length coefficient due to the influence from the arm drag wire rope or

131
 the hoist rope. When the gib arm has the luffing carried out by the arm
drag wire rope (as shown in Figure J1), the length coefficient can be
calculated according to Formula (J4).

If the calculated value is less than 1/2,  3 shall be 1/2.

A
 3＝1  (J4)
2B

If the gib arm has the luffing carried out by the luffing oil cylinder (as shown
in Figure J2), the length coefficient under the influence of the hoisting rope
shall be calculated according to the following Formula:
c
 3＝1  (J5)
2

Where,

1 1
c 
cos a  sin  H

a : The multiplying factor of the hoisting pulley block;

l : The length of the jib.
 , a , A, B, H: Physical dimensions; please refer to Figure J1 and J2.

132
J.2 Stability Calculation of Box Telescopic-type Arm Support

The box telescopic-type arm support is a non-prismatic box member. The

calculation of its integrated stability shall be carried out according to Formula
(26), but attentions shall be paid to the following:

a. The calculated length shall be decided by J1 and the Euler critical load in
Formula (25) shall be calculated according to this calculated length.
b. In the Formula (25), the cross-sectional area (A) and the bending modulus
(W) are the geometric parameter for the arm support root section for the
calculation of the stability.
c. The additional bending moment (Nf0) generated by the clearance in the
muff coupling of the arm support or the initial displacement (f0) of the arm
support ax due to the manufacturing error shall work as the eccentric
bending moment and acts on the bending moment Mox and Moy in Formula
(25).
、、Coy、Cmy
d. The in the formula shall select 1.

If the strength of the variable cross-section has to be checked, the Formula (25)
can also be adopted, but the following two points shall be paid attention to:

a) In Formula (25), the gross sectional area (A) and the bending modulus
(W) refers to the clear area and bending modulus for calculating the
section (to the bend z of the arm).
Z
Nf 0 sin
b) In Formula (25), the MH and the additional bending moment ( 2l )

on the M0 both refer to the actual bending on the section at the z point
to the arm end (f0 is the maximum value of the initial displacement and
l is the actual length of the arm support.).

133
Table J1 Length Coefficient 1 Value

134
Table J2 Variable Cross-section Length Coefficient  2 Value (A)

135
 Table J3 Variable Cross-section Length Coefficient  2 Value (B)

Table J4 Variable Cross-section Length Coefficient  2 Value (box telescopic

136
)

137
 Table J4 (continued)

Note:
(1) Ii is the average inertial moment of the sections on the ith arm.

138
(2) If the β value is between 1.3 and 2.5, theμ2 value can be got by the method of linear interpolation.
(3) If the values in the column (d) of the table are adopted, theβ5 can be an arbitrary value.

Table J5 The Calculation Formula of Conversion Length-diameter Ratio (λh) of Lattice-type Members
Items Member Section Type Calculation Formula Meaning of Symbols
Form of Lacing
and
Batten
Elements
1 Laci y
hy   y 2  1 2 : The length-diameter ratio to
ng board
the imaginary axis of the whole
member ;
1 : The length-diameter ratio

between the single-limb and the 1-1

ax. Its calculated length shall adopt
the clear distance (for the riveting
members, the distance from the lacing
board) of the lacing board shall be
selected
2 Laci A: Sum of the gross sectional
A
ng bar hy   y 2  27 areas of each boom intercepted by the
A1
member section;
A1: Sum of the gross cross
sectional areas of each lace

139
 intercepted by the member cross
section;
3 Laci 1 : The length-diameter ratio
 hy   x 2  1 2
ng board
between the single-limb and the 1-1
hy   y 2  1 2
ax with the minimum rigidity. Its
calculated length shall adopt the clear
distance (for the riveting members, the
distance from the lacing board) of the
lacing board shall be selected
4 Laci A1x
A
ng bar hy   x 2  40 : Sum of gross sectional areas
A1x
of laces formed by member cross
sections and vertical to the X-axis;
A
hy   y 2  40
A1 y A1 y
: Sum of gross sectional areas
of laces formed by member cross
sections and vertical to the Y-axis
5 Laci
42 A  : The included angle between
ng board hy   x 2 
A1x (1  A1 cos  )
2
the plane where the lacing bar is
located and X-axis
42 A
hy   y 2 
A1 cos2 

140
Note:

(1) The single-limb length-diameter ratio (

1 ) of the lacing board built-up members shall be no greater than 40.
The dimension of the lacing board shall meet the following provisions: the width of the lacing board vertically shall be no less than 2/3 of that of the limb piece ax spacing
and the thickness no less than 1/40 of the spacing and no less than 6mm.
(2) The inclination between the axes of the structural members of the lace shall be kept between 40°-70°.

141
 Annex K
Table for Structural Fatigue Strength Calculation
(Supplement)

Table K1 Stress Concentration Class

Joint Type Explanation to Techniques Stress

Concentration
Class
Technical member, no joint, W0
even-quality surface without
stress concentration part
With members; Members W1
drilled with rivets or
connected by bolts, the bolt
and rivet receiving loads less
than 20% of the permissible
stress value; Members drilled
with high-strength bolt
connection holes
Members with bolts and rivets W2
with the bolt and rivet
receiving single or
multi-dimensional shear loads

Butt weld K2
The force direction vertical to K1
that of the weld joint
The force direction parallel
with that of the weld joint

Butt weld K0
Longitudinal shear received
by the weld joint

Butt welds with different K1

thicknesses; The force K2
Dissymmetric Inclination direction vertical to that of the K1
weld joint; K2
The dissymmetric inclination: K4
Symmetric Inclination 1/4-1/5;

142
 Dissymmetric inclination: 1/3
Symmetric inclination: 1/3
No Inclination Symmetric Inclination: 1/2
Dissymmetric, no inclination
Corner fillet K1
The force direction parallel
with that of the weld joint

The k-type weld joints or the K1

corner fillet between the cover
board and web of the beam

K1

Beam web transversely to the

butt weld

Force acting vertical to the K2

weld joint
The K-type corner fillet
adopted to weld the member
to the main load-bearing K2
members

The continuous fillet weld

joints adopted to weld the
transverse bulkhead, ribbed
stiffener of the web, the
circular ring or nave to the
main load-bearing members
Crosshead weld joint
the force acting vertically to
the weld joints K3
·K-type weld joint K4
·Double corner fillet

143
Receiving bending and
shearing action K3
·K-type weld joint K4
·Double corner fillet

Members allocated forming a

square with the section
welded on the side of the
whole primary members with
the direction of the weld joint K3
parallel with the direction of
force K4
·Side angles or circular arcs
on both ends of the weldment
·No side angle on both ends
of the weldment
Corner fillet K3

The partition connected with

the wing edge and web by the
bifacial corner continuous K3
weld K4
·Partition with corner cut K4
·No corner cut
Intermittent weld for
connection
The weld joints between the
bending wing edge and web K3
·K-type weld joint K4
·Double corner fillet

The weld joints between the

flange plate and web
receiving the concentrated K3
load K4
·K-type weld joint
·Double corner fillet

144
 Corner fillet used for the
connection of members on K4
the panel point

Truss made of the pipes

having the nodal points K4
connected by the corner fillet

Table K2 Basic Value (σ-1) of Fatigue Permissible Stress (N/mm2)

145
 Annex L
Calculation Method of Full-load Natural Vibration Frequency
(Informative)

This annex specifies a simple calculation method to decide the full-load natural
vibration frequency stated in 3.8.2.

L1 Corresponding to 3.8.2.1. For the electromotion bridge-type crane

(including the portal crane and gantry crane), when the full-load trolley is
located in the midspan and the suspension length of the wire rope winding
is equivalent to the rated lifting height, the natural vibration frequency in
the vertical direction shall be decided according to Formula (L1).

Ks m(1  k )
f  0.16 (L1)
Ms m  (1  k ) 2

Where,
f : Full-load natural vibration frequency, Hz;

K s : The rigidity factor of the beam structure in the midspan means the

concentrated force (kN/cm) required to produce the unit vertical static

deflection on the midspan of the beam.
M s : The sum of the converted concentrated mass at the midspan of the beam

structure and the mass of the trolley (for the two-spar construction, if the
trolley mass is calculated according to the complete trolley, then, Ms is
equivalent to the mass of a beam structure), kN·s2/cm;
m: the ratio between the M s and the rated lifted load mass (ML), namely,

m= M s /ML;

k: the ratio between the

K s and the rigidity factor (Kt) of the wire rope

winding, namely, k=
K s /Kt

The rigidity factor (K) of the wire rope winding (it means the force required to
produce the unit static elongation on the cargo hanging place of the wire rope
winding); it can be calculated according to Formula (L2).

nEr Fr
Kt  (L2)
lr

146
Where,

Kt: the rigidity factor of the wire rope winding, KN/cm;

n: branch number of the winding;
Er: the longitudinal elasticity modulus of the wire rope applied; it is related
with the structure of the wire rope and its variation range is commonly
(0.7-1.2)* 104kN/cm2. If there is no real-survey data, the average
1.0*104kN/cm2 shall be adopted for calculation.
Fr: the total section area of one steel wire of the wire rope (the wire rope
standard can be looked up), cm2;
Ir: the actual average releasing length of the wire rope winding equivalent to
the rated lifting height; the actual average releasing length from the half of
the fixed upper pulley center and the center of the reel and the center of
the lifting tool pulley shall be selected (please refer to the Figure below);
cm;

Furthermore, during the calculation, the following issues shall be noted:

a. The mass (ML) of the rated lifted load include the mass of the
object-fetching device. Therefore, if the total mass of the trolley includes
that of the object-fetching device (connected with the bottom block), then,
during the calculation of the trolley mass, such mass shall be excluded.
b. For portal cranes adopting rigid landing legs on both sides, during the
calculation of the rigidity factor (Ks) in the midspan, the portal shall be
treated as the once redundance bearing.
c. For the closed section beam structures that receive the bending and
torsional deflection during the working, the full-load natural vibration
frequency of the system shall be calculated according to Formula (L1),
namely, the influence from the torsion shall be neglected.

147
L2 Corresponding to the 3.8.2.2. For the span winch, if the suspension length
of the full-load wire rope winding is equivalent to the rated lifting height,
the natural vibration frequency in the vertical direction can be calculated
according to Formula (L3) proximately.

5
f  (L3)
YL  0

Where,

f: full-load natural vibration frequency, Hz;

YL: the static displacement in the vertical direction on the arm support end (or
the end of the proboscides rack) due to the rated lifted load, cm;
0 : The static elongation at the rated cargo hanging place of the wire rope
winding without considering the flexibility of the supporting structure, cm;
during the calculation, the visible rope length from the arm support end
pulley and the reel shall be taken into account.

