COMPILATION OF ELEMENTS

IN MACHINE DESIGN

Age hardening – the other term of precipitation hardening

Age hardening – it occurs in some metal, notably stainless steel, aluminum, and
copper alloys at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being
one of the constituent precipitating from solid solution. Where used, the
consequences include increased strength and hardness, decrease ductility.

Artificial aging – the aging at moderately elevated temperature expedites the process

Alloy – a substance with metallic properties, compound of two or more elements of which
at least one is metal

Alloying elements – in steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the
purpose of modifying the properties

Anisotropy – it is the characteristic of exhibing different properties when tested in different

directions (as tensile strength “with grain” or “across the grain”)

Brittleness – it is a tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation

Charpy test – it is one in which specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is
broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the
specimen the specimen is a measure of the impact strength of the metal

Cold shortness – it is the brittleness of metals at ordinary or low temperatures

Cold working – it is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the
re-crystallization temperature and at a rate to produce strain hardening

10-20% - commercial amounts of cold working of steel are of the order of ____.

Damping capacity – it is the ability of a material to absorb or damp vibrations, which is a

process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysteresis. The absorbed
energy is eventually dissipated to the surroundings as heat

Decarburization – it is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel, occurring during hot rolling,
forging and heat treating, when surrounding medium reacts with the carbon (as oxygen
and carbon combining)

Ductility – the property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension

Greater than 5% in 2-in. gage – the percent elongation for ductile materials

Less than 5% in 2-in. gage – the percent elongation for brittle materials
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Elasticity – it is the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the original shape

Embrittlement – it involved the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of

the material.

Free carbon – it is the part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite
or temper carbon

Hard drawn – it is a temper produced in a wire, rod or tube by cold working

Homogeneous material – materials that have the same structure at all points

Isotropic – materials that have the same properties in all directions

Izod test – a test which specimen, supported at one end as a cantilever beam, is broken by
the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a
measure of the impact strength

Killed steel – a steel that has been deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon
or aluminum, in order to eliminate a reaction between the carbon and oxygen during
solidification

Machinability – it is somewhat indefinite property that refers to a relative ease with which a
material can be cut

Malleability – the material’s susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or hammering

Mechanical properties – are those that have to do with stress and strain; ultimate strength
and percent elongation

Percent elongation – it is the extension in the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen,
expressed as a percentage of the original gage length as 20% in 2-in.

Percent reduction of area – it is the smallest area at the point of rupture of a tensile
specimen divided by the original area

Physical properties – it excludes mechanical properties, and are other physical properties
such as density, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion

Plasticity – it is the ability of the metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. In this
deformation the material does not return to its original shape

Poisson’s ratio – it is the ratio of lateral strain (contraction) to the longitudinal strain
(extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal force

Proof stress – it is the stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of material
usually 0.01% or less

Red shortness – it is the brittleness in steel when it is red hot

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Relaxation – it is associated with creep and decreasing stress at a constant strain; important
for metals in high temperature service

Residual stresses – are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients; they exists
for various reasons, as unequal cooling rates, cold working etc

Rimmed steel – it is incompletely deoxidized steel. Ingots of this steel have a surface layer
quite free of slag inclusions and gas pockets, which results in the optimum surface on
rolled sheets

Solution heat treatment – it is the process of holding an alloy at suitably high temperature
long enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into solid solution and then
cooling fast enough to hold the constituents as a supersaturated solution

Stiffness – it is the ability to resist deformation. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in

the elastic range; the higher the modulus, the stiffer is the material

Strain hardening – it is the increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at
temperatures lower than the recrytallization range

Temper – it is a condition produced in a non-ferrous metal by mechanical or thermal

treatment; for example, annealed temper (soft), hard temper and spring temper

Toughness – it is the capacity to withstand a shock load without breaking

Transverse strength – it refers to the results of a transverse bend test, the specimen being
mounted as a simple beam

Rupture modulus – the other term for transverse strength and frequently applied to brittle
materials especially cast iron

Work hardening – the other term same as strain hardening

Wrought steel – it is the steel that has been hammered, rolled or drawn in the process of
manufacture; it may be plain carbon or alloy steel

Heat treatment – it is an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and

cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of altering the properties of
the material

Aging or Age hardening – it is a change of metal by which its structure recovers from an
unstable or metastable condition that has been produced by quenching or cold working

Annealing – a comprehensive term, is a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal usually
done to soften it

