ELEC3105 – ELECTRICAL

ENERGY

Introduction to
Power System
Dr Rukmi Dutta
Structure of modern electric ppower system
y
• Four main elements:
▫ Generation
▫ Transmission
▫ Distribution
▫ Utilization of electrical energy
Typical
yp p
power supply
pp y systems
y

• Single Line Diagram (SLD) of a typical urban power

supply

• Single Line Diagram (SLD) of a typical rural power supply

• SWER(single wire earth return) is single wire transmission line for
supplying single phase supply to remote areas at low cost.
Major
j Power System
y Components
p
• Generators (Mainly Synchronous machine)
• Transformers
• Transmission System: line voltage is roughly between
115kV-800kV.
• Distribution
Distrib tion S
System:
stem: line voltage
oltage is roughly
ro ghl between
bet een 120
V- 69kV.
▫ Medium voltage distribution (2.4kV-69kV)
▫ Low voltage distribution ( 120V-600V)
Types
yp of power
p lines
• Design of power line depends on,
▫ Amount of active(real) power it has to transmit
▫ Distance over which the power must be carried
▫ Cost
▫ Urban congestion
congestion, ease of installation
installation, expected load growth etc.
etc
• They can be classified according to voltage level,
▫ Low voltage (LV) line:
 They could be insulated cables, often originates from the pole mounted
transformers to the customers’ resistances. The lines may be overhead or
underground.
▫ Medium
M di voltage
lt (MV) line
li :
 Connects different substations, voltage range is between 2.4-69kV.
▫ High voltage (HV) line
 Connects main substations to the power plants. They could be overhead
conductors or underground cables. Voltage is <230kV. Interconnection between
two different power systems or grids are also done by this type of lines.
▫ Extra-high
E hi h voltage
l (EHV) line:
li
 They are used when power plants are very far from the load centres. Operates at
voltage up to 800kv and may be as long as 1000km.
Components
p of power
p lines
• The main components of power lines are Typical distribution line

▫ Conductor
 For HV and EHV lines conductors are
always
l bare.
b Standard
St d d copper conductor
d t or
steel reinforced aluminium (ACSR)
conductors are used.
used
▫ Insulators
 Serve to support and anchor the conductors
and to insulate them from ground. Usually
made of pporcelain. To increase the leakage
g
path (and resistance) they are moulded with
folds.
▫ Supporting structure
 They must keep the conductors at a safe
h i h from
height f the
h groundd andd at an adequate
d
distance from each other.
Corona effect
• A continual electrical discharge around
the
h conductors
d off very hi
highh voltage
l
transmission lines due to local
i i i off the
ionization h surrounding
di airi .
▫ Produces losses
▫ Emits high frequency noise that interferes
Corona
with the radio/TV receivers.
• Effect
ff can bbe minimized
i i i d by
b reducing
d i the h
electric field (V/m) either by increasing
the
h diameter
di off the
h conductors
d or by
b
arranging them as sets of conductors
bundled together for each phase.
• Bundling is preferred as it also reduces Bundle conductors
inductive reactance of the line.
Simplified
p equivalent
q circuit of Power line
• An ac line processes a resistance R, an inductive reactance
XL and a capacitive reactance XC. These impedances are
uniformly y distributed over the entire length
g of the line.
Hence, the line can be represented by a series of identical
sections Each sections represents a portion of line (per
sections.
km) and elements r, xL and xC represents impedances per
km.
km

• All these
ese impedances
ped ces can
c be lumped
u ped together
oge e too form
o a
simplified per phase equivalent circuit -
XL R I
ZL
Vs, XC XC VL,
Requirements
q of the Power lines
• High (real) power transfer efficiency : losses (I2R loss) must be minimized
▫ resistive component R to be as low as possible.
▫ high voltage , hence low current
▫ High power factor, so that current is low P  3Vl I cos 
• Voltage control and stability
▫ Must
M hhave good d (l
(low)) voltage
l regulation
l i at the
h load
l d (aim
( i for
f 4-5%)
4 5%) at most.
▫ Abrupt load changes affects the stability of operation leading to loss of synchronism of
different generators in the system.
• Protection against short circuits
▫ The low series impedance (R+jXL) can cause very high fault currents. These can cause thermal
heating problems and extreme electrodynamics forces. Hence, must have over-current
protection for the system.
• Over-voltage surge faults
▫ Occurrence of lightning and switching of high load can cause high voltage, high frequency
surges (spikes). These can propagate through the transmission lines and may damage insulation
catastrophically Hence must have overvoltage protection of the system.
catastrophically. system
• Load characteristics
▫ Need to know the volt-ampere (V-I) relationship of the load with the power line:
 Linear or non
non-linear
linear
 Harmonic generation
 Power factor
 voltage and current transients (e.g. inrush currents of the transformers and switching over-
voltages).
Substation equipments
q p
• Typical equipments are :
▫ Transformer
▫ Circuit breaker:
for interrupting normal or fault current, behaves more or less
likee a switch.
sw c . Types
ypes : oil
o circuit
c cu breaker,
b e e , air-blast
b s ccircuit
cu
breaker, SF6 circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker.
▫ Surge arrester
 For over-voltage protection from lightning or switching
▫ Current limiting reactors
 For over-current protection
▫ Instrument
I t t transformers
t f
 current transformer, potential transformer
▫ Relays and protective devices
Cost of electricity
y
• Production, transmission and distribution involves cost.
• Divided into 2 catagories
▫ Fixed cost: depreciation charges against buildings, dams,
turbines, generators, circuit breakers, transformers, power
lines and other equipment.
equipment
▫ Operating cost: salaries, fuel costs, administration and other
expenses.
expenses
• Consumers are charged based on
▫ Amount off energy consumed
A d (k
(kW.h)
h)
▫ Rate at which the energy is consumed
▫ Power factor of the load.
▫ Plus a service fees ( cost involve in connection))
Watt-hour meter
• Electricity bill is based on number of kWh
consumed The watt
consumed. watt-hour
hour meter is an
instrument that measures energy delivered to
a load. Induction-type watt-hour meters are
usedd ffor residential
id ti l metering.
t i
• Basically, induced eddy current in aluminum
disk interacts with magnetic
g field established
by load current. The result is that disk rotates
at a rate proportional to average power, and
rotational count is proportional to energy
delivered to load.