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Seminarul 1
Rezolvare:
n0 (t ) = n(t ) * h(t )
-media: {
E{n0 (t 0 )} = E n(t ) * h(t ) t =t = 0
0
}
-dispersia: Rn0 (τ ) = E{n0 (t ) ⋅ n0 (t + τ )}
N0
( )
ℑ Rn0 (τ ) = S n0 (ω ) = S n (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) =
2
2
⋅ H (ω )
2
+∞
1 N0
{ 2
}
E n0 (t 0 ) = Rn0 (0) = ⋅
2π 2 − ∞
2 2
⋅ ∫ H (ω ) dω = σ 0 (puterea zgomotului)
1
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
N 0 +∞ 2 2 1 N0
+∞
2
σ2 = ⋅ ∫ H ( f ) df = σ 0 = ⋅ ⋅ ∫ H (ω ) dω
2 −∞ 2π 2 −∞
g 0 (t ) = g (t ) * h(t )
+∞
1
ℑ(g 0 (t ) ) = G0 (ω ) = G (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) ⇒ g 0 (t ) = ℑ {G (ω ⋅ H (ω ))} =
−1
⋅ ∫ G (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) ⋅ e jωt dω ⇒
2π −∞
+∞
1
⇒ g 0 (t 0 ) = ∫ G(ω )⋅ H (ω )⋅ e
jω t 0
dω
2π −∞
+∞ +∞
1
∫ G(ω )⋅ H (ω )⋅ e dω ∫ G (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) ⋅ e
iωt iωt 0
2
⋅ 0
dω
4π 1
ξ2 = −∞
+∞
= ⋅ −∞
+∞
1 N0 2 π ⋅ N0 2
⋅ ⋅ ∫ H (ω ) dω ∫ H (ω ) dω
2π 2 −∞ −∞
2
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Va rezulta:
+∞ +∞
2 2
1
2
∫
−∞
H (ω ) dω ⋅ ∫ G (ω ) ⋅ e jωt0 dω
−∞
ξ ≤ ⋅ +∞
π ⋅ N0 2
∫
−∞
H (ω ) dω
2 1
+∞
2 2 ⋅ Eg
ξ max = ⋅ ∫ G (ω ) dω =
π ⋅ N 0 −∞ N0
+∞
∫g
2
unde E g = (t )dt reprezintă energia semnalului g(t).
−∞
A( x ) = k ⋅ B * ( k ) ≡ H (ω ) = k ⋅ G(ω ) ⋅ e jωt0 ( )
*
+∞
1
H (ω ) = G (ω ) ⋅ e
* − j ωt 0
⇒ h(t ) = ℑ G (ω ) ⋅ e
−1
{ * − j ωt 0
} = ⋅ ∫ G * (ω ) ⋅ e − jωt0 ⋅ e jωt dω =
2π −∞
*
1 +∞
= ⋅ ∫ G (ω ) ⋅ e jω (t −t0 )dω = g (t − t 0 ) ⇒
2π −∞
⇒ hopt (t ) = s2 (t 0 − t ) − s1 (t 0 − t )
3
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
H opt (ω ) = 2 A ⋅ ∫ e − jωt
dω = 2 A ⋅ = 2 A ⋅ e − jω (t0 −T ) ⋅ ⋅ 2T
t 0 − 2T
jω jωT
= 4 AT ⋅ e − jω (t0 −T ) ⋅ sin c(ωT )
+∞ t0
4
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
a) t < t 0 − 2T ⇒ y (t ) = 0
t
b) t ∈ t 0 − 2T , t 0 ⇒ y (t ) = 2 A 2 ⋅ ∫ dτ = 2 A 2 ⋅ (t − t 0 + 2T )
t 0 − 2T
y (t ) = ∫ 2 A dτ = 2 A ⋅ (t
2 2
0 − t + 2T )
t − 2T
d) t − 2T > t 0 ⇒ t > t 0 + 2T ⇒ y (t ) = 0
Va rezulta:
2
2 A ⋅ (t − t 0 + 2T ), t ∈ (t 0 − 2T , t 0 )
y (t ) = 2 A 2 ⋅ (t 0 − t + 2T ), t ∈ (t 0 , t 0 + 2T )
0, rest
Grafic:
5
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
Se cunoaşte:
A − S1 − A + S2
PE = p ⋅ Q + (1 − p ) ⋅ Q
σ 0 σ 0
S − S1
PE = Q 2
2σ 0
6
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
g (t ) = s 2 (t ) − s1 (t ) ⇒ hopt (t ) = s2 (t 0 − t ) − s1 (t0 − t )
g 0 (t ) = g (t ) * h(t )
PE= min deoarece Q(x) este o funcţie monoton descrescătoare, deci dacă x=
max. rezultă ξ = ξ max .