Other purposes of annealing include those:

- Altering the mechanical and physical properties

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 - Producing a particular microstructure, removing internal stresses and
removing gases

Critical range – same meaning as transformation range

Drawing – it is often used to mean tempering, but this usage conflicts with the meaning of the
drawing of a material through a die and is to be avoided

Graphitizing – it causes the combined carbon to transform wholly or on part into graphitic or
free carbon; it is applied to cast iron, sometimes to high carbon steel

Hardening – it is the heating of certain steels above the transformation range then quenching,
for the purpose of increasing the hardness

Malleablizing – it is an annealing process whereby combined carbon in white cast iron is

transformed wholly or on part to temper carbon

Normalizing – it is the heating of iron base alloy to some 100 deg. F above the transformation
range with subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temperature. The
purpose is to produce uniform structure

Spheroidizing – it is any heating and cooling of steel that produces a rounded or globular form
of carbide. Typically, it is a prolonged heating at a temperature slightly below the
transformation range usually followed by slow cooling; or for small objects of high
carbon steel, it may be prolonged heating alternately within and slightly below the
transformation range

Stress relieving – it is the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature (generally just
below the transformation range for steel, say 1100 – 1200 deg. F) and holding it at that
temperature for suitable time (1 to 3 hrs for steel) for the purpose of reducing internal
residual stresses

Tempering – it is reheating of hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the

transformation range, followed by any desired rate of cooling

Transformation range – for ferrous metals, it is the temperature interval during which
austenite is formed during heating; it is also the temperature interval during which
austenite disappears during cooling. Thus, there are two ranges; these may overlap but
never coincide. The range on heating is higher than cooling

Hardness – it is the measure of materials resistance to indentation

Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Shore Seleroscope – the common instruments used to
determine hardness

Depth of the penetration by the indenter – what measures the tester faster than Brinell and
is widely used commercially. It utilizes several different indenters and, in effect

What are the different indenters of Rockwell Tester?

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 Rockwell B (RB) – 1/16 in. ball, 100 kg load for medium soft metals such as copper
alloys and soft steels
Rockwell C (RC) – diamond indenter, 150 kg load for hard metals as hard as steel
Rockwell A (RA) – diamond indenter, 60 kg load for extremely hard metals such as
tungsten carbide
Rockwell D (RD) – diamond indenter, 100 kg load, sometimes used for case-hardened
metal
Rockwell E (RE) – 1/8 in. ball, 100 kg load, for soft metals, such as bearing metals and
magnesium
Vicker tester – a tester that has a square base, diamond pyramid indenter whose number is
the load in kilograms divided by the impressed are in square millimeters

Shore seleroscope – a tester in which the number is obtained by letting a freely falling
hammer with a diamond point strike the object to be tested and measuring the height of
rebound

Hard file – the term used for hardness of perhaps 600 Brinell

American Society of Testing Materials – the meaning of ASTM

Society of Automotive Engineers – the meaning of SAE

Carbon, 10-20 points (10XX groups) – used for tubing, forgings, pressed steel parts, screws,
rivets, and for carburized case-hardened parts

American Iron and Steel Institute – the meaning of AISI

1XXX – is a plain carbon

11XX – is a plain carbon steel with greater sulfur content for free cutting

2XXX – is nickel steel

SAE 1030 or AISI C 1030 – has 0.3% carbon or 30 points carbon

SAE 10XX – plain carbon

SAE 11XX – free cutting

SAE 13XX – manganese

SAE 14XX – boron

SAE 2XXX – nickel

SAE 3XXX – nickel chromium

SAE 303XX – heat and corrosion resistant

SAE 4XXX – molybdenum

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SAE 41XX – molybdenum chromium

SAE 46XX – molybdenum nickel

SAE 47XX – molybdenum chromium nickel

SAE 48XX – molybdenum nickel

SAE 5XXX – chromium

SAE 514XX – heat and corrosion resistant

SAE 515XX – heat and corrosion resistant

SAE 6XXX – chromium vanadium

SAE 8XXX – nickel chromium molybdenum

SAE 92XX – silicon manganese

SAE 9XXX – nickel chromium molybdenum (except 92XX)

Carbon, 10-20 points (IIXX groups) – due to higher sulfur content in certain grades, it is free
cutting and food for use of in automatic screw machines for miscellaneous parts
including screws ; it may also be carburized

Carbon, 20-30 points- general purposes grades, used for forged and machined parts, screws;
also for boiler plate and structural steel

Carbon, 30-55 points – frequently used for miscellaneous forged machined parts shafts.
Frequently heat treated for improved mechanical properties. Cold finish for shafting and
similar parts

Carbon, 60-95 points – maybe hardened to a good cutting edge, especially in the higher
ranges of carbon, therefore, used for tools. Also for springs, high strength, low ductility.
Nearly always heat treated, say, to a Brinell hardness of 375 or higher.

