Ed.

702 Quantitative
Research Methods
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor IV
Faculty of Science, Technology and Mathematics
Philippine Normal University
 Quantitative Research Designs

A. Descriptive D. Survey

B. Experimental C. Correlational

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
Descriptive Research
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor IV
Faculty of Science, Technology and Mathematics
Philippine Normal University
 Descriptive Research Design
This design follows information collection without introducing
change in the environment (i.e., no manipulation is done).

It is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the

phenomenon to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design
Present trends, beliefs, public opinion, the viewpoints or attitudes,
their effects or development of new trends are described

E.g., incidence of cancer in hospital Diagnostic Radiology

departments; Measurement of the satisfaction of teachers

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design (Characteristics)

Quantitative: “It attempts to collect quantifiable information

to be used for statistical analysis of the population sample.”

Uncontrolled variables: None of the variables are influenced in any way.

It uses observational methods to conduct the research. The nature of
variables or their behaviour is not in the hands of researchers.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design (Characteristics)

Cross-sectional studies: It is where different sections

belonging to the same group are studied.

Basis for further research: The data collected and analysed from
descriptive research can be further researched using different
research techniques.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design (Examples)

Comparative Descriptive Design

Cross-sectional design

Longitudinal Designs

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design (Steps)
Define a problem

Identify information needed

Design/Develop or select Data gathering instrument/s

Select a sample and pilot the survey

Administer and Analyze the Data

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Descriptive Research Design (Applications)

Define respondent characteristics

Measure data trends

Conduct comparisons
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Descriptive Research Design (Applications)

Validate existing conditions

Conduct research at different times

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

Experimental Research
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor IV
Faculty of Science, Technology and Mathematics
Philippine Normal University
 Experimental Research Design

The researcher selects participants and divides

them into two or more groups having similar
characteristics and then, applies the treatment (s)
to the groups to measure the effects upon the
groups.
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Experimental Research Design
Uniqueness of Experimental Research
Only type of research that attempts to influence a
particular variable
Best type of research for testing hypotheses
about cause-and-effect relationships

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Experimental Research Design
Types of variables examined:
Independent variable (treatment)

Dependent variable (outcome variable)

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Experimental Research Design
Major Characteristics
The researcher manipulates the independent
variable.
They decide the nature and extent of the
treatment.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Experimental Research Design
Major Characteristics
After the treatment, the researchers observe or
measure the groups to see if they differ.
Experimental research attempts to determine
what caused the effects.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Experimental Research Design
Major Characteristics
Comparison groups: The experimental group
receives a treatment and the control group does not
Manipulation of the independent variable: The researcher deliberately and
directly determines what forms the independent variable will take and which
group will get which form.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Experimental Research Design
Major Characteristics: Randomization
Random Assignment: each participant has equal chance
of being assigned in the experimental or control group

Random selection - every member of the population has an

equal chance of being selected to be a member of the sample

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Sampling
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Sampling

Probability Non-probability

Simple Cluster Convenience Quota

Random Random

Stratified Systematic Judgement / Snowball

Random Random Purposive

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

Every subset has a specified size n

from the population and each
member has an equal chance of
being selected.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Sampling
Stratified Random
Sampling
The population is divided into two or more groups
called strata to some criterion, such as geographic
location and subsamples are randomly selected from
each strata.
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Sampling
Cluster Sampling

The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like families.

A simple random sample is taken of the subgroups and then all
members of the cluster are selected and surveyed.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Sampling
Systematic Sampling

Every kith member (for example

10th person) is selected from a
list of all population members.

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of
Experimental
Research Design
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
(Campbell & Stanley, 1963)

1 Pre-experimental

2 Quasi-experimental

3 True experimental

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research
Pre-experimental Quasi-experimental True Experimental

Manipulation of Manipulation of Manipulation of

independent variable independent variable independent variable

Limited control over No randomization /

With randomization
extraneous variables control group

No randomization and With control group

control group

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
(Campbell & Stanley, 1963)

1 Pre-experimental design

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

One-shot case study design

X O
Treatment
Observation
(dependent variable)
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

One-shot case study design

X O
New textbook
Attitude scale to measure
interest
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

One-group pretest-posttest design

O X O
Observation
treatment
Observation
(Pre-test) (Posttest)

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

One-group pretest-posttest design

O X O
Pre-test: Attitude treatment: Posttest: Attitude
scale counseling scale
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

Static Group Comparison Design

X O

broken line - the groups are not randomly

O
assigned
Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
1 Pre-experimental Designs

Static Group Comparison Design

New Textbook Attitude scale
Regular Textbook Attitude scale

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
(Campbell & Stanley, 1963)

2 Quasi-experimental design

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
2 Quasi-experimental Designs
The Matching-only pre-test-posttest
control group design
O 1 X O
3

O 2
O
4

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
2 Quasi-experimental Designs
Counterbalanced Design Time
1 2
Group 1 X O X O
1 2

Group 2 X O
2 X O
1

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
2 Quasi-experimental Designs

Time Series Design

O 1
O 2
O O 3 4
X O
5
O
6
O O
7 8

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
(Campbell & Stanley, 1963)

3 True experimental design

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
True-experimental Designs
3
Randomized Posttest only control group design

R X O 1

R O
2

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
True-experimental Designs
3
Randomized Posttest only control group design
R X O
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Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019
 Types of Experimental Research Design
True-experimental Designs
3
Randomized Pre-test - Posttest control group design

R O 1 X O
3

R O 2 O
4

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
True-experimental Designs
3
Randomized Pre-test - Posttest only control group design
R O X O
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Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 Types of Experimental Research Design
True-experimental Designs
3
Randomized Solomon Four Group Design

Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019

 RandomizedR SolomonO Four Group
X
DesignO
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R O C O
25$ Pretest: No$training Posttest:
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selected# Questionnaire Questionnaire
teachers R X O
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R C O
25$ No$training Posttest:
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Ed. 702 Quantitative Research Methods / Torio 2019