2 2E g 1
+∞
2 2
+∞
2
RSZ max = ξ max = = ⋅ ∫ G (ω ) dω = ⋅ ∫ (g (t )) dt
N0 πN 0 −∞ N 0 −∞
1
PEmin = Q ξ max 2 = Q 2 z notaţie ( )
2
ξ max 2 1 +∞ 2 1 +∞ 2 +∞
2
+∞
z= = ⋅ ∫ (s 2 (t ) − s1 (t )) dt = ⋅ ∫ s 2 (t )dt + ∫ s1 (t )dt − 2 ∫ s1 (t )s 2 (t )dt =
8 4 N 0 −∞ 4N 0 −∞ −∞ −∞
1
=
4N 0
[
⋅ E 2 + E1 − 2 E1 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ ρ1, 2 ]
unde:
+∞ +∞
1 2
E1, 2 = ∫s 1, 2
2
dt = ∫ S (ω )dω
1, 2 - energia semnalului
−∞ 2π −∞
+∞
1
ρ1, 2 = ∫ s (t )s
1 2 (t )dt - coeficient de corelaţie Є [-1,1]
E1 ⋅ E 2 −∞
ρ1, 2 = −1 ⇒ semnale antipodale
Dacă:
ρ = 0 ⇒ semnale ortogonale
1, 2
Aopt =
S1 + S 2 1
2 2
[
= ⋅ s1 (t ) * hopt (t ) + s2 (t ) * hopt (t ) t =t
0
]
7
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
= E1 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ ρ 1, 2 − E1
Similar se va obţine:
+∞ +∞
S1 = s 2 (t ) * hopt (t ) t =T = ∫ hopt (τ ) ⋅ s 2 (t − τ )dτ
−∞
t =T
= ∫ [s (T − τ ) − s (T − τ )] ⋅ s (T − τ )dτ
−∞
2 1 2
= E 2 − E1 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ ρ1, 2
Va rezulta:
1
Aopt =
E 2 − E1
2
şi PE = Q [
E1 + E 2 − 2 E1 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ ρ1, 2 ]
2N 0
π T
s 2 (t ) = A[σ (t ) − σ (t − T )] şi s1 (t ) = B ⋅ cos t − ⋅ [σ (t ) − σ (t − T )]
T 2
N0
egal probabile, transmise printr-un canal afectat de ZAGA cu σ 2 = . Se
2
cere:
a) să se determine şi să se reprezinte grafic funcţia pondere a filtrului
adaptat
b) să se determine pragul optim de decizie. Care este relaţia între A şi B
astfel încât pragul optim să fie nul? În acest caz să se determine PEmin.
Rezolvare:
π T π π π
cos t − = cos t − = sin t
T 2 T 2 T
8
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
a)
hopt (t ) = s 2 (T − t ) − s1 (T − t ) =
π π
= Aσ (T − t ) − Aσ (− t ) − B ⋅ sin (T − t ) ⋅ σ (T − t ) + B ⋅ sin (T − t ) ⋅ σ (− t ) =
T T
π
= A[σ (T − t ) − σ (− t )] − [σ (T − t ) − σ (− t )]⋅ B ⋅ sin (T − t ) =
T
π
= A − B ⋅ sin (T − t ) ⋅ [σ (T − t ) − σ (− t )]
T
E greşit desenul!!!