148
 Annex M
Standard Load Spectrogram of the Crane Mechanism
(Informative)

Figure M1 Standard Load Figure of the Mechanism

a) L1: light;
b) L2: moderate;
c) L3: heavy;
d) L4: extremely heavy

149
 Annex N
Examples of Working Class of the Mechanism
(Informative)
Crane Type Main Hoisting Mechanism Deputy Hoisting Mechanism Trolley Running Gear Cart Running Gear Swiveling Gear Luffing mechanism

Utilizatio Load Workin Utilizatio Load Workin Utilizatio Load Workin Utilizatio Load Workin Utilizatio Load Workin Utilizatio Load Workin

n Class Statu g Class n Class Statu g Class n Class Statu g Class n Class Statu g Class n Class Statu g Class n Class Statu g Class

s s s s s s

Bridge General For erection T2 L1,L2 M1,M2 T3 L1 M2 T2 L1,L2 M1,M2 T2 L1 M1

Crane purpose and

(hook type) maintenance

in the power

station

For T3, T4 L1,L2 M2-M4 T4, T5 L1,L2 M3-M5 T4, T5 L1,L2 M3-M5 T4, T5 L1,L2 M3, M5

workshops

and

storehouses

For T5, T6 L2,L3 M5-M7 T5 L3 M6 T4, T5 L3 M5,M6 T6 L2,L3 M6,M7

workshops

and

storehouses

having

rugged work

Grab type For interval T5, T6 L3 M6-M7 T5, T6 L3 M6-M8 T5, T6 L3 M6,M7

handling

For T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7

continuous

150
 handling

Special for For lifting the T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T6, T7 L3 M7

metallurgy work bin

For charging T7, T8 L3 M8 T7, T8 L3 M8 T7, T8 L3 M8 T7, T8 L3 M8 T7 L3 M7

up

For casting T6, T7 L3,L4 M7, M8 T6, T7 L3, M7, M8 T6 L3, M7, M8 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

L4 L4

For foundry T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 T6 L3 M7 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

For T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T7, T8 L3 M7, M8 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

quenching

For crane T7, T8 L3,L4 M8 T5, T6 L2 M5, M6 T6, T7 L4 M8 T6, T7 L4 M8 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

and stripping

For covering T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

Plough type T7 L4 M5, M6 T6, T7 L4 M8 T6, T7 L4 M8 T6, T7 L3 M7, M8

Electromagn T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T5 L3 M6

et type

Portal Hook type for general T5 L2,L3 M5, M6 T5 L2, M5, M6 T5 L3 M5 T5 L3 M5

Crane purposes L3

Grab type for handling T6, T7 L3,L4 M7, M8 T6, T7 L3, M6, M7 T6 L2, M6, M7

L4 L3

Hook type for the power T3 L1,L2 M2, M3 T3 L2 M3 T3 L2 M3 T3 L2 M3

station

Hook type for the T4 L2,L3 M4, M5 T4 L2, M4, M5 T5 L2, M5, M6 T5 L2, M5, M6

shipbuilding and erection L3 L3 L3

Grab type for handling the T6, T7 L2,L3 M6-M8 T6, T7 L2, M6-M8 T5-T7 L2, M5-M8

container L3 L3

151
Gantry Grab type for handling in the T6, T7 L3,L4 M7, M8 T3 L3, M7, M8 L2, M5, M6 T4 L1 M3

Crane stock ground L4 L3

Grab type for port handling T6, T7 L3,L4 M7, M8 T5 L3, M7, M8 L2, M6, M7 T4 L1 M3

L4 L3

Grab type for handling T5, T6 L2,L3 M5-M7 T6, T7 L2, M5-M7 L2, M5-M7 T4 L1 M3

container L3 L3

Span Hook type for the erection T5 L1,L2 M4, M5 T5 L1, M4, M5 L2 M3, M4 T4 L3 M5 T4 L3 M5

Winch L2

Hook type for the handling T5 L2 M5 L2 M3 T4 L3 M5 T4 L3 M5

Grab type for handling T6, T7 L3 M7, M8 L2 M4 T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T5 L3 M6

Tower For H< 60m T2-T4 L2 M2-M4 T3 L1, M3 L3 M3 T2-T4 L3 M3-M5 T2, T3 L3 M2, M3

Crane constructio L2

n and H>60m T4, T5 L2 M4, M5 T3-T5 L2 M3 L2 M3 T2-T4 L3 M3-M5 T2, T3 L3 M2, M3

erection

For H< 60m T3, T4 L2,L3 M4, M5 T5 L3 M5, M6 L3 M3-M6 T4, T5 L3 M5, M6 T3, T4 L3 M4, M5

transportin H>60m T4, T5 L2,L3 M4-M6 T5 L3 M6 L2 M3 T4, T5 L3 M5, M6 T3, T4 L3 M4, M5

g concrete

Auto, Hook type for the handling T4, T5 L1,L2 M3, M4 L1,L2 M2-M4 T4 L2 M4 T4 L2 M4

Tyre, and erection

Track, Grab type for handling T5, T6 L2,L3 M5-M7 L2 M4, M5 T5 L2, M5, M6 T5, T6 L2, M4, M5

Railwa L3 L3

Crane

Deck For handling heavy pieces T3, T4 L2 M3, M4 T4 L2 M4 T4 L1, M3, M4

Crane L2

For common handling T4, T5 L2 M4, M5 T4, T5 L3 M5, M6 T4 L2 M4

152
Barge Hook type for the handling T5, T6 L2 M5, M6 T5, T6 L2 M5, M6 T5, T6 L2 M5, M6

Crane Grab type for handling T5, T6 L3 M6, M7 T5, T6 L2, M5-M7 T5-T7 L3 M6-M8

L3

For the shipbuilding and T4, T5 L2, M4-M6 T4, T5 L2, M4-M6 T4 L2 M5 T4 L2, M4, M5

erection L3 L3 L3

Cable Hook type for the erection T3-T5 L2 M3-M5 T3, T4 L2 M3, M4 L2 M3, M4

Crane Hook type for the handling T5, T6 L2 M6, M7 T5, T6 L2, M5, M6 L2 M4, M5

L3

Grab type for handling or for T3, T4 L3, M7, M8 T6 L3 M7 L2 M4, M5

transporting concrete L4

Note: the working class of crane uncovered in the table shall be selected referring to that of the similar cranes.

153
 Annex P
Estimate of Transmission Mechanism Dynamic Load
(Informative)

Both the theoretical calculation and the experimental investigation have shown
that the crane transmission mechanism can be simplified into the double mass
free system to estimate the vibrational load. Judging from the engineering
calculation, adequate precision must be provided. The simplified calculation is
put forward on this basis:

P.1 Starting Torque of the Electromotor

During the starting of the rotor resistance for the wound motor, the starting
moment of the mechanism will change in company with the curve in Figure P1
along the motor speed. The starting moment will change according to the
curve in Figure P2 in company with the time.

In the figure, Mqmax is the maximum starting moment; Mqmin is the minimum
staring moment; Mn is the rated moment of the electromotor. During the design
of the starting resistance, the following conditions shall be met:
Mqmin=1.1Mn, Mqmax=2.1Mn

The electromotor working by intervals for the crane shall have the load
duration factor (JC) divided into 15%, 25%, 40% and 60%. Corresponding with
the four load duration factors, the electromotor of each physical dimension
shall have four nominal power and four rated moments. Judging from the
transmission mechanism stress, it's best to allocate different resistances to the
said four load duration factors of the electromotor of each specification to
ensure the starting moment of each electromotor changing from 1.1M n and
2.1Mn. But in the general purpose overhead bridge cranes produced at the
presented day, for the electromotor with the load duration factor of 15% and
25%, the resistance shall be allocated according to JC=25%; while for the
electromotor with the load duration factor of 40% and 60%, JC=40%. So,

154
during the determination of the starting moment of the electromotor with
JC=15%, Mn shall adopt JC=25%; while for the electromotor with JC=60%, Mn
shall adopt JC=40%. By doing this, it may bring some convenience to the
production, but it is not reasonable. For instance, for the electromotor with the
load duration factor of 15%,If the starting resistance is allocated according to
the rated moment of JC=25%, the starting moment is less than requirement.
On the contrary, for the electromotor with JC=60%, if JC=40% is adopted for
allocating the starting resistance, then, the starting resistance is excessively
large, which will cause the excessively large dynamic loads.

In practice, some electromotor has some preparation resistance of 0.5%Mn

and in the idle application case, the operator always switch the resistance by
steps, so, during the starting of the mechanism, the instant starting moment
can't reach Mqmax; contrarily, if the crane is frequently applied, the operating will
switch the resistance rapidly, so during the starting of the mechanism, the
instant starting moment may reach the Mqmax. To consider this case, the instant
starting moment of the electromotor can be expressed as:
Mq=βMn(P1)

β Is the multiple of the actual starting moment. For the actually-operated

electromotor, β is a random value. According to measurement from the
commercial test, usually, β=1.6-2.1. During the idle application, it shall select
the smaller value and during the busy application, it shall select the larger
value.

The DC parallel excitation electrokinetic moment changes similar to that of the

P1 and P2. Figure P3 shows the change stats of the starting moment of the
cage-type electromotor. Where, the Mqmin is the starting moment; Mqmax, the
maximum starting moment, the quotation mark Mqmin=β1Mn, Mqmax=β2Mn, β1 is
the multiple of the starting moment and β2 is the multiple of the maximum
moment. For the cage-type electromotor commonly adopted by the crane,
β=(1-1.3)β1, so β=1/2 (β1+β2) can be used to estimate the average starting
moment of the electromotor.

155
P.2 During the starting of the mechanism, the basic load for the calculation of
the inertia force and fatigue

The "inertia torque" applied here refers to the system is treated as an absolute
rigidity and the kinetic moment during the starting shall be decided according
to the geostatic method. J represents the total inertia moment of the
transmission mechanism movement, JI the inertia moment of all movement
parts on the motor side and JII represents the sum of the inertia moment on
the passive side of the spare parts. According to the Newton's second law,
during the starting, the angular acceleration (ε) of the transmission mechanism
(it is presumed that the system is converted to the motor shaft) is:

ε=(Mq-Mj)/(JI+JII) (P2)

Where,
Mj: the static resistance moment of the mechanism;

According to Figure P4, the inertia moment of spare parts can be calculated:

J II ( M q  M j )
Mj  (P3)
J I  J II

The sum of the inertia moment and the static resistance moment can be
expressed by MImax.

Where,

156
 is the rigid dynamic load factor.

