2060 IEEE TRANSACTIONS Oh' MAGNETICS, VOL. 31, NO.

3, MAY 1995

An Efficient Non Linear Transformer Model and

Its Application to Ferroresonance Studv
T. Tran-Quoc*, L. Pierrat****
* Laboratoire dElectrotechnique de Grenoble
BP. 46,38402 Saint Martin DHBres Cedex -FRANCE
** Electricit6 de France - Division Technique G6nkrale
37 Rue Diderot, 38040 Grenoble Cedex -FRANCE

A b s t r a c u h i s paper presents a new method for ZZ.1. Suaaested formulatior?

determination of instantaneous magnetization
characteristics of transformers (saturation and The single phase magnetizing characteristics are computed
hysteresis loop) by taking into account only the according to the following assumptions based on a classical
rms values and no-load losses. This model is used no-load test transformer :
to accurately study ferroresonance phenomena in a - the winding resistances and leakage inductances are ignored;
system of a cable-connected transformer. - the no-load test is performed with a sinusoidal voltage
source at a rated frequency.
I. INTRODUCTION L
c

i~ R1 L1
Ferroresonance is usually initiated by a system disturbance of
some configuration. For example, one or more of the supply
conductors to an unloaded or very lightly loaded power
transformer are switched or interrupted, leaving a transformer
coil energize through the capacitive coupling with the other
phases or with parallel lines. Thus, in order to be able to 1 I
predict whether or not ferroresonance will occur, the system Fig. 1. Single phase equivalent scheme of transformer.
conditions immediately prior to the disturbance must be
accurately defined. In a no-load test high voltage transformer, the rms voltages,
The ferroresonance problem, whether in a general circuit or in currents, and core losses are measured in secondary (low
a power-system circuit, is usually tackled in one of two voltage). In this case, the magnetizing current io is equal to
ways: circuit configuration (i.e. series and/or parallel) and the secondary current i2. The total current io comprises two
nonlinearity (i.e. saturation and hysteresis of the transformer), parts: the main saturation current is and the hysteresis current
since, fundamental factor to the occurrence of ferroresonance ih (current of loss part). The main saturation flux-current
is the nonlinear magnetic behaviour of the transformer [11. curve is = f(h,A) can be represented by a pth odd order
Ferroresonant phenomena have been observed or presented in polynomial :
[l-71, but the magnetization characteristics in these papers are
very difficult to obtain. A1 k. + Ap hP p = 3, 5, 7 ...
i= @.U
Therefore this paper presents a new method for determination The hysteresis current is determined by a qth even order
of instantaneous magnetization characteristics of transformers polynomial :
(saturation and hysteresis loop) by taking into account only
the classical rms values and no-load losses. This model is
used to accurately study ferroresonance phenomena.
The magnetizing current can be determined by :
11. PROPOSED MODEL OF NONLINEAR MAGNETIZATION
CHARACTERISTICSOF A TRANSFORMER @.3)
From measured rms voltages, rms currents and power losses, Where I is flux linkage; A and D are sets of constants and
the main saturation curve and the equivalent hysteresis loops these constants will be determined from the measured data by
are obtained. The required data for the present method are using the least squares curve fitting method.
easily available from the final test in the manufacturer's Assume that the flux varies sinusoidally as a function of
report [8]. After the main saturation curve has been obtained, time:
it can be combined with the dissipation function to establish
equivalent hysteresis loop. The dissipation function h = hm sin rot W.4)
determines total energy losses in the transformer core The no-load losses can be found as equivalent to the area of
(without separation between eddy current and hysteresis hysteresis loop:
losses). It is possible to improve the main saturation curve
by taking into account no-load losses. This model is
characterized by only two passive nonlinear components (II.5)
R
(RNL and LNL in Fig. 1).

0018-9464/95$04.00 0 1995 IEEE

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 2061

where v=
dt
*=
k m cos at = V,, cos at
In this paper, a three-phase 62.5/20 kV, 36 MVA wye-wye
ungrounded power transformer is used. By using the proposed
method, the main saturation curve of this transformer is
.

Vm = w h,is maximum voltage. accurately represented by a pth order polynomial (p = 11):