E 2 − E1
b) Aopt =
2
T
E1 = A 2 ⋅ T = ∫ A 2 dt = A 2T
0
T
1 1 B 2T B 2 T B 2T
T T
π 2π 2π
E 2 = ∫ B ⋅ sin
2 2
t dt = B 2 ⋅ ∫ − cos t dt = − ⋅ ⋅ sin t =
0 T 02 2 T 2 2 2π T 0 2
B 2T
− A 2T
Aopt = 2 =0⇒B= A 2
2
T
2 ⋅ A ⋅ B ⋅ T 2 2 A 2T
T
π A ⋅ B ⋅T π
E1 ⋅ E 2 ⋅ ρ 1, 2 = ∫ A ⋅ B ⋅ sin t dt = ⋅ − cos t = =
0 T π T 0 π π
9
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1 2 2 A T 4 2 A 2T
PE = Q A T + −
2N 0 2 π
Dispersia zgomotului:
{ }
σ 0 2 = E n0 2 (t ) − E 2 {n0 (t )} 2
{ 2
}
⇒ σ 0 = E no (t ) = Rn0 (τ = 0)
ZAGA → E {n0 (t )} = 0
Seminarul 2
10
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
T
c) să se reia a) şi b) dacă eşantionarea se face la + kT
2
−1
ω
d) să se calculeze PE dacă zgomotul are W (ω ) = sin c 2 , cu
2
π π
ω ∈− , .
4 4
Rezolvare:
11
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
3 5
Q(1) = 0,1587 , Q = 0.0668 , Q = 0,0062 şi Q(− x ) = 1 − Q(x )
2 2
a) g (t ) = s 2 (t ) − s1 (t )
hopt (t ) = s 2 (T − t ) − s1 (T − t ) = g (T − t ) = g (2 − t )
b)
A − S1 S − A S − S1
PE = p ⋅ Q + q ⋅ Q 2 = Q 2
σ σ p =q 2σ
2
σ p S + S 2 S1 + S 2
Aopt = ln + 1 =
S 2 − S1 q 2 2 p =q
+∞
t , t ∈ (0,1)
s0 2 (t ) = s2 (t ) * hopt (t ) = ∫h
−∞
opt (τ ) ⋅ s2 (t − τ )dτ =
2 − t , t ∈ (1,2)
12
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
+∞ 1
s01 (t ) = s1 (t ) * hopt (t ) = ∫ hopt (τ ) ⋅ s1 (t − τ )dτ = ∫ s1 (t − τ )dτ
−∞ 0
Dacă:
1.
t < 0 ⇒ s01 (t ) = 0
2.
t
t ∈ (0,1) ⇒ s01 (t ) = ∫ dτ = t
0
3.
13
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
t −1 1
t − 1 ∈ (0,1) ⇒ s01 (t ) = ∫ (− 1)dτ + ∫ dτ
0 t −1
= 1 − t + 1 − t + 1 = 3 − 2t
4.
1
t − 2 ∈ (0,1) ⇒ s01 (t ) = ∫ (− 1)dτ = −1 + t − 2 = t − 3
t −2
S 2 = s 02 (2 ) = 0
S1 = s 01 (2 ) = −1
+∞ +∞
1 2
∫ W (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) ∫ h (t )dt = 1
2 2
σ = dω =
2π −∞ −∞
σ2 p S + S 2 1 0,62 1
Aopt = ln + 1 = ln − ≅ 0
S 2 − S1 q 2 1 0,38 2
1 0−0
PE min = 0,62 ⋅ Q + 0,38 ⋅ Q = 0,098 + 0,38 ⋅ Q(0 )
1 1
c) TEMĂ
14
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
+∞ 1 jω
− ω
d) H (ω ) = ∫ h(t ) ⋅ e dt = ∫ e dt = e
− jωt − jωt 2
⋅ sin c
−∞ 0 2
π
+∞ 4
1 2 1 1 ω 1
∫ S n (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) ∫
2
σ = dω = ⋅ sin c 2 dω =
2π −∞ 2π π
− 4 sin c ω 2
( 2) 2 4
1 0,62 − 1 5
Aopt = − ln + = −
4 0,38 2 8
5
− 5 −1+
P E = 0,62 ⋅ Q 8 + 0,38 ⋅ Q 8 = 0,62 ⋅ Q − 5 + 0,38 ⋅ Q − 3 =
1 1 2 2
4 4
5 3 5 3
= 0,62 − 0,62 ⋅ Q + 0,38 − 0,38 ⋅ Q = 1 − 0,62 ⋅ Q − 0,38 ⋅ Q = 0,936
2 2 2 2
1
Khz, iar DSmP a zgomotului este ⋅ 10 −6 W Hz . Se va lua în considerare
2
cazul în care:
a) banda ocupată de semnal este egală cu lărgimea lobului principal al
DSmP.
b) banda ocupată de semnal este domeniul spectral în care este inclusă
99% din DSmP a semnalului.
