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The rise ofcannabis

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JOHN MACNEIL Corporate
Red Seal Cannabis Chef at
Zenabis, has a long list of
credentials and experience
that qualify him as a ‘master
of molecular gastronomy’.
Inspired by the freshness and
quality of ingredients at local
markets in his hometown of
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia,
John went on to study Culinary
Arts at Charlottetown’s
Holland College and obtained
his Red Seal certification in
2004. He further developed
his culinary skills under Chef
Urs Thommen in Switzerland,
where he learned to apply
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cannabis-based products becoming so popular?
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to his dishes.
John’s foray into
entrepreneurship continued as
he co-founded reTreat Edibles,
where he found his true calling
in developing cannabis-
infused foods that combine
the natural flavour compounds
(terpenes) of cannabis with
top quality ingredients.
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Q: Why are CBD edibles rising in popularity?
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the cannabis product industry?
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ADVERTORIAL | RESTEK
High-throughput
analysis of
cannabinoids
by LC-UV
Restek outlines the capabilities of its
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”žE+ggJ” market grows,
interest in more detailed analysis of
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as to ensure more accurate potency
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delta-9-tetra¬hydrocannabinolic acid A
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accurate quantitation.
As shown, all compounds were resolved
in a fast nine-minute analysis, making
this method suitable for high-throughput
cannabis testing labs. In addition, this
analysis uses a simple isocratic mobile
phase, so it is easier to transfer between
instruments than more complex methods
that incorporate atypical mobile phase
gradients or additives.
ʆ Increase sample throughput with this
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čşÒôęúĸŰɔĶúŰĔłôŦȫ
www.restek.com
newfoodmagazine.com
 ADVANTAGE
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@NewFoodMag
49
ADVERTORIAL | SARTORIUS
Cannabis testing
JĸɁĔłŸŦúŜşúŜÒşúôƑÒŰúşÒŦÒĸÒĭŰúşĸÒŰęƐúŰłíłŰŰĭúôEŠ\ɁčşÒôúƑÒŰúşȫ
Ɨ%ƑÒęĸJşƐÒĸ1* and Klaus Schöne2.
Abstract
In many testing laboratories, bottled
HPLC-grade water is the standard
when performing quantitative potency
analysis for cannabinoids like THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol) or CBD (cannabidiol).
In-house produced water, on the other hand,
may be qualitatively equivalent and also a
more cost-effective alternative.
The objective of this study was to
determine if aqueous mobile phase
ŜşúŜÒşÒŰęłĸŦŸŦęĸčęĸɁĔłŸŦúŜŸşęƥúô
žƗŜúǰƑÒŰúşȹŜşúŜÒşúôƑęŰĔ”ÒşŰłşęŸŦɌŦ