The 4.3.2.1 in this national standard states that MImax works as the basic load
for the fatigue calculation of the spare parts. Seeing from Formula (P3), if the
starting moment of the electromotor is a constant value, then, MImax is
proportional to the inertia radio (a). Then:

From this, for other driving gears, like the fluid coupling, electromagnetic clutch
and friction clutch, as long as the driving moment variation features can be got,
the MImax can be got easily,

P.3 Vibrational Load of the Transmission Mechanism

During the starting and braking process, the transmission mechanism can
generate the torsional vibration. At this time, the moment variation waveform
on the shaft can be shown by the filament in Figure P2. It waves and gradually
damp up and down the curve of the inertia moment. When one gear of the
resistance is cut off, the vibratory moment will have the peak value again and
them damps. Learned from the test on the test bed, for the starting process in
Figure P1, the maximum value of the vibratory moment (MIImax) has the peak
value for the first time. Also, the action time of the peak value is less than 1/10
of the switching period interval of the two resistances. So, it is considered that
the value of the peak value MIImax is only related with the instant starting
moment on the starting of the electromotor and foreign to the change. In this
way, the system can be treated as the dual mass single-mode system
receiving the step load βMn for the analysis. If a>3, MIImax can be calculated
according to Formula (P5).

Where,

 5 : the elastic vibration augmenting factor, .

Judging from the tests, the calculated value according to the formula is a little

higher than the test value. For the running and swiveling gear,
 5 =1.5-1.7; if

the mechanism has a larger flexibility and damping, the

 5 shall select the

smaller value.

157
Formula (P5) is applicable to the wire-wound asynchronous motor driving
series with the resistance. For the cage-type electromotor driving, the
amplitude of the vibratory moment damps, but its mean line (namely, the
starting moment variation curve) is increasing, so the peak value of the
vibratory moment is also stepping up. if the β=0.5(β1+β2) is adopted to

calculate the rigid dynamic load factor  8 then, if the  5 =1.5-1.7 is adopted
for the calculation of Mmax, the result will be favorable.

In the DC electromotor for driving, the similar method can be used for the
treatment.

When the fluid coupling and friction clutch are in series with the driving
mechanism, the starting moment is increased gradually, so the elastic vibration

augmenting factor  5 will be smaller, commonly  5 =1.1-1.5.

The torsional vibration in the starting process analyzed above are got under
the condition that the mechanism has no clearance. If the mechanism has
clearance and starts without pretension, the system will cause impact and the
vibration ultimate load thereof will be greater than the system without the
clearance. Under the presumption of the single-mode system and
non-clearance, the maximum torque value of the elastic vibration is foreign to
the damping and rigidity of the system. But if there is clearance, especially
under the braking behavior, the flexibility and damping shall have favorable
action on the cushion and damp. If the transmission mechanism has a good
manufacturing accuracy and the coupling has a better damping effect, the said
calculated method for the maximum vibratory torque MIImax is enough.
Otherwise, the actual dynamic load will be greater than the results got from the
said calculation method. In the common status, the dynamic load generated by
the braking will be not so much greater than that of the starting. If there is
clearance in the mechanism an there no good damp cushioning device, then,
under the braking (especially the plug braking), a larger dynamic load will be
caused. So, the dynamic load decided by the method recommended here is
the average of the dynamic loads but not the maximum value. Based on this
reason, the 4.3.2.2 of the this national standard list the MIImax as the
recurrenting load and select the safety factor of 1.50 as stated in Table 29.

158
 Annex Q
Method for Determination of Fatigue Strength Limit δrk
(Informative)

Q.1 Fatigue Strength Limit of Polished Test Bars

Under the rotating bending, the maximum stress that the polished test bar shall
receive infinite times (the cycle number greater than 107 symmetric circulation
and can also keep 90% degree of perfection, is called the fatigue strength limit
and is expressed by δ-1.

If the fatigue strength limit of the material hasn't been given, the value of the
symmetric cyclic fatigue strength limit of the structural steel can be calculated
according to Formula (Q1), (Q2) and (Q3).

Stretching and compressing:

Bending:

Torsion:

Q.2 Influence from Shape, Surface Condition and Dimension

The transmission spare parts have shapes more complex that the test bars
and the rough surface and large dimension. so, the fatigue strength
and of the spare parts is lower than that ( ) of the polished test
bar. The influence from the surface status and dimension has the relevant
factors calculated according to the following formula:

Where,
: Shape factor;
β: Surface condition coefficient;
: Dimension factor;

For the shearing stress due to the transverse force, no stress concentration
shall be considered.

Q.2.1 The value of the shape factor is seldom calculated according to

the fatigue test and most curves are the theoretical stress concentration
factor aδ or aτ. In this case, the sensitivity coefficient (q) of the materials
shall be converted into the effective stress concentration factor;

159
 Namely:

Where,

r: Gap (like gutter and hole) radius of rounded angle, mm;

a : Material constant; it can be looked up by Figure Q1.

Q.2.2 Surface Condition Coefficient β

In Q2, the commonly-used surface condition factors β1 and β2 curves are listed.
The curve 1-5 is the surface processing factor β1 and the curve 6-7 is the
coefficient of corrosion β2.

From Table Q1, the surface strengthening factorβ3 can be looked up. If β 1, β2
and β3 turn up at the same time, the continued multiplication can't be used. For
the simple machining operation, β=β 3; under the corrosive environment, no
matter there is intensification or not, β=β3.

Table Q1 Surface Strengthening Factorβ3

Strengthening Core β3
Method Stren Smooth Test Samples with Stress
gth Test Concentration
N/mm Sa Kσ<1.5 Kσ≥1.8-2.0
2 mpl
es
High-frequency 600-800 1.5-1.7 1.6-1.7 2.4-2.8
Hardening 800-1000 1.3-1.55 1.4-1.5 2.1-2.4
Nitration 900-1000 1.1-1.25 1.5-1.7 1.72.1-
Carburization 400-600 1.8-2.0 3.0 3.5
700-800 1.4-1.5 2.3 2.7
1000-1200 1.2-1.3 2.0 2.3
Cloudburst 600-1500 1.1-1.25 1.5-1.6 1.7-2.1
Rolling 600-1500 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.6-2.0
Depressio
n

Note:
(1) The data for the high-frequency hardening is got according to the specimen test with the

160
 diameter of 10-12mm and the hard formation thickness of (0.05-0.20)d; for the test samples
having a large dimension, the strengthening factor shall be reduced.
(2) The thickness (0.01d) of the nitrided layer shall adopt the smaller value; while for the
(0.03-0.04)d, the larger value.
(3) The data for the stress peening shall be calculated according to the test sample with the
thickness of 8-40mm. If the speed of the cloudburst is smaller, the smaller value shall be used
and the vice versa.
(4) The data for the rolling depression strengthening shall be calculated according to the test
sample with the diameter of 17-130mm.

161
 Figure Q1 a Value for Calculation of Sensitivity Coefficient q
Note: in Figure Q1, there are two abscissaes. During the calculation of the normal stress qσ, the σb

abscissae shall be used to get a a value. Then, according to the σ a/σb, another a value will

be got. The average of the said two shall be put into Formula (Q7) to get the q value. During the

calculation of qr, according to the σ a/σb abscissae, the a value is got and put into the Formula

Q7.

162
 Figure Q2 Surface Processing Coefficient of Steel

1: polishing, more than  11; 2: grinding,  9-  10; 3: finishing burning,  6-  8; 4: engine,

 3-  5. 5: rolling unprocessed surface; 6: fresh water corrosion surface; 7: sea water corrosion

surface;

Q.2.3 Dimension Factor εσ, ετ

The value of the εσ and ετ can be looked up in Figure Q3.

Figure Q3 Dimension Factor of Steel Members

Q.3 Relationship between Duration Fatigue Strength Limit σ rk and rσb and
(σ-1)G or (τ-1)G

In Figure Q4, the Smith duration fatigue strength curve has listed the relation
between the duration fatigue strength σγκ and the stress ratio r and tensible
strength σb and the fatigue strength (σ-1)G or (τ-1)G.

163
 Figure Q4 Smith Fatigue Strength Curve Figure

For the structural steel and the low-alloy steel, ψσ=0.2; if the (σ-1)G is close to
σ-1, the calculation formula for the σrk and τrk is as follows:

Within the alternate stress region (-l<r<0), if the maximum stress σ is the pull
or compressive stress, then:
5
 rk  .(  1)G ………………………………(Q8)
3  2r

Within the fluctuating stress range (0<r<1), if the maximum stress r is the pull
or compressive stress, then:
5
(  1)G
 rk  3 …………………………(Q9)
5
( 1 )G
1  (1  3 ).r
b

Within the alternate stress range (-1r<0), for the torsion shear stress, then:
5
 rk  .(  1)G ………………………………(Q10)
3  2r

Within the fluctuating stress range (0<r<1), for the torsion shear stress, then:
5
(  1)G
 rk  3 …………………………(Q11)
5
3 (  1)G
1  (1  3 ).r
b

For the transverse shear stress, due to no consideration of the stress

concentration, the formula (Q10) can be converted to:

164
 5
 rk  .r1 …………………………………………(Q12)
3  2r

Formula (Q11) can be converted to:

5
r 1
 rk  3 ……………………………………(Q13)
5
 1
1  (1  3 ).r
b

165
 Annex R
Permissible Physical Quantities for Commonly-used Friction Surface
Materials
(Reference)

Table R1 Maximum Permissible Physical Quantity for Arrester and Clutch

Covering Surfaces
Permissible [P]N/mm2 [Pv]N/mm.s Without Lubrication
Value of
Physical
Quantity
Friction For support For controlling of
Surface falling
Material For For Piece Draper-type Piece Draper-type Friction Allowable
support controlling type type factor temperature
of falling
Asbestos 0.8 0.4 5 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.42-0.48 220°
Gum Roll
Press Strap
Versus
Steel
Asbestos 0.6 0.3 5 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.35 220°
Steel Wire
Brake
Band
Versus
Steel

Table R2 Maximum Permissible Physical Quantity of Copper Alloy Bushing

Materials
Permissible Value of Physical Quantity [P] V [Pv]
Material Trademark 2
N/mm m/s N/mm·s
Tin Bronze ZQS n10-1 15 10 15
ZQSn6-6-3 8 6 6
Alumirium Bronze Casting ZQA 19-4 30 8 12
ZOAll0-3-1.5 20 5 15
Lead Foundry Gunmetal ZQP b30 15 8 60

Casting Manganese Brass ZHMn52-4-l 4 2 6

Casting Silzin ZHSi 80-3-3 12 2 10

166
 Annex S
Calculation Method for Strength of Involute Cylinrical Gears for Cranes
(Reference)

S.1 Application Scope

This method is applicable to the involute cylinrical gear transmission for the
crane. These gears are made of steel or nodular graphite cast iron belonging
to the following conditions.
a. Closed type or the exposed drive;
b. Straight tooth or skewed tooth;
c. External toothing or internally-toothed parallel ax drive ;
c. Deflection or non-deflection;
e. Precision class: 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (according to JB 179-83).
f. The linear speed of the reference circle not exceeding l0m/s;
g. The working class of the mechanism in accordance with 4.1 of this
national standard;
h. The basic tooth shape of the gear in accordance with Basic Tooth
Shapes of Involute Cylinrical Gears (GB 1356-78).