From (II.5), the no-load losses can be obtained as function of
measured maxi"voltage (Vm = 42vnn~):
ptosses = klQ v: + b Dq (II.7)
Constants kl and k2 are analytically determined by using
01.21, (11.5) and (11.6).
u.2.Calculation
From the no-load losses that are available as a function of the
applied voltage (V-), by using (11.7), constants Do and Dq
are obtained by the least squares curve fitting method.
Then, from the constants Do and Dq calculated by the
preceding step and the measured nns voltages, the rms
hysteresis current Ih is calculated by:
& = (QVm + K1%Vr1)2+ (K&Vr'p (II.8)
Constants K1 and K2 are analytically determined by using
(II.2) and (11.6).
The total rms current 10 can be obtained directly by
measurement (Io g 12). From the total rms current Io and the
rms hysteresis current Ih calculated by (II.8), the rms
saturation current Is can be determined by:
f=g -g (II.9)
With no-load losses taken into account in equation (11.9), a
more accurate main saturation curve can be obtained,
2c = (Alhm+&pbEy+ (K4 Ap (II.10) vny
Constants K3 and K4 are analytically determined by using
(II.1)and (11.4).
However, in many cases of transformers, it is possible to
neglect this step, and in this case Is = Io and Ih = 0.
From the rms saturation current Is calculated by the preceding
step (11.9) and the measured rms voltages (hm = Vm/O),
constants A1 et Ap in (11.10) are calculated by using the least
squares Curve fitting method.
11.3. Rem&
70
6C..................6.................1..................1.................4............ .............
1 .................. ................. ........i.................5.................6..................
0.8 ............................................................................................ ........i.................5.................6..................
3c ..................5.................1..................;..................i.................5..................
.................5................-i ......................................................6 .................
.................c.................1.................. ;.................. i .................i ..................
i
C

I-RMS (A)
Fig. 2. V-RMS - I-RMS curve in f a phase a (only 3 measured points).
2062

the instant it passes through zero, because it produces a flux

80- wave with maximum offset (time intervals between
60 ........?........4................. .................. ..................j ................. i ....... successive switching operations are about 200 ms).
40 ..................i.................i................. V(PU) v-pa
20 ..................5............................................................................................
0 ................. ;.................................................... ................. ; .................
-20 .................. i................. :..................i ................. i .................i..................
4 0 .................. 4.................. .................i .................i..................
60 ....... ;................. < .................. :.................. ..................> ..................
$

-80

-5 I I
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (ms)
Fig. 8. Primary voltage waveform of the transformer in phase a.
Fig. 6 shows the calculated hysteresis loop of the transformer
at V = 1.1 pu.
111. FERRORESONANCESTUDY
In order to study ferroresonance phenomena, in this part, as in
part 11, a three-phase 62.5120 kV, 36 MVA wye-wye
ungrounded power transformer is used. This transformer is
supplied over a 2.2 km underground cable from a 63 kV bus,
through a three phase breaker. This circuit (Fig. 7) is used to -1
observe ferroresonance phenomena in case of energization . .
................. i................. :..I..!...!.......i.................4 .................4 .................
(switching) or de-energization (opening) of the transformer.
-3 ..................i.................i..................i .................i.................i..................
..................-..................................................... .-.................-.................

The single phase model is applicable when three phase

transformer is strictly equivalent to three independent single . c ......! 4..............................
..... !......j .................>. ................. .................
phase transformers (for example: transformer constructed on 5 -5
legged core). In this case, the transformer constructed on 3 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
legged core necessities to take into account both electric Time (ms)
windings and magnetic core configurations. Fig. 10. Primary voltage waveform of the transformer in phase c.
For the first case, the transformer is energized (switched on) The ferroresonance phenomenon occurs. There are oscillations
under non-simultaneous closure conditions. First, the phase b of voltage in primary and secondary of the transformer. Figs.
is switched at t = 0 ms, then the phase a is energized at 8, 9 and 10 show primary voltages waveforms of the
206.6666 ms later, and finally the phase c is closed at transformer in phases a, b and c. For first 200 ms after the
403.3333 ms later. In each phase, the voltage is applied at switching of phase b, the voltages in phase a and c are the
 2063

same, the overvoltages reach to 4.7 pu. After the closure of waveform of the transformer in phase c. There is a high
phase a, there is a high frequency oscillation in phase c. Then distortion in secondary voltage of the transformer and this
after the moment of closing the phase c, the voltages in voltage tends slowly to steady state. Fig. 13 shows the
phase a, b, and c tend to steady state (1.Opu). primary current waveform of the transformer in phase b. The
magnetizing current tends slowly to symmetric steady state.
v-tn For the second case, the transformer is de-energized. The
I
phase a is opened (switched-off)at the instant the voltage in
phase a passes zero. The ferroresonancephenomenon occur.
Fig. 14 shows primary voltage waveform of the transformer
in phase a. The overvoltage can be reached to 4.0 pu.
. V(DU) v-Pa

Time (ms)
Fig. 11. Neutral voltage waveform of the transformer.

v (PU) v-sa
2.5
................. ........... ....i.............. ..................i..................i.................

................ ................. i ........ ........i..................i.................i.................

-2.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (ms)
Fig. 12. Secondary voltage waveform of the transformer in phase c.

-0.8I
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (ms)
Fig. 13. Primary current waveform of the transformer in phase b.
Fig. 11 shows the neutral voltage waveform of the
transformer (see a subharmonic component, with the same
form in primary voltage in phase a and c), the overvoltage
can be reached to 10.0 pu. Fig. 12 shows secondary voltage

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