Wrought iron – a steel that contains significant quantities of recognized alloying metals

Alloys – used to improve the hardenability of steel, to reduce distortion form heat treatment, to
increase toughness, ductility and tensile strength, and to improve low-temperature or
high temperature properties

Aluminum – an efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in nitriding steels (nitrialloys), and it promotes fine
grain size

Boron – in very small amounts (0.001 % or less) is an economical hardenability agent in low
or medium carbon deoxidized steels. It has no effect on tensile strength.

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Chromium – it improves hardenability economically, resistance to corrosion (with other alloys),
strength at high temperature and wearing properties (high carbon).

Cobalt – it improves red hardness

Columbium – it is often used to “stabilized” stainless steel (that is, it preempts the carbon and
forestalls the formation of undesired carbides).

Copper – it improves steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion and increases the fluidity of
the melt; it improves tensile strength and yield ratio at normalized condition.

Lead – it improves the machinability, but affects different alloys differently.

Manganese – it improves the strength and increases hardenability moderately, counteracts

brittleness for sulfur

Manganese – it becomes an alloying element when its amounts exceeds about 0.6% as in the
13XX steels.
Austenitic Manganese steel – it contains 1.2% carbon and 12-13% manganese and
responds to work hardening most readily.

Molybdenum – it increases hardenability markedly and economically (when Mo is greater than

Cr), tends to counteract temper brittleness, improving creep strength and red hardness.
It improves wear by forming abrasion-resistant particles

Nickel – strengthens unquenched and annealed steels, toughens steel (especially at low
temperatures) and simplifies heat treatment by lessening distortion.

Phosphorus – it increases hardenability, strengthens low carbon steels, improves

machinability of free cutting steels and improves resistance to corrosion

Selenium – it improves machinability of stainless steel; also added to leaded resulfurized

carbon steels for the same purpose

The illustrative used of Alloy steel.

AISI 2330 – bolts, studs, tubing, subjected to torsional stresses

AISI 2340 – quenched and tempered shafting, connecting rods, very highly stressed bolts,
forging

AISI 2350 – high capacity gears, shafts, heavy duty machine parts

AISI 3130 – shafts, bolts, steering knuckles

AISI 3140 – aircraft and truck engine crankshafts, oil well tool joints, spline shafts, axles, earth
moving equipment

AISI 3150 – wear resisting parts in excavating and farm machinery, gears, forgings

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AISI 3240 – shafts, highly stressed pins and keys, gears

AISI 3300 series – for heavy parts requiring deep penetration of the heat treatment
(hardenability) and highly fatigue strength per unit weight.

AISI 4063 – leaf and coil springs

AISI 4130, 4140 – automotive connecting rods and axles, aircrafts parts and tubing

AISI 4340 – crankshaft, axles, gears, landing gear parts, perhaps the best and general
purpose AISI steel

AISI 4640 – gears, splined shafts, hand tools, miscellaneous heavy duty machined parts

AISI 8630 – connecting rods, bolts, shapes; air hardens after welding

Silicon – it strengthens low-alloy steels and improves resistance to high temperature

oxidation; it is a good general purpose deoxidixer and promotes fine grain

Tantalum – it is a stabilizer

Titanium – it is used for deoxidation and for stabilizing austenitic stainless steels (preventing
intergranular corrosion and embrittlement); it increases the hardness and strength of
low-carbon steel and improves creep strength

Tungsten – it increases hardenability markedly in small amounts and improves hardness and
strength at high temperature. An expensive alloy, it is used only where particular
advantage results, as in high speed tool steel in which it forms a hard, abrasion-
resisting carbide.

Vanadium – it promotes fine grain structure, improves the ratio of endurance strength to
ultimate strength of medium carbon steels (average of about 0.57), increases
hardenability strongly when dissolved, and results in retention of strength and hardness
of temperature; it is the most effective element in retarding softening and tempering

Hardenability – it is the capacity of steel to through harden when cooled from above its
transformation range

Carburizing – it is the process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot
carbonaceous solid, liquids, or gases above the transformation temperature

Liquid carburizing – the part is immersed in a molten salt bath that imparts a case similar to
that obtained with gas or pack carburizing except that the case in thinner, usually not in
excess of about 0.025 in.