S.2 Calculated Load

S.2.1 Calculated Tangential Force

For the tooth surface contact strength:

Ftc  Fte K v K  K Ha …………………………………………(S1)

For the gear bending strength:

Ftc  Fte K v K  K Fa …………………………………………(S2)

Where,
Ftc : Calculated tangential force, N;

Fte : Isoeffect tangential force, N;

Kv: dynamic load factor;

Kβ: tooth-direction load distribution coefficient;
KHa: the intertooth weight distribution factor for the tooth surface contact
strength calculation;
KFa: the intertooth weight distribution factor for the gear tooth bending strength.

S.2.2 Isoeffect Tangential Force

167
S.2.2.1 Calculation of the Isoeffect Tangential Force

The isoeffect tangential force Fte shall be calculated according to:

Fte  k n k m Ft Im ax …………………………………………(S3)

Where,
kn: the cycle number coefficient; please refer to S.2.2.2;
km: load coefficient; please refer to S.2.2.3.
FtImax: the basic tangential force on the reference circle, N; it shall be
calculated according to the MImax in 4.3.2.1.

S.2.2.2 Cycle Number Coefficient

The cycle number coefficient ( k n ) related with the total stress cycle number
shall be calculated according to:

N
kn  m ……………………………………………………(S4)
N0

If N≥N0, then:

Kn=l

Where,

N: the total stress cycle nummber within the designed service life of the gear
teeth; it shall be calculated according to 4.3.3;
N0: the basic stress cycle number (stress cycle cardinal number) of the
material; please refer to Table S1 and Table S2.
M: exponent; please refer to Table S1 and S2.

The cycle number coefficient (Kn) shall be no less than the lower limit value
(knmin), namely:

Kn≥Knmin………………………………(S5)

Where,

Knmin: the lower limit value of the cycle number coefficient; please refer to Table

168
 S1 and Table S2.

Table S1 Exponent m, Stress Cycle Cardinal Number N0, Cycle Number

Coefficient Lower Limit Value (Knmin) and Load Coefficient Value (km) for Tooth
Surface Contact Strength Calculation

Material and Stress Stress cycle Exponent Kn Km Value

Heat Cycle number (ni) m Lower
Load Condition
Treatment Cardinal Corresponding Limit
Number with Fti Value L1 L2 L3 L4
N0 (Knmin)
Quenched 109 6×105-2×107 6.6 0.43 0.73 0.81 0.90 1
and
tempered
steel, nodular
graphite cast
iron, 8.8 0.79 0.85 0.92 1
cemented
steel (some
degree of
pitting
allowed)
Quenched 5×107 105-2×107 6.6 0.39 0.73 0.81 0.9. 1
and
tempered
steel, nodular
graphite cast
iron,
cemented
steel
Gas-nitriding 2×106 105-2×106 5.7 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.89 1
quenched
and
tempered
steel,
nitriding steel
Liquid 2×106 105-2×106 15.7 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1
nitriding
quenched
and
tempered
steel

169
 Table S2 Exponent m, Stress Cycle Cradinal Number N0, Cycle Number
Coefficient Lower Limit Value (Knmin) and Load Coefficient Value (km) for Tooth
Root Bending Strength Calculation

Material and Stress Stress cycle Exponent Kn Km Value

Heat Treatment Cycle number (ni) m Lower
Load Condition
Cardinal Corresponding Limit
Number with Fti Value L1 L2 L3 L4
N0 (Knmin)
Structural steel, 3×106 104-3×106 6.25 0.40 0.73 0.81 0.90 1
quenched and
tempered steel,
nodular graphite
cast iron

Carburization 3×106 103-3×106 8.7 0.40 0.79 0.85 0.92 1

hardened steel,
cemented steel
Gas-nitrided 3×106 103-3×106 17 0.62 0.88 0.92 0.96 1
quenched and
tempered steel,
nitriding steel
Liquid nitriding 3×106 103-2×106 83.3 0.91 0.98 0.98 0.99 1
quenched and
tempered steel

S.2.2.3 Load Coefficient

The load coefficient Km shall be calculated according to the following Formula:

m
F n
k m  m  ( ti ) i …………………………………………(S6)
Ft Im ax N

Where,
Fti: the tangential force determined by the loading spectrum, N;
ni: the stress cycle number corresponding to the tangential force (Fti);

The load coefficient (Km) coresponding to the nominal load spectual coefficient

170
can be looked in Table S1 and S2 according to the load condition and material
exponent (m).

S.2.2.4 Basic Tangential Force on the Reference Circle

The basic tangential force (FtImax) on the reference circle shall be calculated
according to:

2 M Im ax1
Ft Im ax   10 3 …………………………………………(S7)
d1

Where,

MImax: the basic load for the fatigue calculation of the pinion gear, N·m; its
value shall refer to 4.3.2.1.
d1: the reference diameter of the pinion gear, mm;

S.2.3 Maximum Calculated Tangential Force

S.2.3.1 Calculation of the Maximum Calculated Tangential Force

For the tooth surface contact strength:

Ftcmax=FtIImaxKβKHa…………………………(S8)

For the gear tooth bending strength:

Ftcmax=FtIImaxKβKFa…………………………………………(S9)

Where,

Ftcmax: the maximum calculated tangential force, N;

FtIImax: the maximum calculated tangential force on the reference circle, N;
Kβ: the tooth direction load distribution coefficient; please refer to S.2.5.
KHa: the intertooth weight distribution factor for the contact strength
calculation; please refer to S.2.6;

S.2.3.2 Calculation of the Maximum Tangential Force on the Reference Circle

The maximum tangential force (FtImax) on the reference circle shall be

calculated according to:

2 M I Im ax1
FtI Im ax   10 3 ………………………………………………(S10)
d1

171
Where,

MIImax1: the working maximum torque of the pinion gear, N·m;

MIImax1 value shall refer to 4.3.2.2 for calculation.

S.2.4 Dynamic Load Factor

The dynamic load factor (Kv) is the influence coefficient considering the
internal additional dynamic load due to the vibration of the gear engagement.
Its value can be looked up according to Figure S1. In the Figure, v is the
linear speed of the gear reference circle, m/s; Z1 is the number of teeth the
pinion gear;

For the spur gear, it shall be looked up in Figure S1a; for the helical gear with
the axial contact ratio εβ greater than or equal to one, S1b; for the helical
gear with the axial contact ratio εβ less than one, the Figure S1a and S1b
shall be used to look up the spur gear Kvα and helical gear Kvβ of the relevant
precision. Then, the interpolation method will be used to count the Kv value.
Namely,

Kv=Kvα-εβ(Kvα-Kvβ)………………………-(S11)

Where,
Kvα: the dynamic load factor (Kv) of the spur gear looked up in Figure S1a.
Kvβ: the dynamic load factor (Kv) of the skewed tooth cylindrical gear looked
up in Figure S1b.
εβ: Axial contact ratio of the helical gear.

The axial contact ratio is calculated according to:

b sin 
  ……………………………………(S12)
mn
Where.

b: the effective width of the gear tooth;

β: Helix angle of the reference circle;
mn: the normal modulus.

S.2.5 Tooth-direction Load Distribution Coefficient

This coefficient is the influence coefficient considering the uneven-distribution

of the loads along the tooth surface contact line.

172
Kβ can be looked up in Figure S2 according to the engaging tooth error Fβy
and the unit tooth with tangential force (FtImax·Kv)/6 during the full-load running
after the breaking in. Fβy shall be calculated according to:

Fβy=Rβ(fma+fsh)…………………………………(S 13)

Where,

fma: the engaging tooth direction component error due to the processing and
erecting error. namely, the engaging tooth direction component error
during the no-load condition. It can be looked up in Figure 3 according to
the effective width of the gear teeth and the relevant precision class.
fsh: the engaging tooth direction component error due to the torsion of the
pinion gear and ax and the flexural deformation; it can be looked up in the
Table S3.
Rβ: the influence coefficient considering the perfecting engaging tooth
direction erro after the breaking-in; it can be got in Table S4.

Figure S1a 6-10 Class Precision Spur Gear Dynamic Load Factor (Kv)

Figure S1b 6-10 Class Precision Helical Gear Dynamic Load Factor (Kv)

173
 Figure S2 Tooth Direction Load Distribution Coefficient (Kβ)

Figure S3 Engagement Direction Component Error (fma) due to Processing and

Assembling Error

Table S3 Approxmiate Value of fsh

Gear Effective Width b≤20 20<b≤40 40<b≤100 100<b≤200 200≤b≤315

(b) (mm)
fsh (μm) 6 7 8 11 12

Table S4 Coefficient Rβ

Material
 H lim * N / mm 2 4
Cast Iron 400 0.45
Quenched and 800 0.20**5
tempered steel 1200 0.60**
Quenched and 0.73**
tempered steel 0.85**
Quenched and

4 * Looked up according to S.3.2.5;

5 ** If necessary, got according to the linear intepolation method.

174
tempered steel
Carburization or nitration

S.2.6 Intertooth Load Distribution Factor

The intertooth load distribution factors ( ) are the influence

coefficient considering the uneven distribution of loads between the gears.

They shall be selected according to Table S5.

Table S5 Intertooth Load Distribution Factors

6 7 8 9 10 Level 6 and
Lower
Hardended Straight 1.0 1.1 1.2
tooth

Skewed 1.1 1.2 1.4

tooth

Unhardened Straight 1.0 1.1 1.2

tooth

Skewed 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4

tooth

Note:
(1) When the hardened and unhardened gears are used in pairs, the arithmetical means of two circles
of values looked up in the table.
(2) Zε shall refer to S.3.2.3; Yε, S.4.2.3; εa, Formula (S22).

S.3 Calculation of Tooth Surface Contact Strength

S.3.1 Tooth Surface Contact Endurance Calculation

175
S.3.1.1 Calculated Contact Stress on Pitch Circles

The calculated contact stress at the pitch circle shall be calculated according
to:

Where,

: The calculated contact stress at the pitch piece;

ZH: the nodal point region coefficient;
ZE: coefficient of elasticity;

: Contact ratio coefficient;

: Helix angle coefficient;

u: the gear ratio; it shall be calculated according to:

Where,
Z1: the number of teeth in the pinion gear;
Z2: the number of teeth in the gearwheel;

In Formula (S14), "+" is applicable to the external toothing and "-" for the
internal toothing.

S.3.1.2 Permissible Contact Endurance Stress

The permissible contact endurance stress shall be calculated according

to:

Where,

: Permissible contact endurance stress,

: The fatigue limit stress of the test gear contact, ;

: Working hardening coefficient.

176
S.3.1.3 Safety Factor for Tooth Surface Contact Endurance

It shall be calculated according to:

During the calculation of the tooth surface contact endurance safety factort SH,
a pair of gears shall have the SH values calculated. If the requirements on the
reliability is high, the larger SH value shall be selected.