arium®¾ÒŰúşŠŸşęƥîÒŰęłĸ”ƗŦŰúĶȺƗęúĭôúô
qualitatively comparable results to those
from purchased HPLC-grade bottled water.
We analysed cannabis samples from
mobile phase preparations using each source
of water. Additionally, we analysed a blank
matrix specimen using homogenized nettle
leaf (Urtica dioica), both with and without
cannabinoid spikes, using designated mobile
Figure 1: Comparison of expenses between In-house
produced arium® water Type 1 (ultrapure water) and
bottled water (HPLC grade). Calculation based on following
assumptions: two litres water consumption per working
day, 20 working days per month, arium® mini system list
price = $3,400, annual arium® mini consumables list price
= $600 and costs bottled water HPLC grade = $15/litre.
50
phases for each water type, to assess any
specimen effects from the water.
The results indicate that water types and
sources did not affect specimen quantitation.
Introduction
Laboratory-grade water is used for preparing
the aqueous mobile phase in both HPLC
(High Pressure Liquid Chromatography)
and UHPLC (Ultra High Performance
Liquid Chromatography) and is essential
for maintaining sensitivity on analytical
instruments. However, purchasing lab-grade
bottled water is an ongoing expense when
compared to generating lab-grade ultrapure
water in-house (=ęčŸşúɔǰ).
We prepared aqueous mobile phases
ČłşŰęƥúôƑęŰĔǴĶeÒĶĶłĸęŸĶČłşĶÒŰú
and 0.1 percent formic acid using water
ČşłĶíłŰĔ”ÒşŰłşęŸŦɌŦÒşęŸĶ® mini-plus
ƑÒŰúşŜŸşęƥîÒŰęłĸŦƗŦŰúĶȹžƗŜúǰƑÒŰúşȺ
and commercially purchased HPLC-grade
water. We compared composite samples
with the mobile phases prepared using the
two sources of water for several cannabis
specimens run on HPLC columns.
Figure 2: Cannabis samples were quantitatively analysed using a set of 17 different cannabinoids.
Only seven analytes (CBDA-V, CBG-A, CBG, THCV-A, DELTA 9 THC, THCA-A, CBC-A) were above the LOQ
ÒĸôɔƑúşúŦŸíŦúŞŸúĸŰĭƗîłĶŜÒşúôȫ
Materials and methods
Individual cannabinoid reference standards,
as well as the internal standard (ISTD)
phencyclidine (PCP), were purchased
from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) as single
substances. Ricca ACS Reagent Grade,
HPLC-grade water was purchased from
Quartzy. Ultrapure arium® water ASTM Type
1 was produced using the arium® mini plus
on the same day it was to be used. HPLC
measurements were done with a Shimadzu
gúƖúşÒɁę\DZǯdzǯ\Dz%ŠĭŸŦÒĸÒĭƗŦúşȦƥŰŰúô
with a Restek Rapture ARC-18 (931421E)
ǰǯǯĶĶƖDzȫǯĶĶJ%ƖǰȫǷǯƬĶîłĭŸĶĸÒĸô
coupled with a Restek UltraShield pre-
îłĭŸĶĸƥĭŰúşȦǯȫDZƬĶČşęŰȹDZǴǷǯǸȺÒŰDzǯʚȫ
The HPLC operated in isocratic mode
with 25 percent aqueous (water, 5 mM
ammonium formate, 0.1 percent formic
acid) and 75 percent organic (acetonitrile,
ǯȫǰŜúşîúĸŰČłşĶęîÒîęôȺŜĔÒŦúÒŰÒƦłƑşÒŰú
łČǰĶ\ȱĶęĸȫŦÒĶŜĭúƐłĭŸĶúłČǰƬ\ƑÒŦ
injected with photodiode array detection at
190-400 nm wavelength.
A stock solution in methanol containing
17 cannabinoids and the internal standard
newfoodmagazine.com
 NEW FOOD | Volume 22, Issue 06