Cyaniding – it is accomplished by immersing the part in a hot (about 1550 degrees F) liquid
salt bath, sodium cyanide (NaCN) being a common medium in both processes

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Nitriding – the machined and heat-treated part is place in a nitrogenous environment,
commonly ammonia gas, at temperatures much lower that those used in the previously
described processes say 1000 deg. F or somewhat less

Carbonitriding – it is the process of case hardening steel by simultaneous absorption of

carbon and nitrogen from a surrounding hot gaseous atmosphere, followed by either
quenching or slow cooling as required

Induction heating – it consists of heating a thin surface layer preferably of annealed or

normalized steel above the transformation range by electrical induction and then
cooling, as required in water, oil, air or gas

Flame hardening – it is the process of heating the surface of an iron-base alloy, which is
preferably annealed or normalized and then quenching it

Work hardening – it is the result of a metal being stressed at some point into its plastic range,
usually ordinary temperatures (certainly below recrystallization temperature); metal cold
worked in this manner becomes stronger and more brittle

Wrought Iron – it is made by burning carbon from molten iron then pulling the product through
hammering and rolling operations

Malleable cast iron – it is heat treated white cast iron

Malleablizing – the heat treatment of the white cast iron, in which substantially all of the
carbon is combined in the form of iron carbide, is an annealing called ______.

Ductile iron – nodular cast iron is also called _______.

Precipitation hardening – age hardening is usually termed as _____ with reference to

stainless, which occurs because of the precipitation of a constituent from a
supersaturated solid solution

Spur gear – are toothed wheels whose tooth elements are straight and parallel to the shaft
axis; they are used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts

Pitch circle – it is the basis of measurement of gears

Pitch diameter – it is called the size of the gear

Pitch cylinder – it is the trace of the ______.

Pitch point – it is the point of tangency of the pitch circles; for individual gear, the pitch point
will be located where the tooth profile cuts the standard pitch circle

Addendum circle or outside circle – it is the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth

Addendum – the radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle

Dedendum circle – it is the circle that bounds the bottoms of the teeth
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Dedendum – the radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle, that is, to the bottom of
the tooth space

Whole depth – it is equal to the addendum plus the dedendum

Working depth – it is equal to the radial distance from the addendum circle to the working
depth circle

Working depth circle – it marks the distance that the mating tooth projects into the tooth
space; it is the sum of the addendums of mating gears

Clearance – the radial distance between the working depth circle and the root circle; it is the
dedendum minus the mating addendum

Circular Thickness – it is also called tooth thickness. It is the width of tooth measured along
the pitch circle.

Chordal thickness – it is the tooth width space between teeth measured along the chord of
pitch circle.

Backlash – it is the tooth space minus the circular thickness

Flank – it is the surface of the tooth between the pitch and root cylinders.

Top land – it is the surface of the top of the tooth

Bottom land – it is the surface of the bottom of the tooth space.

Pinion – it is the smaller gear when two gears mesh

Gear – it is the larger gear when two gears mesh

Angle of action – the angle through which the gear turns from the time a particular pair of
teeth come into contact until they go out of contact

Angle of recess – it is the angle which the gear turns from the time a given pair of teeth is in
contact at the pitch point until they pass out of mesh

Velocity Ratio – it is the angular velocity of the driver divided by the angular velocity of the
driven gear

Gear ratio – it is the number of teeth in the gear divided by the number of teeth in the pinion.

Aging – describes a time-temperature-depending change in the properties of certain alloys

Annealing – a term denoting a treatment consisting of heating to and holding suitable

temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate used primarily to soften but also to
simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure

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Black annealing – box or pot annealing used mainly for sheet, tip or wire

Blue annealing – heating hot-rolled sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the
transformation range and then cooling in air to soften the metal. The formation of a
bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.

Box annealing – annealing is a sealed container under conditions that minimizes oxidation.
This is also called “close annealing” or “pot annealing”

Bright annealing – annealing in protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright

surface.