For the low-reliability design, the minimum value of the tooth surface contact
endurance safety factor can be equal to 0.85. In this case, the failure rate is
10%; if SH is less than 1m, the tooth surface contact static strength and the
tooth root bending static strength shall be checked.

S.3.2 Determination of Coefficients

S.3.2.1 Noral Point Region Coefficient

The coefficient ZH is the coefficient of the normal force converted on the pitch
circle from the tangential force on the reference circle considering the influence
on the contact stress from the nodal point tooth outline curvature.

This coefficient shall be calculated according to:

Where,

: The end face reference circle pressure angle;

: The end face pitch circle pressure angle;

: Base circle helix angle.

the external toothing and internal toothing gears with the normal pressure
angle equal to 20° shallhave its nordal point reigion coefficient value

according to the helix angle and the ratio.

177
It can be got from Figure S4. In the Formula, "+" is applicable to the external
toothing and "-" for the internal toothing.

Where,

X1, X2: the modification coefficient of the pinion gear and the gearwheel
respectively.
Z1, Z2: the number of teeth of the pinion gear and gearwheel.

S.3.2.2 Coefficient of Elasticity

The coefficient of elasticity ZE has considers the influence on the tooth surface
contact stress from the elastic modulus E and Poisson's ratio v of the mating
gear materials.

It shall be calculated according to:

Where,

E1, E2: the elastic modulus of the pinion gears and gearwheels, N/mm2.
v1, v2: the Poisson's ratio of materials of the pinion gear and gearwheel.

The value for the commonly-used material gear pair can be looked up in Table
S6.

Table S6 Coefficient of Elasticity ZE

Gearwheel Material
Pinion Gear
Material Elastic Steel Cast Nodular graphite
Modulus E steel cast iron
N/mm 2

Steel 206000 189.8 188.9 181.4

Cast steel 202000 188.0 180.5
Nodular graphite 173000 173.9
cast iron

Note: the Poisson's ratio (v) of materials in the table shall be 0.3.

178
S.3.2.3 Contact Ratio Coefficient

This coefficient has considered the influence onthe unit gear width friom the
contact ratio.

It shall be calculated according to:

For the straight-toothed gear:

For the helical gear:

If :

If ≥1:

The contact ratio coefficient value can be looked in Figure S5 according to the

end surface contact ratio ( ) and the axle contact ratio ( ). It can be
calculated according to Formula (22) or looked up in Figure S6. The axial
contact ratio ( )can be calculated according to S12.

Where,

dal: the tooth top circle diameter of the pinion gear, mm;
db1: the base circle diameter of the pinion gear, mm;
da2: the diameter of the addendum circle of the gearwheel, mm;
db2: the base circle diameter of the gearwheel, mm;
a: center distance (mm);
mt: transverse module, mm.

179
In the Formula, "±" is applicable to the external toothing and for the internal
toothing. Formula (S22) is applicable to the tooth shape without undercut.
For the gear pair of non-deflection or the height deflection, the end face

contact ratio ( ) can be looked up in Figure S6.

S.3.2.4 Helix Angle Coefficient

The coefficient ( ) has considered the influence on the tooth surface contact

from the helical gear helix angle ( ).

The helix angle coefficient ( ) shall be calculated according to:

The helix angle coefficient can be looked up in Figure S7.

Figure S4 Nodal Point Area Coefficient When an=20°

180
 Figure S5 Contact Ratio Coefficient Zε

Figure S6 End Face Contact Ratio of Gear Paris without Deflection or with
Height Variation

181
 Helix Angle (β) of the

Reference Circle

Figure S7 Helix Angle Coefficient Zβ

S.3.2.5 Tooth Face Contact Fatigue Limit Stress of Tested Gears

The tooth face contact fatigue limit stress of test gears is the tooth face contact
stress limit able to be received by the test gear of some materials in a long

term (at least, the stated stress cycle cardinal number ).

The tooth surface contact fatigue limit stress ( ) of the gear material shall
have reliable gear test data. If there is no material available, please refer to
Figure S8 to Figure S11. But, due to influences from the chemical composition,
metallurgical structure, heat treatment quality, roughcast type and process of
the gear material, the tooth surface contact fatigue limit stress ( ) of the
gear materials shall have some discreteness. Commonly, it shall select the
average some lower than that in the block diagram. Only if the materials is god
and the quality of the heat treatment can be ensured, the value in the
underpart of the block diagram can be selected. For gears having the
hardness range, commonly, the smaller value according to the tooth surface
hardness range shall be looked up.

The numbers from Figure S8 to S11 has the failure ratio of 1%.

182
 Surface Hardness HB
Figure S8 Tooth Contact Fatigue Limit Stress of Nodular Graphite Cast
Iron Test Gears

Surface Hardness HB

Figure S9 Tooth Surface Contact Fatigue Limit Stress of Quenched and

Tempered Steel and Test Gears

183
 Surface Hardness
Figure S10 Tooth Contact Fatigue Limit Stress of Cemented Steel Test
Gears

Surface Hardness

Figure S11 Tooth Surface Contact Fatigue Limit Stress of Nitriding Steel
Test Gears

S.3.2.6 Working Hardening Coefficient (Zw)

184
This coefficient is a coefficient making the of the gearwheel improved
during the toothing prodess of the normalizing and hardening and tempering
steel gearwheel and the grinding teeth hard tooth surface pinion gear.

It can be calculated according to Formula (S24) or looked up in Figure S12.

Where,

HB: ball hardness number.

If the hardness of the gearwheel is greater than HB400 or lower than HBl30
and gears fails to meet the said conditions, Zw=1.

Tooth Surface Hardness of the Gearwheel (HB)

Figure S12 Working Hardening Coefficient Zw

S.3.3 Calculation of Tooth Surface Contact Static Strength

For the maximum working loads that possible turn up during the working of the
mechanism, to prevent the curshing or bruising deformation of the tooth
surface, the calculation on the tooth surface contact static strength shall be
carried out.

S.3.3.1 Maximum Tooth Surface Contact Calculated Stress at Pitch Circle

It shall be calculated according to:

Where,

: The maximum calculated tangential force according to the tooth

surface contact strength, N; please refer to Formula (S8).

S.3.3.2 Tooth Surface Contact Static Strength Safety Factor

185
It shall be calcualated according to:

Where,

ZII: the calculation coefficient of the tooth surface contact static strength limit
stress.

It shall be looked up in Table S7.

Table S7 Calculation Coefficient ZII for Tooth Surface Contact Static Strength
Limit Strength

Material and Heat Treatment ZII

Quenched and tempered steel, nodular graphite cast iron, cemented 1.6
steel
Gas-nitrided quenched and tempered steel, nitriding steel 1.3
Liquid nitriding quenched and tempered steel 1.1

S.4 Bending Strength Calculation of Gear Teeth

S.4.1 Calculation of Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue Stength

S.4.1.1 Calculated Tooth Root Bending Stress

The calculated tooth root bending stressσF shall be calculated according to:

Where,

： Tooth form factor;

: stress compensationi factor;

: Contact ratio coefficient;

: Helix angle coefficient;

: Coefficient of wear;

186
 :Normal modulus, mm;

b: the effective width of the gear, mm.

S.4.1.2 Permissible Bending Fatigue Stress

It shall be calculated according to:

Where,
: Gear root bending fatigue limit stress of the test gears, N/mm2;

: Stress compensation factor of the test gears, it shall be

: Dimension factor;

S.4.1.3 Safety Factor for Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue Strength

The gear tooth bending fatigue strength safety factor (SF) shall be calculated
according to:

If the requirements on the reliability is demanding, then, the large SF shall be

selected. If the coefficient of wear ( ) is taken into account, SF shall be

greater than or equal to 0.8.

For a pair of gears, the bending fatigue safety factor (SF) of each shall be
calculated respectively.

S.4.2 Determination of Coefficients

S.4.2.1 Tooth Form Factor

The tooth form factor ( ) is a coefficient considering the influence on the

gear tooth bending stress by the tooth form when the load acts on the tooth
top.

If the normal pressure angle (an) is equal to 20°, the tooth form factor of the

187
involute base tooth shape external gear shall be looked up according to Figure
S13.

Figure S13 Tooth Form Factor

In Figure S13, Zv: the equivalent number of teeth; it can be looked up in Figure
S15 or the following Formula:

Where,

Z: the helical gear tooth number;

β:Helix angle of the reference circle;

: Base circle helix angle. β

If the whole tooth height (h) is not equal to 2.25mn, the value looked up in
Figure S13 shall be multiplied by h/2.25mn.

188
The tooth form factor of the inner gear can treat the inner gear approximately
as the toothed bar (namely, the number of teeth infinite) and YFa=2.063. For
the inner gears with non-standard height, the tooth form factor shall be
calculated according to:

Where,

df2: the gear root diameter of the inner gear, mm;

Da2: the diameter of the inner gear addendum circle, mm.

S.4.2.2 Stress Compensation Factor

The stress compensation factor is the coefficient considering the influence on

the gear root bending stress from the tooth root round angle when the load is
acting on the tooth top.

Its value can be selected from Figure S14.

For the inner gear, it can be treated approximately as the toothed bar

(namely, the number of teeth is infinite). Namely, it is

Figure S14 Stress Compensation Factor

189
 Figure S15 Equivalent Number of Teeth Zv

S.3.2.3 Contact Ratio Coefficient

The contact ratio coefficient is the coefficient considering the load action point
converted to the single meshing zone from the tooth gear top.

It shall be calculated according to:

S.3.2.4 Helix Angle Coefficient

The helix angle coefficient ( ) is the coefficient considering the difference

between the skewed gear and the equivalent straight gear.

It shall be calculated according to:

The helix angle coefficient can be looked up in Figure S16.

190
 Figure S16 Helix Angle Coefficient
S.1.2.5 Coefficient Of Wear

This is the coefficient that makes the tooth rote bending stress increased
considering the gear abrasion.

It can be selected from Table S8.

Table S8 Coefficient of Wear

Percentage between the Abrasioin of Permissible Tooth Coefficient of

Thickness and the Original tooth Thickness Wear
10% 1.25
15‰ l 40
20% 1.60
25% 1.80
30% 2.00

S.4.2.6 Test Gear Bending Fatigue Limit Stress

The tooth root bending fatigue limit stress ( ) of the test gears is the
tooth root bending fatigue limit stress corresponding to the test gears and the

cycle cardinal number ( ) of some material.

For this value, it's better to have reliable gear test data. If there is no existing
materaial, it can be decided according to Figure S17 to Figure S20, with the
principle sames as that in S3.2.5.

The values from Figure S17 to Figure S20 have the failure rate of 1%.

191
The bending fatigue limit stress of the cemented steel test gears given in
Figure S19 is applicable to the tooth surface hardening and drenching gears
with the hardening layer depth greater than or equal to 0.15mn; whle the value
of te nitriding steel test gears given in Figure S20 shall be applicable to the gas
nigriding gear with the nitriding layer depth from 0.4mm to 0.6mm.