Results and discussion

Figure 3:ȺĭĭŜłŦęŰęƐúîłĸŰşłĭŦŞŸÒĸŰęČƗƑęŰĔęĸŰĔúúƖŜúîŰúôşÒĸčúȫȺgłęĸŰúşČúşęĸčîłĶŜłŸĸôŦƑúşú
ôúŰúîŰúôȫ¾úŸŦúôŰƑłôęČČúşúĸŰƑÒŰúşŦłŸşîúŦɋEŠ\čşÒôúíłŰŰĭúôƑÒŰúşɌÒĸôɋŸĭŰşÒɁŜŸşúÒşęŸĶ®ƑÒŰúşžƗŜúɔǰɌ
to prepare the mobile phase (isocratic: 25 percent water, 75 percent acetonitrile, 0.1 percent formic acid) for
cannabinoid analysis using HPLC. Both water sources are pure and suitable for HPLC in cannabis analytics.
ȹJ”ž%ȺÒŰŰĔúîłĸîúĸŰşÒŰęłĸłČǰǯǯƬčȱ
mL was prepared. This stock solution was
serially diluted and used as a calibrator.
A second stock solution in methanol
containing the same 17 cannabinoids
was prepared and diluted for use as a
positive control.
A 4-constituent control prepared from
an alternate reference standard source
was included as a high control. A matrix
methanol solution was prepared with
20mg of ground stinging nettle leaf (Urtica
dioica) with 20 mLs methanol, sonicate and
ƐłşŰúƖȦŰĔúĸîúĸŰşęČŸčúôȦƥĭŰúşúôÒĸôŦŰłşúô
for preparation of calibrators, controls
and blanks.
Cannabis samples were prepared in the
following way: 1-2g of cannabis was placed
in a 50mL centrifuge tube, a grinding ball
added, and the tube frozen for one hour.
This centrifuge tube was then placed on
a Geno Grinder for one minute at 1600
rpms. 0.2g ground cannabis was removed
and placed in separate 50mL centrifuge
tube with 20mLs methanol. Extraction was
performed by cycling three times between
vortexing for one minute and sonication for
ƥƐúĶęĸŸŰúŦȫǰĶ\ÒĭęŞŸłŰƑÒŦşúĶłƐúô
ÒĸôƥĭŰúşúôȦŰĔúĸŸĭŰşÒɁîúĸŰşęČŸčúôČłşƥƐú
ĶęĸŸŰúŦÒŰǰdzȦǯǯǯşŜĶŦȫČŰúşƥĭŰúşęĸčȦ
ǰǯǯƬ\łČŸĸôęĭŸŰúôÒĸôôęĭŸŰúôŦÒĶŜĭúŦƑÒŦ
ÒôôúôŰłÒǰǴǯƬ\ÒŸŰłɁŦÒĶŜĭúşƐęÒĭȦęĸŰúşĸÒĭ
standard added, and analysed on the HPLC.
A calibration curve, blanks and controls
were prepared to determine acceptance and
tolerance limits. The cannabis specimens
were evaluated against the linear dynamic
range of the calibration curve and reported
ęĸƬčȱĶ\ȫ
A total of 60 samples were tested. For
each water type, a blank, a positive control,
and a cannabis sample were analysed
quantitatively, with 10-fold repetition on a
set of 17 cannabinoids.
In this study, we compared the purity of
water from two different sources for cannabis