Cycle annealing – annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-
temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructure

Flame annealing – annealing in which the heat is applied directly to the flame

Full annealing – austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that the hardness of the product
approaches a minimum

Graphatizing – annealing in such a way that some or all the carbon is precipitated as graphite

Isothermal annealing – austenitizing and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at

which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate

Process annealing – a term used to denote various heat treatments that improve workability.
For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature
cycle used must be stated

Quench annealing – annealing an austenitic alloy by solution heat treatment

Spheroidizing – heating and cooling in a cycle designated to produce a spheroidal or globular

form of carbide

Austempering – quenching from a temperature above the transformation range in medium

having rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high
temperature formation products

Austenitizing – forming of austenite by heating into the transformation (partial austenitizing) or

above transformation (full austenitizing) range.

Baking – heating at low temperature in order to remove entrained gases

Bluing – a treatment of surface of iron-based alloys usually in the form of sheet or strip on
which by the action or air or steam at a suitable temperature, a thin blue oxide film is
formed on the initially scale-free surface, as a means of improving appearance and
resistance to corrosion

Carbon potential – a measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to

alter or maintain under prescribed condition, the carbon content of steel exposed to it
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Cementation – the process of introducing elements into the outer layer of metal objects by
means of high-temperature diffusion

Cold treatment – exposing to suitable subzero temperatures for the purpose of obtained
desired conditions or properties, such as dimensional or microstructural stability

Conditional heat treatment – a preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for a
desired reaction to subsequent heat treatment

Controlled cooling – a term used to described a process by which a steel object is cooled
from an elevated temperature, usually from the hot-forming operation in the
predetermined manner of cooling to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage

Critical range or Critical temperature range – synonymous with transformation range

Cyaniding – a process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by simultaneous absorption of

carbon and nitrogen by heating in a cyanide salt

Quenching – it is followed after cyaniding to produce hard case

Decarburization – the loss of carbon from the surface of iron-base alloy as a result of heating
in a medium that reacts with the carbon

Drawing – synonymous with tempering

Eutectic alloy – the alloy composition that freezes at constant temperatures similar to a pure
metal

Hardenability – in a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of
hardness induced by quenching

Hardening – any process of increasing the hardness of metal by suitable treatment, usually
involving heating and cooling

Homogenizing – a high temperature heat treatment process intended to eliminate or to

decrease chemical segregation by diffusion

Malleablizing – a process of annealing white cast iron in which the combined carbon is wholly
or in part transformed to graphitic or free carbon and, in some cases, part of the carbon
is removed completely

Maraging – a precipitation hardening treatment applied to a special group of iron-base alloy to

precipitate one or more intemetallic compounds in a matrix of essentially carbon free
martensite

Martempering – a hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is

quenched into an appropriate medium. The treatment is usually followed by tempering

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Overheating – the exposure of metal to an unduly high temperature. It develops an
undesirably coarse gain structure but is not permanently damaged

Patenting – a process of heat treatment applied to medium or high carbon steel in wire
making prior to the wire drawing of between drafts. It consists in heating to a
temperature above the transformation range, followed by cooling to a temperature
appropriate to the carbon content of the steel and the properties required to finished
product

Quenching – known as rapid cooling

Direct quenching – quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation

Fog quenching – quenching in the mists

Hot quenching – an imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching produces in which
quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 160 degrees

Interrupted quenching – a quenching procedure in which workpiece is removed from the first
quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then
subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first

Selective quenching – quenching only certain portions of a work piece

Slack quenching – the incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing
temperature at a slower rate that the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting
from the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite

Spray quenching – quenching in a spray of liquid

Time quenching – interrupted quenching in which the duration of holding in the quenching
medium is controlled

Soaking – prolonged heating of metal at a selected temperature

Stabilizing treatment – a treatment applied to stabilize the dimension of a work piece of the
structure of a material

Temper carbon – the free or graphitic carbon that comes out of solution usually in the form of
rounded nodules in the structure during graphitizing or malleabilizing.

Tempering – heat or quench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below

transformation range to produce desired changes in properties

Double tempering – a treatment in which quench hardened steel is given two complete
tempering cycles at substantially the same temperature.

Snap Temper – A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high

hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because in delay
of tempering then at the prescribed higher temperature.
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Temper Brittleness – Brittleness that result when certain steels are held within, or are cooled
slowly through a certain range of temperatures below transformation range.

Decalesence Point – The critical or transformation point at which pearlite is transformed into
autenite as it is being heated.