For gears receiving the bilateral loads, the bending fatigue limit stress of the
test gears looked up in the figure shall be multiplied by seven (like the gear of
the running and swiveling gears).

Surface Hardness HB

Figure S17 Bending Fatigue Limit Stress ( ) of Nodular Graphite Cast

Iron Test Gears

Figure S18 Bending Fatigue Limit Stress of Quenched and Tempered Steel
Test Gears

192
 Figure S19 Bending Fatigue Limit Cemented Steel

Figure S20 Bending Fatigue Limit

S.4.2.7 Dimension Factor

The dimension factor considers influence on the tooth root bending fatigue
stress from the actual gear to the dimension, tooth root round angle and the
surface conditions of the test gear.

Its value shall be looked up in the Figure S21 according to the material and
nominal modulus (mn).

S.4.3 Bending Static Strength Calculation of Gear Teeth

For the possible working maximum loads during the working of the mechanism,
to prevent the brittle breaking of the gear teeth and the unallowed brittle
deformation, the calculation on the gear tooth bending static stength shall be

193
carried out.

S.4.3.1 Tooth Root Maximum Calculated Stress

Where,

: The maximum calculated tangential force according to the gear tooth

bending static strength, N; please refer to Formula (S9).

Figure S21 Dimension Factor

a: the structural steel and quenched and tempered steel; b: cemented steel; c:
cast materials; d: all materails under the static loads.

S.4.3.2 Safety Factor for Tooth Root Bending Static Strength

The safety factor (SFS) shall be calculated according to:

Where,

SFS: the safety factor of the gear tooth bending static strength.

: The calculation factor of the gear tooth bending static strength limit
stress;

: Stress compensation factor of the test gears.

194
The calculation factor ( ) of the gear tooth bending static strength limit
stress shall be looked up in Table S9.

Table S9 Calculation Factor ( ) for Gear Tooth Bending Static Strength

Limit Stress
Material and Heat Treatment

Quenched and tempered steel, carbon case hardening steel 2.5

Gas-nitrided quenched and tempered steel, nitriding steel 1.6
Liquid nitriding quenched and tempered steel 1.1

S.5 Strength Calculation of Exposed Gears

For the external gears, only the gear tooth bending fatigue strength and
bending static strength are calculated.

The coefficient of wear ( ) shall be selected from Table S8 according to

the abrasion amount.

For the calculation of the tooth surface contact static strength, only the
checking calculation is required.

S.6 Explanations to Annex S.1-S.5

Calculation methods listed in this Annex is based on the ISO/DP 6336/I-II

(hereinafter referred to as ISO method) and combining the features of the
crane application. During the establishment process, the calculation on the
bridge crane has been carried out by the retarder, which is basically in
accordance with the design and practice of Chinese crane industry in recent
years.

This calculation method is devided into five parts: (1) Application Scope; (2)
Calculated Load; (3) Tooth Surface Contact Strength Calculation; (40 Gear
Tooth Bending Stength Calculation; (5) Exposed Gear Strength Calculation. In
the Tooth Surface Contact Strength Calculation, main contents include the
calculation of the tooth surface contact endurance and the tooth surface
contact static strength. In the Gear Tooth Bending Strength Calculation, it
contains the calculation of the gear tooth bending fatigue strength and the gear
tooth bending static strength. Compared with the ISO method, this calculation
method increases the calculation of the tooth surface contact static strength,
the calculation of the tooth root bending static strength and the calculation of

195
the exposed gear strength. Some adjustments have also been made
according to the integrated arrangement of the crane code. Also,
considerations have been made to the detailed numerical values converted
from some parameters according to the working class of the crane.

All formulae and coefficients in the ISO method have been explained in
relevant documents, so, this explanation to the calculation method (hereinafter
referred to as this explanation) will make no explanations to contents (including
the formulae and data) same as that of the ISO method. In this explanation,
symbols the same as those in this calculation method will have no new
definitions and explanations.

a. Re: S.1 Application Scope

It is listed according to the current and potential service conditions of the crane
gears. The precision class is in accordance with JB 179-83.

b. Re: Calculated Load

The behavior coefficient KA won’t be introduced to the

in Formula (S1) and (S2) for calculating the

peripheral force. This is because in Article 4.3, all data of all calculated loads
conforming to the crane behavior have been listed and the maximum service
load of the gear is the basic load for the fatigue calculation, so KA=1.

During the calculation of the isoeffect peripheral force (Fe), the load cycle
times coefficient (kn) and load coefficient (km) have been introduced. The
arithmetic product of the two coefficients have the same meanings as the

service life coefficient Zn or Yn. There relationship is: or

This is to say, in the ISO method, the variation of the loads and the cycle
number are used to amend the limit stress, while in this method, such factors
are adopted to amend the load. There is no essential difference between the
two methods, but only different in expressions. This is to adapt to the
integrated arrangement of this national standard. The relationship between the
kn, km and Zn, Yn is proven as follows:

In the ISO method, the service life factor Zn and Yn are expressed as:

196
Where, mh is the exponent of the limit stress curve with the service life range
during the calculation of the tooth surface contact strength; mF is the exponent
of the limit strength curve with the service life range during the calculation of
the tooth root bending strength. N' is the stress cycle number. It is a pity that in
the ISO method, no explanations have been made to how to calculate the
stress cycle number under the varied working loads. According to relevant
regulations in the load-bearing capacity calculation method of the involute
cylinrical gear, under the varied working loads, the stress cycle number shall
be the isoeffect cycle number (Ne) got from the Palmgren and Miner theories.
Namely,

The contact stress is directly proportional to the load ( directly proportional

to ), so the bending stress ( ) is also directly proportional to the load.

Then, the said formula is converted to:

Where, is the maximum working load and its corresponding contact

stress is . The bending stress is and are the

tangential force and cycle number in the load spectrum. The contact stress

corresponding to is . The bending stress is N is the gear

teeth of the calculated gear. The N’ value shall be put into the ZN formula.
Then:

197
The service life coefficient (ZN) for amending the limit stress shall be put to the

load place as and then:

If m=mH/2, then

In the like manner, the N value shall be put into the Yn formula:

The service life coefficient (YN) for amending the limit stress shall be put to the

load place as and then

If m=mF, then:

198
The replacement of by m aims to make the expression for
calculating the tooth surface contact strength the same as that of the tooth root
bending strength.

As shown from the said content, the theoretical basis for km, kn, Zy and Yn is
the same, but their expressions are different.

Seeing from kn and km, km is only related with the loading spectrum and m
value. In this calculation method, in Table S2, namely, during the different
materials and heat treatment, the data of different spectrums shall be put in the
km.

In this method, Ka is selected from ISO/TC 60/WG 6 264D.

c. Re: S.3 Calculation of Tooth Surface Contact Strength and S.4 Bending
Strength Calculation of Gear Teeth

Contents of the two parts are basically adopted from the ISO method. As
before, according to the integrated arrangement of this national standard, the
original service life factor ZN and YN shall be put into the load calculation. The
working speed of the crane gears is commonly low, so, it is allowed that a
larger tooth surface wearing capacity (compared with the machine tool gear,
for instance) exist. After the gear abrasion, the reduction of the tooth thickness
will reduce the tooth root bending strength, so, in the calculation of the tooth
root bending strength (inclding the closed-type gearing), the coefficient of wear
is introduced.

In the ISO method, no clear explanations have been made to whether the
calculation of the static strength under the short-term overload condition during
the calculation of the tooth surface contact strength and the tooth root bending
strength. The special behavior of the crane is that it has the short-term
overload, so in this method, the calculation method of the static strength is
given. In this method, the stativ strength limit stress calculation coefficient ZII
and YII are the same as the ZN and YN value of the Zn and Yn in the ISO
method coverted from the curve horizontal segment to the descending
segment. In this calculation method, the maximum calculated peripheral force
(FtIImax) for the static strength calculation will no longer introduce the dynamic
load factor kv. This is because in the working of the crane, the foreseeable
short term overload rises in the starting initial stage, when the working speed
of the gear is low.

199
d. Re: S.5 Exposed Gear Strength Calculation.

In the ISO method, no strength calculation method on the exposed gear is

given. Considering the operation features of the crane industry, the contents
shall be added. The abrasion of the exposed gear is severe and no tooth
surface contact fatigue failure forms like the pitting will turn up, so no
calculation on the tooth surface contact endurance will be carried out.

200
 Annex T
Overload Check of Electromotor
(Informative)
T.1 Electromotor for the Hoisting Mechanism

(T1)

Where,
Pn: under the basic load duration factor, the rated power (KW) of the
electromotor;
PQ: lifted load, N; during the overload check of the electromotor with twin rope
grabs, the unevenness of the load shall be considered; please refer to
4.2.1.1.
Vq: lifting speed of the article, m/s;
q: overall efficiency of the mechanism;
 M : Under the basic load duration factor, the permissible overload multiple of
the motor torque (the theoretic value under the technical conditions or the
actual value);
H: coefficient; it is determined according to the loss of voltage (for the AC
motor, 15%, for the DC motor, no consideration), the maximum running
torque or the locked-rotor torque having tolerance (for the winding
asynchronous motor, 10%; for the cage-type asynchronous motor, 15%;
for the DC electromotor, no consideration), 1.25 times of the rated lifted
loads. For the winding asynchronous motor, H=2.1; for the cage-type
asynchronous motor, H=2.2. For the DC electromotor, H=1.4.
m: number of the electromotor.

T.2 Electromotor for the Running Gear

(T2)

Where,
PG : Gravitation of all masses of the motion parts, N;

 : Frictional resistance coefficient; please refer to Table 12.

mc: the grade resistance coefficient; it shall be decided according to 2.2.13.
PWII: wind resistance, N; it shall be calculated according to the maximum wind
pressure qII under the working status in 2.2.10. For the indoor, PWII=0.

201
∑GD2: the total flywheel moment of the mechanism, namely the sum of the
flywheel moment on the motor shaft converted and the flywheel
moment of the electromotor, kg·m2;
VY: running speed of the crane (or trolley), m/s.
n: rated speed of the electromotor min-1;
ta: mechanism starting time, s;
as : the average starting torque nominal value (relative to the basic load
duration factor, the nominal torque); for the winding asynchronous motor,
1.7; for the frequency sensitive varistor, 1; for the cage type

asynchronous motor, 0.9  M ; for the series excitation DC Electromotor,

1.9; for the D.C. compound generator, 1.8; for the separate excitation DC
electromotor, 1.7. If the system adopts the current self adjustment, the
as value shall be improved correspondingly.

Other symbols are the same as those in T.1.