potency testing using HPLC: (1) HPLC-grade
bottled water and (2) arium® water ASTM
Type 1. Figure 3 shows the results from
both positive controls and blanks. Figure 3A
shows that all positive controls fell within
our expected range. Most of the controls
ƑúşúęĸħúîŰúôÒŰÒîłĸîúĸŰşÒŰęłĸǰǯƬčȱĶ\Ȱ
however, CBDA and CBD were injected at 50
ƬčȱĶ\Òĸô%úĭŰÒǸžEÒĸô%úĭŰÒǷžEÒŰǶǴ
ƬĶȱĶ\ȫFigure 3B shows that neither water
source contained interfering compounds.
In a second step, both water types were
compared to determine if the mobile phase
affected the total amount of cannabinoids
detected in a real sample. Figure 4 shows
ŰĔÒŰŰĔúşúƑÒŦĸłŦęčĸęƥîÒĸŰúČČúîŰłĸŰĔú
cannabinoid titre resulting from the use
of either water. For this comparison only
ŞŸÒĸŰęƥÒíĭúÒĸÒĭƗŰúŦƑúşúúƐÒĭŸÒŰúôȾ
values below the LOQ were not considered.
Conclusion
Herein we compared the effect of two
different water sources, freshly-produced
ultrapure water (produced using the arium®
ĶęĸęŜĭŸŦƑÒŰúşƥĭŰşÒŰęłĸŦƗŦŰúĶȺÒĸôEŠ\Ɂ
grade bottled water, to prepare the mobile
phase during the quantitative determination
of cannabinoids by HPLC.
We conclude from our study that
quantitative determination using freshly
produced ultrapure water shows comparable
results with bottled water. Both water types
used as mobile phase support an accurate
ŞŸÒĸŰęƥîÒŰęłĸłČîÒĸĸÒíęŦÒĸÒĭƗŰúŦíƗEŠ\ȫ
An example analysis of the expected
costs over a year shows an advantage to
ŸŦęĸčęĸɁĔłŸŦúƥĭŰúşúôƑÒŰúşȰŰĔúŜŸşîĔÒŦú
of a device amortises approximately after six
months with a daily requirement of 2L per
day and leads to a substantial cost saving
within the course of one year.

References
1. Pure Labs, LLC, 4165 W Clarendon Ave, Phoenix, AZ
85019, USA
DZȫ ”ÒşŰłşęŸŦ\ÒíJĸŦŰşŸĶúĸŰŦ>ĶíEʓłȫZ>Ȧ
Otto-Brenner-Str. 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
*Correspondence: E-Mail: purelabsaz@gmail.com

Figure 4:głŦęčĸęƥîÒĸŰôęČČúşúĸîúŦęĸîÒĸĸÒíęŦŞŸÒĸŰęŰęúŦíúŰƑúúĸEŠ\ĶłíęĭúŜĔÒŦúŦÒĶŜĭúŦŜşúŜÒşúôŸŦęĸč
arium® water type 1 compared to bottled water type 1 between freshly produced. The bars show concentration
of seven cannabinoids from HPLC mobile phases prepared using arium® water Type 1 (yellow bars) compared to
sartorius.com
ultra-pure bottled water (grey bars).