Preheating – A heating to an appropriate temperature immediately prior to austenitizing when

hardening high-hardenability constructional steels, many of the tools and heavy
sections.

Stress Relieving – A process to reduce internal residual stresses in a metal object by heating
the object to a suitable temperature and holding for a proper time at that temperature.

Ferrite – known as an element iron in the form of metallurgically

Cementite - The chemical compound iron carbide in the form of metallurgically

Transformation Temperature – The temperature at which a change in phase occurs

Eutectoid Steel – a fully annealed steel that has .85% carbon.

Hypoeutectoid steel – a steel that has less than 0.85% carbon.

Recalescence – The critical of transformation point at which austenite is transformed back into
pearlite on cooling

External Spur Gear – these are cylindrical gears with straight teeth cut parallel to the axes.
Tooth loads produce no axial thrust. Shaft rotates in opposite directions.

Internal Spur Gear – Compact drive arrangements for transmitting motion between parallel
shaft rotating in the same direction.

Helical Gears – these are cylindrical gears with teeth cut at angle to the axes. Provide rive
between shafts rotating in opposite direction, with superior load carrying capacity and
quietness of spur gear. Tooth loads produce axial thrust.

Crossed helical gears – these are helical gears that mesh together on non-parallel axes.
Straight Bebel Gears - Gears have teeth that are radial toward the apex and are of
conical form.

Spiral Bevel Gear – gears that have curved oblique teeth that contact each other smoothly
and gradually from one end of a tooth to the other end.

Zerol Bebel Gear – Gears having curved teeth lying in the same general direction as straight
bevel teeth but should be considered to be spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle.

Hypoid Bevel Gears – Gears that are cross between spiral bevel gear and worm gears. The
axes of these gears are non intersecting and non parallel.

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Worm Gears – Gears that used to transmit motion between shafts at right angle, do not lie in
the common plane an sometime to connect the shafts at other angles. These gears
have line tooth contact and are used for power transmission.

Active Face – It is the dimension of the tooth face width that makes contact with a mating
gear.

Addendum – It is the radial or perpendicular distance between the pitch circle and the top of
the tooth.

Arc Of Action – It is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point
of contact with the mating tooth to the point where contact ceases.

Arc Of Approach – It is the arc of pitch through which a tooth travels from the first point of
contact with the mating tooth to the pitch point.

Arc Of Recession – It is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its
contact with mating tooth at the pitch point until contact ceases.

Axial Pitch – It is the distance parallel to the axis between corresponding sides of adjacent
teeth.

Axial plane – It is the plane that contains the two axes in a pair of gears.

Axial Thickness – it is the distance parallel to the axis between two pitch line elements of the
same tooth.

Backlash – it is the shortest distance between the non driving surfaces of adjacent teeth with
working flanks are in contact.

Base Circle – it is the circle from which the involute tooth curved is generated or developed.

Base Helix Angle – it is the angle at the base cylinder of an involute gear that the tooth makes
with the gear axis.

Base Pitch – it is the circular pitch taken on the circumference of the base circle, or distance
along the line of action between two successive and corresponding involute tooth
profiles.

Base tooth thickness – it is the distance on the base circle in the plane of rotation between
involutes of the same pitch.

Bottom Land – it is the surface of the gear between the flanks and the adjacent teeth.

Center Distance – it is the shortest distance between the non intersecting axes of mating
gears, or between the parallel axes of the spur gears and parallel helical gears, or the
crossed axes of crossed helical gears or worm gears

Central plane – it is the plane perpendicular to the gear axis in a worm gear. In the usual
arrangements with the axes at right angles, it contains the worm axis.
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Chordal Addendum – it is the radial distance from the circular thickness chord to the top of
the tooth.

Chordal Thickness – it is the length of the chord subtended by the circular thickness arc.

Circular Pitch – it is the distance on the circumference of the pitch circle in the plane of
rotation between corresponding points adjacent teeth.

Circular thickness – it is the thickness of the tooth on the pitch circle in the plane of rotation
or the length of arc between two sides of a gear tooth measured on the pitch circle.

Clearance – it is the radial distance between the top of a tooth and bottom of the mating tooth
space, or the amount by which the dedendum in a give gear exceeds the addendum of
its mating gear.

Contact Diameter – it is the smallest diameter on a gear tooth with which the mating gear
makes contact.

Contact Ratio – it is the ratio of the arc of action in the plane of rotation to the circular pitch,
and is sometimes thought as the average number of teeth of contact.