T.3 Electromotor for the Swiveling Gear

…………(T3)
Where,

H: coefficient; for the winding asynchronous motor, H=1.55; for the cage-type
asynchronous motor, H=1.6; for the DC electromotor, H=1.
Mt: gyration frictional resistance moment, N·m;
Mimax: gyration maximum ramp moment of resistance , N·m;
MWIImax: the maximum wind resistance moment due to the calculated wind
pressure qII, N·m;
M  I: the gyration horizontal resistance moment due to the swing angle
 I( as shown in 2.2.7.2) of the carrying rope;
i: total gear ratio of the mechanism.

Other symbols are the same as those in T1 and T2.

T.4 Electromotor for the Luffing Mechanism

……(T4)

202
Where,

H: coefficient; for the winding asynchronous motor, H=1.55; for the cage-type
asynchronous motor, H=1.6; for the DC electromotor, H=1.
∑Pmax: the sum of the self weight of the arm support and the balance system,
the lifted load, the wind loading due to the calculated wind pressure qII,
the horizontal force calculated according to the swing angle of the
carrying rope, the component of the friction of the linkage pints of the
arm support system on the luffing toothed bars (or the luffing screw, oil
cylinder, wire ropes. The value on the luffing positions shall select the
maximum one; N.
Vb: the running speed of the luffing toothed bars (or the screw, oil cylinder, wire
ropes).

203
 Annex U
Check of Heat Evolution of Winding Asynchronous Motor
(Informative)

U.1.1 Steady-state Average Power

U.1.1.1 Electromotor for the Hoisting Mechanism

(U1)

Where,
Ps: the average steady-state power, kW;
G: the mean coefficient of the steady-state loads; commonly, it is the
value in Table U1.

Other symbols are the same as those in Annex T.

Table U1 Mean Coefficient of the Steady-state Loads

G1 0.7
G2 0.8
G3 0.9
G4 1
Note: the classification of the running gear (G) of the bridge crane, portal crane and span winch shall refer
to Annex W (Informative).

U.1.1.2 Electromotor for the Running Gear

(U2)
Where,

G: commonly, it is the value in Table U2.

PWI: the wind resistance, N; it shall be calculated according to the calculated
wind pressure under the normal operating conditions received by the
crane; for the indoor, PWI=0.

Table U2 G Value

Running Gear Indoor Crane Outdoor Crane

Trolley Cart
G1 0.7 0.85 0.75

204
G2 0.8 0.90 0.80
G3 0.9 0.95 0.85
G4 1 1 0.90
Note: the classification of the running gear (G) of the bridge crane, portal crane and span winch shall
refer to Annex W (Informative).

U.1.1.3 Electromotor for the Swiveling Gear

(U3)

Where,

G: commonly, it is the value in Table U3.

Mi: the isoeffect ramp moment of resistance due to the incline, N·m;
MWI: the isoeffect wind resistance moment calculated according to the wind
pressure qI (shown in 2.2.10.2), N·m;

Other symbols are the same as those in Annex T.

Table U3 G Value

Swiveling Gear Indoor Outdoor

G1 0.80 0.50
G2 0.85 0.60
G3 0.90 0.70
G4 1 0.80
Note: the classification of the swiveling gear (G) of span winch shall refer to Annex W (Informative).

U.1.1.4 Electromotor for the Luffing Mechanism

(U4)

Where,
G: commonly, it is the value listed in Table U4.
∑Pi: on the ith luffing position, the sum of the self weight of the arm support and
balance system, the weight of articles, the wind loading due to the wind
pressure qI, the horizontal force calculated according to the swing angle of
the carrying rope, the components on the luffing toothed bars (or the
luffing screw, the oil cylinder, the wire rope) due to the friction of the
linkage points of the arm support system; N.
Ti: time required by the intervals between each amplitude of variation position,
s; it can be calculated according to the journey (Y) of the toothed bar (or

205
 the screw, oil cylinder, wire ropes) and the translational speed (V b);

(U5)
Other symbols are the and as those in Annex T.

Table U4 G Value
G1 0.70
G2 0.75
G3 0.80
G4 0.85
Note: the classification of the luffing mechanism (G) of span winch shall refer to Annex W (Informative).

U.1.2 Dynamic Power

Where,
Pd: Dynamic Power, kW;
t1a: under the normal operating conditions, the mechanism starting time, s;

Other symbols are the same as those in Annex T.

U.1.3 CZ Value

U.1.3.1 Converted Full Starting Times

……--(U7)

Where,
Z: converted full starting times hourly;
dc: full starting times hourly;
di: the inching or incomplete starting times hourly;
F: the electric braking times hourly.
G, r: the conversion factor; commonly, the value in Table U5 shall be selected.

206
 Table U5 g, r Value
g r
Factor

Motor

Type

Winding Asynchronous 0.25 0.8

Electromotor

The starting class shall be divided according to the Z value. Commonly, it is

150, 300 and 600 times hourly.

U.1.3.2 Increment Rate of the Inertia

…………………… (U8)

Where,

C: increment rate of the inertia;

GDd2 : Flywheel moment of the electromotor , N·m2;

GDe2 : Except the electromotor, the flywheel moment converted to the motor

shaft from the movable mass and the rotation mass, kg.m2.

U.1.3.3 CZ Value

The arithmetic product (CZ value) of the increment rate of the inertia (C) an
the converted hourly full starting times is an important parameter influencing
the heat evolution of the electromotor during the starting and braking.

CZ value is commonly used 150, 300, 450, 300 and 1000.

U.2 Calculation Formula of Heat Evolution of the Working Winding

Electromotor

U.2.1 Set Conditions

U.2.1.1 The equivalent loss method is adopted. The total loss of the
electromotor under the interruption period operate mode (S4, namely,
the starting loss taken into account) and the interruption period
operate mode (S3, starting 6 times hourly) must be equal.
U.2.1.2 The total loss of the electromotor is composed of the fixed loss and

207
 the variable loss. The fixed loss doesn't change with the variation of
the output power, while the variable loss will change with the square
of the output power.
U.2.1.3 The load feature of the electromotor is the constant force moment
feature. under the S3 operate mode and the load duration factor of
 , the rated moment M  of the electromotor is; while under the S4
operate mode, to stop down the electromotor loss, the load moment
M
of the electromotor must be reduced to X
U.2.1.4 At the rated speed, the cooling ratio of the electromotor is h; while
during the starting process, the average cooling ratio is ha and during
the starting process, the nominal value of the average cooling ratio
(hM) will be:

………………………(u9)

U.2.1.5 Under the operate mode of S4 and S3 (namely, after the reduce of
the power and at the original power), the average starting moment of
KM
the electromotor is unchangeable and is a fixed value .
U.2.1.6 During the starting process, the ratio (W) between the nominal value
of the average starting moment and that of the average starting
current is selected as One.

U.2.2 Derivative of a Formula

Under the operate mode of S3, the working time (t1) of each average period
according to the converted full starting times is:

…………………………(U10)

Where,

Z: converted full starting times hourly; For the S3 operate mode, Z=6; under
the S3 operate mode, it shall be calculated according to Formula (U7).
 : The load duration factor in each average period; its value is equal to that of
the JC.

Under the operate mode of S4, the working time (t1) of each average period is
composed of two parts: one is the starting time (t1a) and the other is the rated
speed running time (t1b). So,

(U11)

208
Where,
Wb : The variable loss under the load duration factor under the operate mode

of S3;
Wf: fixed loss.

In light of set conditions of the average starting moment nominal value and the
average starting current nominal value, under the operate mode of S4, the total
heat generated in each cycle.

…………(U12)

Where,

: In every average period, the quantity of the heat generated

during the starting process. The average starting moment
during the starting process is KM .

: In each average period, the quantity of heat during the

rated running time. During the running, the load moment of
the electrical machine is XM M. According to the set

conditions of the equal total loss and the speed variation influencing the
cooling ratio, the following can be drawn:

(Wb  W f )t1 ( K 2Wbt  W f )t1a ( X 2Wb  W f )t1b

  ………………(U14)
h ha h

On both sides of the formula, the h/W b  will be multiplied and the tlb=t1-tla shall

be put into the formula. Then:

 K 2  a 
(1  X ).t1  
2
 ( X 2  a ).t1a …………………………(U15)
 hM 
Where,

: the loss ratio under the load duration factor of  under the operate
Wf
a 
Wb
mode of S3;
hM: the average cooling ratio nominal value during the starting process;
please refer to Formula (U9).

209
The starting time t1a can be calculated according to:
C.GDd2 n d n dn C.GDd2 .n C.GDd2 n 2
t1a  0   
375 M S M 1 M s  M 1 375( K  X ) M  365000 ( K  X ) P
…………………………………………………………(U16)
Where,
GDd2 : The flywheel moment of the electromotor, kg·m2;
C: increment rate of the inertia;
Ms: the starting torque of the electromotor; it can be expressed KM by; N·m;

Ml: load moment; it can be expressed by XM ; N·m;

P  : The motor power under the load duration factor of  ; kW.

The t1a and t1 shall be put into Formula U15. Then,

CZ .GDd2 .n 2 K 2  a  hMa CZ .GDd2 .n 2
X3 (  K)X 2  X  ( ). K 0
365000 .36000 .P . hM 365000 .36000 .P .

……………………………… (U17)
This is the basic formula for calculating the heat evolution of the winding
electromotor under the operate mode of S4.

U.3 Heat Evolution Check

U.3.1 Common Method

According to the basic formula for calculating the heat evolution, namely
Formula (I17), the value of different specifications of the electromotor can be
calculated by the computer. If the K values are different, the permissible output
power is P (namely, XPξ).

The Table U6 lists the YZR 160L 6 electromotor under the load duration factor
of JC40%, 11kW calculated results.

By utilizing Annex U.1, the Ps and Pd can be calculated. After the selection of
the electromotor, Pξ value is already known. Then:
Ps  Pd
K ………………………………(U18)
P
According to the K and CZ value required, the permissible output capacity P
can be calculated according to Table U6. When P≥Ps, then, the heat evolution
check on the electromotor is qualified.

210
U.3.2 Simplified Method

When the said common method is used to check the heat evolution, the data
quantity is large and also, it is observed from the said form that under the
common application range (X>0.5), the K value has little influence on the P
value, while K=1.7 has a relatively stricter requirement. The simplified heat
evolution check can set the K=1.7. In this way, corresponding to the required
CZ value, the permissible output power (P) can be checked out.

When P≥Ps, the check on the electrical machine heat evolution is qualified.

To facilitate the application, the Annex V lists the permissible output power of
the YZR series and JZR2 series electromotor under the different load duration
factor JC values and CZ values. If P≥Ps, the check on the electrical machine
heat evolution is qualified.