FORMULE:
P ( E ) = Q( x) x
10−4 3,73
( ) ( )
Q −1 10 −7 = 5,2 , Q −1 0,5 ⋅ 10 −7 = 5,32 10−5 4, 27
10−6 4,75
Eb ,m este energia medie pe bit.
10−7 5,205
10−8 5,619
ASK: QPSK:
15
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
PE = Q 2 z( ) ( )
PE = 2 ⋅ Q 2 z
2
A ⋅ Tb Eb ,m 2 Eb Es A 2 ⋅ TS 2 A 2 ⋅ Tb
z= = z= = = =
8N 0 2N 0 N0 N0 N0 Ts = 2Tb
N0
2 1
LP
B ASK = = 2 Rb LP
BQPSK = = Rb = 2 Rs
Tb Tb
99% 99% 8
B ASK = 16 Rb BQPSK = = 8 Rb = 4 Rs
Tb
BPSK: MSK:
Eb
PE = Q 2 z( ) PE = 2 ⋅ Q
N0
A 2 ⋅T b E b 2
A ⋅ Tb
z= = z=
2N 0 N0 4N 0
B BPSK = B ASK (LP şi 99%) LP
BMSK = 0,75 ⋅ Rb
99% 1,2
BMSK = = 1,2 ⋅ Rb
Tb
Rezolvare:
( )
PE = Q 2 z = 10 −7 ⇒ 2 z = 5,205 ⇒ z = 13,546
ASK:
B ASK
LP
= 2 Rb = 8 ⋅ 10 5 ⇒ Rb = 4 ⋅ 10 5 Hz
LP : A 2 ⋅ Tb A2
z = = ⇒ A = 6,582V
8N 0 2 N 0 ⋅ Rb
99%
B ASK = 16 ⋅ Rb = 8 ⋅ 10 5 ⇒ Rb = 0,5 ⋅ 10 5 Hz
99% :
A = 8 ⋅ 10 −6 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 13,546 = 2,327V
BPSK:
16
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
B BPSK = B ASK
A 2 ⋅T b
z= = 13,546
2N 0
LP : A = 2 ⋅ 10 −6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 13,546 = 3,291V
99% : A = 2 ⋅ 10 −6 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 13,546 = 1,16V
MSK:
LP
BMSK = 1,5 ⋅ Rb = 8 ⋅ 10 5 ⇒ Rb = 5,33 ⋅ 10 5 b / s
( )
2 ⋅ Q 2 z = 10 −7 ⇒ z = 3,767
LP : Eb A 2 ⋅ Tb
z = = ⇒ A = 2,0039V
N 0 4 N 0
QPSK:
Rezolvare:
17
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Metoda BENETT:
g (t − nT ), cu probabilit atea p
S-a transmis s(t ) = ∑ s n (t ) cu s n (t ) = 1
n g (t − nT ), cu probabilitatea (1 − p)
2
v(t ) = ∑ [ p ⋅ g1 (t − nT ) + (1 − p ) ⋅ g 2 (t − nT )]
n
cu s(t ) = u (t ) + v(t )
Simbolul transmis îndeplineşte condiţiile:
1 − p, cu probabilit atea pentru inf ormatia 1
an =
− p, cu probabilit atea (1 − p) pentru inf ormatia 0
Atunci pentru semnalul u (t ) se obţine DSmP:
1 2
S uu ( f ) = p ⋅ (1 − p ) ⋅ ⋅ G1 ( f ) − G2 ( f )
T
şi pentru semnalul v(t ) :