Contact Ratio Face – it is the ratio of the face advantage to the circular pitch in helical gears.

Contact Ratio Total – it is the ratio of the sum of the arc of action and the face of advantage
to the circular pitch.

Contact stress – it is the maximum compressive stress within the contact are between the
mating gear tooth profiles, also called Hertz stress.

Cycloid – it is the curved formed by the path of the point on circle as it rolls along a straight
line.

Epicycloid – it rolls along the outside of another circle.

Hypocycloid - it rolls along the inside of another circle.

Diametral Pitch – it is the ratio of the number of teeth to the number of inches in the pitch
diameter in the plane of rotation, or the number of gear teeth to each inch of diameter
pitch.

Efficiency – it is the torque ratio of a gear set divided by its gear ratio.

Equivalent pitch radius – it is the ratio of the curvature of the pitch surface at the pitch point
in a plane normal to the pitch line element.

Face advance – it is the distance on the pitch circle that a gear tooth travels from the time
pitch point contact is made at one end of the tooth until pitch point contact is mage at
the other end.

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Fillet radius – it is the radius of the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joints the
bottom of the tooth space.

Fillet stress – it is the maximum tensile stress in the gear tooth fillet.

Flank tooth – it is the surface between the pitch circle and the bottom land, including the gear
tooth.

Gear ratio – it is the ratio between the numbers of tooth in the mating gears.

Helical overlap – it is the ratio effective face width of a helical gear divided by the axial pitch.

Helix angle – it is the angle that a helical gear tooth makes with the gear axis at the pitch
circle, unless specified otherwise.

HPSTC (highest point of single contact) – it is the largest diameter on a spur gear at which
a single tooth is in contact with the mating gear.

Interference – is the contact between mating teeth at some point other that along the line
action.

Internal Diameter – it is the diameter of the circle that coincides with the tops of the internal
gear.

Internal gear – it is the gear with the teeth on the inner cylindrical surface.

Involute – it is a curve generally used as a profile of gear teeth. The curve is the path of a
point on a straight line as it rolls along a convex base curve usually a circle.

Top Land – it is the top surface of the gear.

Bottom Land – it is the surface of the gear between the fillets of adjacent layers.

Lead – it is the axial advance of the helix in one complete turn, or the distance along its own
axis on one revolution if the gear were free to move axially.

Length of Action – it is the distance of on one involute line of action through which the point
of contact moves during the action of the tooth profile.

Line of Action – it is the portion of the common tangent to the base cylinders along which
contact between mating involute teeth occurs.

Lowest Point of Single Tooth Contact – it is the smallest diameter on a spur gear at which a
single tooth is in contact with its mating gear.

Module – it is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth, normally the ratio of pitch
diameter in mm to the number of teeth.

Normal Plane – it is a plane to the tooth surfaces at a point of contact and perpendicular to the
pitch plane.
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Outside Diameter – it is a diameter of the circle that contains the tops of the teeth of external
gears.

Pitch – it is the distance between similar, equally-spaced tooth surfaces in a given direction
along a given curve or line.

Pitch Circle – it is the circle through the pitch point having its center at the gear axis.

Pitch Point – it is the intersection between the axis of the line of centers and the line of action.

Pressure Angle – it is the angle between the tooth profile and the radial line at its pitch point.

Rack Gear – a gear with tooth spaced along a straight line suitable for straight line motion.

Roll Angle – an angle subtended at the center of a base circle from the origin of an involute to
the point of tangency of a point of a straight line from a point on the same involute.

Root Diameter – it is the diameter of the circle that contains the roots or bottoms of the tooth
spaces.

Tip Relief – an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile where a small amount of material is
removed from the involute face of the tooth surfaces near the tip of the gear tooth.

Tooth Face – it is the surface between the pitch line of element and the tooth tip.

Tooth Surface – it is the total tooth area including the flank of the tooth and the tooth face.

Total Face – it is the dimensional width of the gear blank an may exceed the effective face
width as with a double helical gear.

Trochoid – it is a curve formed by path of a point on the extension of a radius of a circle as it

rolls along a curve or line.

Undercut – it is the condition of general gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside
a line drawn at a tangent to the working profile at its lowest point.

Whole Depth – it is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to the addendum plus dedendum
and equal to the working depth plus clearance.

