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Cooling Systems

If the engine is allowed to run without external cooling, then the cylinder walls,
cylinder, and Piston will tend to assume the average temperature of the gases to
which they are exposed, which may be of the order of 1000 to 1500 degree
centigrade.

At that temperature, the metal will lose their characteristics and Piston will
expand and seize the liner.

Thus the cooling system is provided in an engine for the following reasons.

 The even expansion of piston in the cylinder may result in seizure of

piston.
 High temperatures reduce the strength of piston and cylinder liner.
 The overheated cylinder may lead to pre-ignition of the charge in case of
SI engine.
 Physical and chemical changes may occur in lubricating oil which may
cause stocking of piston rings and excessive wear of cylinder.

There are mainly two methods of cooling in IC engines.

1.Air Cooling or Direct Cooling

2.Liquid Cooling or Indirect Cooling

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1.Air Cooling System:

 In this method, heat is carried away by air flowing over and around the
engine cylinder.
 It is used in scooters, motorcycles, etc.
 Here, fins are cast on the cylinder head which provides an additional
conductive and radiating surface.
 The fins are arranged in such a way that they are at right angles to the
cylinder axis.

Advantages of Air Cooling:

 Absence of cooling pipes, radiator etc.makes the cooling system simpler.

 No danger of coolant leakage etc.
 The engine is not subjected to freezing troubles etc.that are usually
encountered in case of water cooling.
 Installation of air-cooled engines is easier.
 It requires no external components. Example: tank, radiator, etc.

Disadvantages of Air Cooling:

 Their movement is noisy.

 Non-uniform cooling.
 The output of an air-cooled engine is less than that of a liquid-cooled
engine.
 Maintenance is not easy.

2.Liquid Cooling System:

 In this method of cooling engines, the cylinder walls and heads are
provided with jackets through which the cooling liquid can circulate.
 The heat is transferred from cylinder walls to the liquid by conduction
and convection.
 The liquid is heated in its passage through the jackets and is itself cooled
by means of air cooling radiator system. The heat from a liquid, in turn, is
transferred to the air.

Advantages of Liquid Cooling:

In the case of a water-cooled engine, installation is not necessary at the front of

mobile vehicles, aircraft, etc. As the cooling system can be conveniently located
wherever required. This is not possible in case of air-cooled engines.

Dis-Advantages of Liquid Cooling:

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 This is a dependent system in which the supply of water for circulation in

the jacket must be required.
 In the event of failure of the cooling system, serious damage may be
caused to the engine.
 Cost of the system is considerably high.
 The system requires considerable attention to the maintenance of various
parts of the system.

Read:
 34 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
 Difference between SI and CI Engine

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