@NewFoodMag
51
IN-DEPTH FOCUS | CBD, CANNABIS AND HEMP

Clarity on cannabis
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RYAN CRANE is an
entrepreneur and advocate
for cannabis, with particular
expertise in CPG start-ups
and institutional finance.
He is the Founder and CEO of
Tempo, a modern brand that
aims to elevate consumers to
achieve more during the day
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through its line of better-for-
you, functional beverages.
Ryan has spoken widely on
cannabis, CBD, and trends in
food and beverage at events
and conferences throughout
the US. He received his
MBA from the University
of Chicago Booth School of
Business (honors), and BA in
Psychology/Neuroscience
from Princeton University
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newfoodmagazine.com
52
 NEW FOOD | Volume 22, Issue 06

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53
ADVERTORIAL | SCIEX
A beginner's
instrumentation
čŸęôúɔŰłîÒĸĸÒíęŦ
analysis
Paul Winkler,eÒşĪúŰęĸč%úƐúĭłŜĶúĸŰ
eÒĸÒčúşȦɔgłşŰĔĶúşęîÒȦSciex, offers
ÒčŸęôúɔŰłɔŰłłĭŦúĭúîŰęłĸČłşşúĭęÒíĭúÒĸô
ÒîîŸşÒŰúɔÒĸÒĭƗŦęŦłČɔîÒĸĸÒíęŦȫ
Paul Winkler plays an active role in supporting
cannabis (marijuana and hemp) applications at SCIEX.
He has more than 30 years of experience owning and
operating contract labs in the environmental and
bioanalytical markets. He has been part of the SCIEX
ČÒĶęĭƗŦęĸîúDZǯǰǰȰŦŰÒşŰęĸčÒŦÒƥúĭôÒŜŜĭęîÒŰęłĸ
chemist. Today, he is a market development manager
ČłşŰĔúgłşŰĔĶúşęîÒŰúÒĶȦĔúĭŜęĸčîŸŦŰłĶúşŦƑęŰĔ
their analytical challenges and educating the market
on the many possibilities of LC-MS/MS systems. Join
the discussion at: https://sciex.com/community/
blogs/blogs.
pg+Œ¥+”žJpgI get asked a lot when it
îłĶúŦŰłîÒĸĸÒíęŦȦŦŜúîęƥîÒĭĭƗşúčÒşôęĸč
ĶÒşęħŸÒĸÒÒĸôĔúĶŜÒĸÒĭƗŦęŦȦęŦȥɋ¾ęŰĔŦł
many techniques to choose from, how do I
ĪĸłƑƑĔęîĔłĸúęŦíúŦŰȬɌ
I cannot emphasise enough that the
cannabis sativa plant has a complex
íęłĭłčęîÒĭŜşłƥĭúƑęŰĔĔŸĸôşúôŦłČîĔúĶęîÒĭ
entities at varying concentrations. These
54
include both cannabidiol (CBD) and
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Due to the
complexity of the samples, cannabis labs
should consider employing an instrument
ŦƗŦŰúĶŰĔÒŰîÒĸĔÒĸôĭúĶŸĭŰęŜĭúƑłşĪƦłƑŦȦ
such as those for potency analysis,
pesticide testing, mycotoxin analysis and
ŰúşŜúĸúŦŜşłƥĭęĸčȫžĔúŦƗŦŰúĶÒĭŦłĸúúôŦ
to be able to isolate and identify as many
compounds as possible and detect very low
concentrations (in the parts per million or
parts per billion range).
Before I continue, I should say that
there is no perfect method for cannabis
testing. Different technologies can impact
the quality of your data; one approach
can be more effective than another, but it
depends on the needs of your laboratory.
gúƐúşŰĔúĭúŦŦȦŰĔúîĔÒşÒîŰúşęŦŰęîŦłČÒĸęôúÒĭ
analytical technique remain the same: high
ŦúĸŦęŰęƐęŰƗȦŦúĭúîŰęƐęŰƗÒĸôŦŜúîęƥîęŰƗȫ
Here, I explore some well-known
techniques used to analyse marijuana and
hemp for pesticides, potency, mycotoxins
and terpenes.
Sample separation strategies
Thin layer chromatography
ɋŞŸęîĪÒĸôôęşŰƗɌÒŜŜşłÒîĔŰĔÒŰĔÒŦúÒŦƗ
sample preparation and is inexpensive, rapid,
sensitive (sub-milligram quantities of analyte
şúŞŸęşúôȺÒĸôƦúƖęíĭúęĸŰĔúŦúĭúîŰęłĸłČíłŰĔ
the stationary and mobile phases.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) has
low detection limits, so it is not the best
method for comprehensive marijuana and
hemp analysis.1 This approach also does
not achieve as clean a separation as other
methods when it comes to polar compounds.2
The other downside is that quantitative
calibration curves are not reproducible
enough to be stored. It is necessary to
co-analyse several standards along with
samples on each TLC plate.1
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a favourite method
for some because it is a cost-effective and
useful technique to separate volatile organic
compounds such as terpenes. While simpler
than high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), this method relies on time-consuming
and tedious sample derivatisation to quantify
both the free-from and acid forms of THC and
CBD. The main drawback with this approach is
that it is more likely to produce false-positives,
úŦŜúîęÒĭĭƗČłşĸłĸɁƐłĭÒŰęĭúîłĶŜłŸĸôŦȫÄłŸ
risk altering molecular structure because the
compounds can be decarboxylated into their
neutral counterparts as you heat samples
for vaporisation.
HPLC
HPLC is an extensive approach that allows
you to directly analyse a large number of
compounds, including non-volatile ones,
while maintaining their original structure.
This technique can effectively quantify
THC, THCa, CBD and CBDa without
ôúşęƐÒŰęŦÒŰęłĸȦƑĔęîĔŦÒƐúŦƗłŸŰęĶúȫpĸúɔĪúƗ
newfoodmagazine.com