Working Depth – it is the depth of engagement of two gears, or the sum of their addendums

In standard classifications of metals the following stand for:

AA – Aluminum Association
AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
CDA – Copper Development Association
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers

The general form Designation:

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AISI x x xx

Carbon content
Specific alloys in the group
Major Alloying Elements

Example:

AISI 1 0 20
20 means 20% carbon
0 means No other alloying element besides carbon
1 means Carbon steel

Flame Hardening – it is the heat treatment that uses a concentrated flame impinging on a
localized area for a controlled amount of time to heat the part, followed by quenching in
a bath or by a stream of water or oil.

Induction Hardening – it is the process in which the part is surrounded by a coil through
which high frequency electric current is passed.

550 to 650 – the usual goal of case hardening is to produce a case hardness in the range of
Rockwell C Hardness HRC 55 to 60 or a Brinell Hardness of:

HB 550 to 700 (Brinell Hardness) – carburizing when properly done will produce a case
hardness of:

At least 10% chromium –percent of chromium which the stainless steel characterizes high
level of corrosion resistance

The three main groups of stainless steel:

Ferritic (AISI 400 series)

Austenitic (AISI 200 and 300 series)
Martensitic also 400 series including 403, 410, 414 and etc.

ASTM – designated of most structural steel

Tool Steels – the steels used typically for cutting tools, punches, dies, shearing blades,
chisels.
High Strength Low Alloy – HSLA Steels means.

Cast Iron – large gears, machine structures, bracelets, linkage parts, and other important
machine parts are usually made from:

Gray Iron – it is an iron available in grades having tensile strengths ranging from 20 000 to
60,000 psi

Malleable Iron – a group of heat-treatable cast irons with moderate to high strength, high
modulus of elasticity (stiffness), good machinability, and good wear resistance.

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Austempered Ductile Iron – it is an alloyed and heat-treated alloy. It has attractive properties
that lead to its use in transportation equipment industrial machinery and other
applications where the low cost, good machinability.

Aluminum Alloy groups designation:

1xxxx - 99% or greater aluminum content
2xxx - copper
3xxx - manganese
4xxx - silicon
5xxx - magnesium
6xxx - magnesium and silicon
7xxx - zinc

Zinc – the fourth most commonly used metal in the world.

Zamak 3 – the most widely used zinc casting alloy is called Alloy No. 3 sometimes referred to
as:

Titanium – it is usually used in aerospace structures and components, chemical tank and
processing equipment. It has a high strength to weight ratio.

Copper – it is widely used in its nearly pure form for electrical and plumbing applications
because of its high electrical conductivity and good corrosion resistance.

Brass – it is the family of alloys of copper and zinc

Nickel-Chromium Alloys – inconel means.

Nickel-Copper Alloys – monel means

Admiralty Metal – nickel-molybdenum alloys, sometimes chromium, iron or copper. Metals

usually used for condenser and other heat exchanger tubes and plates.

Yellow Brass – a type of brass used for electrical fixtures, plumbing, wires, pins, rivets, screw,
springs, architectural grillwork, radiator cores

Manganese Bronze – it is used in clutch disks, pump rods, shaft, valve stems, welding rod

Monel – it is primarily an alloy of nickel and copper (67 Ni, 30 Cu).

600 to 700 deg. F – ordinary steels begins to lose strength (and elasticity) significantly at
about:

Teflon – polytetrafloureothylene is also called tetraflouroethylene TFE or known as:

Sintering – prolong heating at a temperature below melting point is called:

Infiltration – the process of melting layer of another metal such as lead or copper into pores of
sintered material.

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Base Circle – the circle in which the involute is generated.

Degree of Involute – the expression used to define the base circle for a particular pitch circle.

Pitch – it is the measure of spacing and usually also of the size of the tooth.

Circular pitch – it is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to
the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.

Diametral Pitch – it is the ratio of the number of teeth per inch of the pitch diameter

Contact Ratio – it is the ratio of the angle of action to the pitch angle.

Contact Ratio – it is the ratio of the length of action to the base pitch

1.25 to 1.4 – the contact ratio for best running gear condition

Internal or Annular gear – gear that has teeth cut on the inside of the rim instead of outside
of the rim.

Helical and Herringbone gears – gears that are most often in heavy duty gear boxes

Spiral gear – the other name of crossed helical gears

Bevel gears – gears used to connect intersecting shaft but not necessarily 90 degrees.

Worm gearing – gears used to transmit power between non-intersecting shafts, nearly always
at rights angles to each other

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