Table U6 Permissible Output Capacity of YZRl60L-6 Electromotor under

Different CZ Values and K Values and under JC of 40%

P,KW
K
CZ 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
20 10.7 10.9 10.9 l0.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9
40 10.5 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9
80 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7
l50 9.87 10.2 10.3 l0.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
300 9.3 9.61 9.78 9.87 9.9l 9.94 9.96 9.96 9.94 9.93 9.9l
450 8.83 9.12 9.28 9.37 9.43 9.45 9.45 9.45 9.43 9.41 9.38
600 8.42 8.67 8.82 8.91 8.95 8.97 8.07 8.94 8.92 8.88 8.84
800 7.9 8.12 8.25 8.32 8.35 8.35 8.33 8.28 8.24 8.18 8.12
1000 7.4 7.59 7.7 7.74 7.76 7.73 7.69 7.62 7.56 7.48 7.38
1250 6.82 6.96 7.04 7.05 7.03 6.97 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.58 6.45
1500 6.26 6.36 6.39 6.37 6.3 6.22 6.1l 5.96 5.8l 5.64 5.47
2000 5.17 5.17 5.12 5.0l 4.85 4.66 4.46 4.2 3.94 3.63 3.3
3000 3 2.79 2.49 2.1l 1.66 1.1l 0.43 0 0 0 0
4000 0.72 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

211
 Annex V

The Permissible Output Capacity P of YZR Series and JZR2 Series Motor under Different Load Duration Factor JC Values
and Different CZ Values
(The average starting current multiple K=1.7).
(Informative)

V.1 YZR series motor* 6

6
* Original data adopts YZR and YZ series State National Verification Society.

212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
V.2 JZR2 series motor *7

7 * Original data is adopted from Dalian Second Motor Factory.

222
223
224
225
226
 Annex W
The JC, CZ and G Value in the Motor Capacity Selection Calculation of Crane Mechanism
(Informative)

The load duration factor JC value, CZ value and steady-state load average coefficient G for each mechanism of the different kinds of
cranes should be calculated according to actual load. If the detailead date of the load condition can't be obtained, it can be selected
referring to Table W1.
Table W1 JC, CZ and G value
Crane type Purpose Hoisting mechanism Subsidiary hoisting mechanism
JC=% CZ G JC=% CZ G
Bridge crane Hook type For power 15 150 G1 15 150 G1
station
installation
and repair
Workshop 25 150 G2 25 150 G2
and stock
house
Heavy work 40 300 G2 25 150 G2
workshop
and
stockhouse
Grab type Intermitted 40 450 G2
loading and
unloading
Gantry Hook type General 25 150 G2 25 150 G2
crane purpose

227
Portal crane Hook type For 25 150 G2 25 150 G2
installation
Hook type For loading 40 300 G2
Grab type and 60 450 G3 G2
unloading

Crane type Bogie running gear Truck running Gyration running gear Amplitude change
mechanism mechanism
JC=% CZ G JC=% CZ G JC=% CZ G JC=% CZ G
Bridge Hook 15 300 G1 15 600 G1
crane type 25 300 G2 25 600 G2
25 600 G2 40 1000 G2
Grab 40 800 G2 40 1500 G2
type
Gantry Grab 25 300 G2 25 450 G2
crane type
Hook
type
Portal Hook 25 150 G2 25 300 G2 25 150 G2
crane type
Hook 15 150 G2 25 1000 G2 25 600 G2
type
Grab 15 150 G2 40 1000 G2 40 600 G3
type
Note: the mechanism load duration factor JC value is designed for the occasion where the work cycle time is less than 10min; it is calculated according to the following formula.
JC=The mechanism operation time of the crane in one work cycle/one total work cycle of the crane×100%

228
 Annex X
Lead Current Capacity
(Informative)

The calculated formula for lead current capacity

IZ=KaKtKjIg…………………………(X1)

Where,
Iz: Lead current capacity, A
Ka: Correction coefficient of the cable or poling wire juxtaposed laying, for wire
through steel tube, adopt 0.9, for cable, and adopt 0.8.
Kt: The correction coefficient of ambient temperature, for accepted value, See
Table X1, Kt value can be calculated according to formula (X2).
T1  T0
Kt  ………………………………(X2)
T1  T2
T1: the maximum operating temperature of the wire core,℃
T0: work environment temperature,℃
T2: rated work environment temperature, 25℃( or 45℃)
Kj: the correction coefficient of the load duration factor in the repeated
short-time duty system, the work cycle time adopts 10min. For
accepted value, See Table X2

Kj value can be calculated according to (X3)

600

1 e T
Kj  600. JC
…………………………………………(X3)

1 e T

Where, JC-load duration factor

T: Lead heating time constant, for accepted value, See Table X3, s
Ig: B base value of wire and cable current capacity, its accepted value, See
Table X3, A

229
 Table X1 Temperature correction coefficient Kt for lead current capacity
Rated work environment Maximum work temperature Work environment temperature ℃
temperature of the wire core

℃ ℃ +25 +30 +35 +40 +45 +50 +55 +60 +65 +70 +75

+60
+25 +65 1.000 0.926 0.845 0.756 0.655 0.535
+70 0.79l 0.500 0.47l
1.000 0.935 0.865 0.707 0.612
0.816 0.577
1.000 0.943 0.882 0.745 0.667
+65 - - - - -
+70 - 1.323 1.225 1.118 1.000 0.866 0.707 - - -
+45 +80 - 0.632 0.535 -
+85 - 1.265 1.183 1.095 1.000 0.894 0.775 0.75 0.655 0.612
6 0.500
1.195 1.134 1.069 1.000 0.926 0.845 0.79l 0.707

1.173 1.118 1.061 1.000 0.935 0.866

230
 Table X2 The correction coefficient Kj of the load duration factor

Lead type Load Wire core section mm2

duration
factor
%
1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95
120 150
BX, BXR copper core 25
rubber-insulated wire 1.313 1.417 1.477 1.550 1.614 1.678 1.754 1.790 1.834 1.849 1.876 1.880 1.898

40
1.149 1.212 1.249 1.296 1.336 1.377 1.425 1.448 1.476 1.486 1.503 1.505 1.517

25
1.250 1.304 1.324 1.398 1.461 1.520 1.604 1.645 1.701 1.742 1.784 1.807 1.830

YC, YCW, CF, CFR

single-core cable 40
1.111 1.143 1.155 1.200 1.240 1.277 1.330 1.356 1.391 1.417 1.444 1.459 1.473
25
1.490 1.531 1.590 1.640 1.696 1.750 1.808 1.803 1.838 1.865 1.887 1.902 1.912

231
 YC, YCW, CF, CFR
three-core cable 40
1.258 1.284 1.32l 1.353 1.388 1.422 1.460 1.456 1.479 1.495 1.510 1.519 1.526

Table X3 Base value8 for lead current capacity

Wire Copper core, wire Heavy-type cabtyre cable Marine cable
core BX, BXR copper BV, BVR copper Heating time YC, YCW YC, YCW CF, CFR CF, CFR
sectio core core plastic wire constant S single-core cable three-core cable single-core cable three-core cable
n mm2 rubber-insulated
wire
Load current capacity A in 25℃ Load Heating Load Heating Load Heating Load Heating
current time current time current time current time
capacit constan capacit constan capacit constan capacit constan
y A in tS y A in tS y A in tS y A in tS
25℃ 25℃ 45℃ 45℃
Expose Poling Expose Polin Expose Polin
9
d lay d lay g d lay g
1.5 27 18 24 17 86 184 - - - - 20 152 14 307
2.5 35 25 32 24 116 248 37 179 26 347 26 179 19 347
4 45 33 42 3l 138 295 47 190 34 419 35 190 25 419

8 The numerical value od the Table adopted from Chapter 26 " Wire and cable" of "Manual for electrical engineering" (trial edition in the year 1979), it takes current capacity of
continuous duty system ( JCl00%), environmental temperature +25℃ ( or +45℃) as base value.
9 The poling wire current capacity in the Table takes the three single core wire through steel tube laying condition in the air as reference. So as to be simplified, the wire for crane,
without reference to laying mode and laying position, the section is selected according to three single core wires penetrating through the steel tube in the air, when the poling
wire number is more than 3, the current capacity should be properly reduced for the selected section.

232
 6 58 43 55 4l 172 368 52 235 43 497 44 235 32 497
10 185 60 75 57 212 453 75 282 63 613 6l 282 44 613
16 110 77 105 73 267 571 112 336 84 774 8l 336 58 774
25 145 100 138 95 370 791 148 438 115 1050 105 438 77 1050
35 180 122 170 115 442 945 183 506 142 1020 135 506 94 1020
50 230 154 215 146 573 1230 226 626 176 1270 165 626 120 1270
70 285 193 265 183 641 1370 289 746 224 l540 205 746 145 1540
95 345 235 325 225 797 1700 353 917 273 1870 250 917 180 1870
120 400 270 375 260 820 1750 415 1040 316 2180 290 1040 205 2180
l50 470 310 430 300 980 2090 - - - - 335 1200 240 2450

233
 Annex Y
The Explanation on the Words Narration of the Standard
(Supplement)

Y.1 The wording explanation, See Table

The wording explanation of the standard

Degree Positive Negative

It is very strict and it must be done like this. Must Strictly prohibit
Strictness, it should be done like this under normal conditions. Should "slight touch", "be request
not to"
It allowed to have a few of selection, it should be firstly done like this when condition allowed. "appropriate" or " inappropriate
general"
It should be done like this un general condition. Because the country technical economy level is ”Should be ... as far as
not high, it has trouble with prescribing like this. possible
The wording is allowed to do like this under certain condition Can

Y.2 The specified standard, specifications or miscellaneous relevant regulations in the provision should be implemented, it is
written as "implemented according to..... " or "conformed to ...". The specified standard, specifications or miscellaneous
relevant regulations in the can be not implemented, it is written as "implemented refer to..... ".

234
Additional explanations:

The national standard is proposed by Ministry of Machine Building of the

People's Republic of China and Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and
Environmental Protection.

The national standard is drafted by Materials Handling Research Institute,

Ministry of Machine Building and Changsha Building Machinery Institute,
Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection.

The national standard is mainly drafted by Zhou Xiande, Guo Baoying, Wan Li,
Kang Xiubao, Qiu Weizhang, Jia Zhiquan, Liu Shoucheng, Hu Zongbin, Jiang
Guoren, Xu Kejin, Ye Yuanhua, Gu Dimin, Su Jiake, Sheng Hanzhong, Li
Xuekong, Chen Weizhang, Zhou Xueyong, Zhu Sizhong, Ye Peixin, Chen Fei,
Wang Chunsheng, Wang Lianzhong, Dang Zhiliang, Xu Meihua, Yan
Zhenzhou, Zhang Xianglin, Xu Baoshu, Zhao Kaiqing, Long Jiasi, Nai
Zhenheng , Sun Guilin, Meng Xianhui, Ye Caimin, Weng Bing and Wang
Shijian.

The national standard is entrusted to be interpreted by Materials Handling

Research Institute, Ministry of Machine Building and Changsha Building
Machinery Institute, Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and
Environmental Protection.

235