issue with HPLC testing of marijuana and
hemp samples is contamination that can
affect the detector response and lead to
ęĸÒîîŸşÒŰúŞŸÒĸŰęƥîÒŰęłĸȫ
Quantitative methods
Flame ionisation detector
Flame ionisation detector (FID) is a
quantitative detector that is paired with
GC and relies on ions produced during
combustion. Like GC, FID is a simple, low-cost,
relatively reliable method that is a widely
preferred tool for quality control.3 GC is not
always an ideal technique for separation, and
FID is notably ineffective at distinguishing
between non-isobaric terpenes. This approach
is also not selective enough for true accuracy.
Mass spectrometer
Even though it is believed to be more
expensive and complicated when compared
to FID, mass spectrometry (MS) still
offers a wider dynamic range and more
ŦŜúîęƥîôúŰúîŰęłĸłČĶłŦŰîłĶŜłŸĸôŦęĸ
cannabis. This makes it a reliable choice for
simultaneous marijuana and hemp testing.
While it can be a better choice than FID,
MS is limited when it comes to terpenes
that tend to have similar structures. This
íúîłĶúŦÒŜşłíĭúĶƑĔúĸe”ęôúĸŰęƥúŦ
co-eluting compounds with the same mass
and/or mass fragments. The MS is unable to
differentiate between them and is unable to
quantify those compounds separately.
Ultraviolet detector
Ultraviolet detector (UV) is generally
accurate and the approach can measure wide
concentration ranges of the compounds
in plants. A drawback to UV is that it can
be time consuming because it requires
a multiple dilution protocol to identify
compounds effectively.
Conclusion
So, my answer to the original question is
that the best method involves using HPLC
with a dual-detector combination of UV
and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to
analyse cannabinoids. Take a look at this
technical note our team put together that
demonstrates this approach to quantifying
NEW FOOD | Volume 22, Issue 06
References
1. Ojanperä, I. (2000). Forensic Toxicology: Thin-
Layer (Planar) Chromatography. Encyclopedia of
”úŜÒşÒŰęłĸ”îęúĸîúȦDZǷǶǸȾDZǷǷǴȫôłęȥǰǯȫǰǯǰǵȱíǯɁ
12-226770-2/02741-1
DZȫ >ÒĭÒĸôȦgȫȦ+şĸłŸČȦ%ȫȦełĸŰęčĸƗȦ=ȫȦ%łĭĭúŰȦXȫȦʓ
ŠłŰĔęúşȦXȫȹDZǯǯdzȺȫ”úŜÒşÒŰęłĸÒĸôJôúĸŰęƥîÒŰęłĸ
of Cannabis Components by Different Planar
Chromatography Techniques (TLC, AMD, OPLC).
Journal of Chromatographic Science, 42(3),
ǰDzǯȾǰDzdzȫôłęȥǰǯȫǰǯǸDzȱîĔşłĶŦîęȱdzDZȫDzȫǰDzǯ
Dzȫ\účĔęŦŦÒȦȫȦEęĭôúĸíşÒĸôȦÍȫ\ȫȦʓ”îĔŸčȦZȫȫ
(2017). A review of methods for the chemical
characterization of cannabis natural products.
XłŸşĸÒĭłČ”úŜÒşÒŰęłĸ”îęúĸîúȦdzǰȹǰȺȦDzǸǷȾdzǰǴȫôłęȥ
10.1002/jssc.201701003
cannabinoids in marijuana and hemp, here:
https://info.sciex.com/cannabis-potency-
technote.
www.sciex.com
References
1. Pure Labs, LLC, 4165 W Clarendon Ave, Phoenix, AZ
85019, USA
DZȫ ”ÒşŰłşęŸŦ\ÒíJĸŦŰşŸĶúĸŰŦ>ĶíEʓłȫZ>Ȧ
Otto-Brenner-Str. 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
*Correspondence: E-Mail: purelabsaz@gmail.com
IN-DEPTH FOCUS | CANNABIS, CBD AND HEMP
Alcohol
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
PHIL PATTERSON spent five
years in Venture Capital and
held senior roles in business
before leaving to pursue
a passion: promoting and
removing the stigma around
cannabis. This led to the
vs cannabis
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creation of Real Cannabis
Club, which aims to build
trust around cannabis by
publishing its supply chain
on blockchain and making
cannabis more affordable
and accessible. Real
Cannabis Club launched in
November 2019 and offers
a sativa-based Gold range
of oils and capsules, with
plans to expand into a range
of cannabis-based goods.
56
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issue that has triggered an enduring stigma
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Binge drinking is on the rise in the UK, with special occasions
such as stag and hen dos further fuelling this drinking culture
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What is the difference between
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In Canada, Cannabis was legalised in 2018, but it’s tightly
controlled and available only in licensed dispensaries
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ADVERTORIAL | EUROFINS
Contaminants
in hemp
Grace BandongȦ”îęúĸŰęƥîłĸŰÒĶęĸÒĸ۔ۺÒŰúčƗ\úÒôúşȾ
+ŸşłƥĸŦ=łłôJĸŰúčşęŰƗʓJĸĸłƐÒŰęłĸȦłŸŰĭęĸúŦŰĔúşęŦĪŦłČ
ĔúĶŜîłĸŰÒĶęĸÒŰęłĸŰĔşłŸčĔłŸŰŰĔúŦŸŜŜĭƗɔîĔÒęĸȫ
THE US AGRICULTURE Improvement Act
of 2018, better known as the 2018 Farm Bill,
brought an end to the hemp prohibition era
and boosted the possible markets for hemp
and hemp-derived products. Along with
the new opportunities this brings, come
new challenges for the industry across the
supply chain — starting with the seed, into
the development phase of products derived
from hemp, and through to delivery.
Owing to the storied history of the hemp
industry, the development of best practices
and high-quality standards along the supply
chain is critical. This should go a long way
ŰłęĸîşúÒŦęĸčîłĸƥôúĸîúęĸĔúĶŜŜşłôŸîŰŦ
sold in the market. Often neglected in the
ôúƐúĭłŜĶúĸŰłČŦŰÒĸôÒşôŦęŦŰĔúôúƥĸęŰęłĸ
łČŦŜúîęƥîÒŰęłĸŦČłşîłĸŰÒĶęĸÒĸŰŦęĸčúĸúşÒĭ
and for chemical hazards in particular. The
Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011
(FSMA), which focuses on prevention of
foodborne illness, brought attention to
not only microbial contamination but also
that of chemical hazards, and implemented
58
a required risk-based hazard analysis for
the ingredients used in the manufacture
of food. Adapting this practice to hemp-
derived products used in food, beverages
ÒĸôŦŸŜŜĭúĶúĸŰŦƑłŸĭôĔęčĔĭƗíúĸúƥŰŰĔú
hemp industry. Based on this approach,
the areas of concern for hemp would be
contamination from pesticides, heavy
metals, mycotoxins and residual solvents.
Hemp is a known phytoremediator, which
means it readily absorbs contaminants
from soil. Potential growers of hemp need
to assess the pesticide residue and heavy
ĶúŰÒĭŦŜşłƥĭúłČŰĔúÒîşúÒčúŰĔÒŰŰĔúƗŜĭÒĸ
to use for their future crop.
Further down the supply chain,
processors and manufacturers inherit the
risk from pesticides and heavy metals, as
these compounds are not always removed
by processing. In some instances, such
contaminants present in the raw materials
can be concentrated in the intermediate and
ƥĸÒĭŜşłôŸîŰŦȫJĸÒôôęŰęłĸȦŰĔúĶÒĸŸČÒîŰŸşęĸč
processes can introduce additional chemical
Grace BandongęŦŰĔú”îęúĸŰęƥî”ŰşÒŰúčƗ\úÒôúş
ČłşłĸŰÒĶęĸÒĸŰŦČłş+ŸşłƥĸŦ=łłôJĸŰúčşęŰƗÒĸô
Innovations; and has spent over 25 years in the food
and supplement industry working on contaminant
testing. Over the years, Grace has developed
contaminant-testing programmes that support
ŦŸŜŜĭęúşƐúşęƥîÒŰęłĸČłşČłłôĶÒĸŸČÒîŰŸşúşŦÒĸôȦ
recently, the hemp industry.
risk — if mould growth is not controlled
during cultivation, harvesting, drying and
storage, the hemp material may contain
ŰłƖęĸŦŜşłôŸîúôíƗĶƗîłŰłƖęĸŦȫƦÒŰłƖęĸŦ
and ochratoxins are the mycotoxins of
most concern in hemp. For the production
of hemp or CBD oil products that rely on
extraction or other processes, there is added
risk from the solvents and other chemicals
used during processing.
žĔúîłĸîúşĸŦęôúĸŰęƥúôÒíłƐúĸúîúŦŦęŰÒŰú
the creation of a contaminant programme for
hemp that addresses both microbiological
and chemical contaminants. The programme
for growers must include the risks present in
soil and harvested material: microbiological
contaminants, pesticides, heavy metals
ÒĸôĶƗîłŰłƖęĸŦȹúŦŜúîęÒĭĭƗŰłŰÒĭÒƦÒŰłƖęĸŦ
and ochratoxins); and the programme for
processors and manufacturers must expand
to include processing solvents.
Hemp as an agricultural commodity is
an exciting game changer. While formal
regulations are being developed and
implemented, it is important for the
industry to come together to create a set of
best practices and monitoring programmes
to protect the safety and future of hemp and
hemp-derived CBD products.
ƑƑƑȫúŸşłƥĸŦȫîłĶ
newfoodmagazine.com
LEAF THE
TESTING TO US.

Our scientific teams collaborate with yours

to develop innovative, customizable testing
solutions to ensure that you deliver the
safest, highest quality hemp and CBD
products to market.

OVERVIEW OF SERVICES
Product Quality
Potency screen of 16 significant cannabinoids
18 + terpenes screen

Product Safety
Pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents, mycotoxins, and microbiology

Additional Services
Stability and shelf life
Seed genetics, plant health, and on-site testing
Audit and certification support
IN-DEPTH FOCUS | CBD, CANNABIS AND HEMP

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61
IN-DEPTH FOCUS | CBD, CANNABIS AND HEMP

RIGHT: Gummies
infused with CBD have
become highly popular,
with sales on the rise
and the edibles market
as a whole anticipated
to grow to more than
$4.1 billion by 2022

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CO, USA. He brings expertise
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the CLIA and CAP certified
Forensic Laboratories,
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testing. He has also worked
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Industries, Genentech
and served as a contract
chemist, as well as published
several research papers
in the fields of biological
and analytical chemistry.
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