2
1 ∞
m m m
S vv ( f ) = 2 ⋅ ∑ p ⋅ G1 + (1 − p ) ⋅ G2 ⋅ δ f −
T m=−∞ T T T
Va rezulta:
S ss ( f ) = S uu ( f ) + S vv ( f ) ⇒ S ss (ω ) = S uu (ω ) + S vv (ω )
18
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
− jω
T
jω T − jω
T
T
e 2
⋅ e 2 − e 2
T
G1 (ω ) = ∫ e − jωt dω = = T ⋅ e − jω 2 ⋅ sin c ω T
0 jω 2
2π T
2π − j ⋅m⋅ ⋅ 2π T T , m = 0
G1 m ⋅ = T ⋅e T 2
⋅ sin c m ⋅ ⋅ = T ⋅ e − j⋅m⋅π ⋅ sin c (m ⋅ π ) =
T T 2 0, rest
T T T
− jω − jω
2 T
e 2
−1 1− e 2
T − jω T
G2 (ω ) = ∫ e − jωt
dω = = = ⋅ e 4 ⋅ sin c ω
0 − jω jω 4 4
2π T 0, m = 2k
2π T − j⋅m⋅ T ⋅ 4 π
G2 m ⋅ = ⋅e ⋅ sin c m ⋅ = T 1
T 2 2 ⋅ , m = 2k + 1
π 2k + 1
1 1 T2 ∞
1 (2k + 1)π
S vv (ω ) =
T2
⋅ ⋅ T 2 ⋅ δ (ω ) +
4π 2
∑ 2k + 1 ⋅ δ ω −
4 k = −∞ T
T 2
− j ⋅ω ⋅ 2
− j ⋅ω ⋅T
1 1 1 e −1− e 2
+1 1 ω ⋅T
S uu (ω ) = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 2
sin
2 2 T − j ⋅ω ω ⋅T 4
2
1 ω ⋅T 1 1 ∞
1 (2k + 1)π
S ss (ω ) = 2
ω ⋅T
sin
4
+
4
⋅ δ (ω ) + 2
⋅ ∑ ⋅ δ ω −
4π k =−∞ 2k + 1 T
19
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
Rb1
= 10 ⇒ Tb 2 = 10Tb1
Rb 2
a) sQPSK (t ) = A1 ⋅ d1 (t ) ⋅ cos (ω 0 t ) − A2 ⋅ d 2 (t ) ⋅ sin (ω 0 t )
2Eb 2 1 2 E b 1, 2
Pe = Q = Q 2 A ⋅ Tb = ⋅ 10 −6 ⇒ 2
= (4,89 ) ≈ 24 ⇒ Eb 1, 2 = 12 ⋅ 10 −7
2N 0 2
N0 N0
20
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
A1
2
2 A1
2
S (ω ) = ⋅ P1 (ω ) + ⋅ P2 (ω ) 2
Tb1 Tb 2
T
− jω b 1 ωT
1p ( t ) = σ (t ) − σ (t − Tb1 ) ↔ P1 (ω ) = e 2
⋅ Tb1 ⋅ sin c b1
2
T
p 2 (t ) = σ (t ) − σ (t − Tb 2 ) ↔ P2 (ω ) = e 2 ⋅ Tb 2 ⋅ sin c b 2
− jω b 2 ωT
2
Va rezulta:
2 ωT 2 ωT
S (ω ) = A1 ⋅ Tb1 ⋅ sin c 2 b1 + A2 ⋅ Tb 2 ⋅ sin c 2 b 2 =
2 2
2 ωT 2 ωT
= A1 ⋅ Tb1 ⋅ sin c 2 b1 + 10 ⋅ A2 ⋅ Tb1 ⋅ sin c 2 b 2
42 42
14 42 4
3 1442 4
3
anukare anukare
ωTb 1 2 kπ 10ωTb 1 2 kπ
= kπ ⇒ω = = kπ ⇒ω =
2 Tb 1 2 10Tb1
GRAFIC!!!
4π
2πB = = 4π ⋅ Rb1 ⇒ Rb1 = 0,5 ⋅ 10 6 Hz
Tb1
2 2
A ⋅T A 1
Eb1 = 1 b1 = 1 ⇒ A1 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 −7 = 1,09V
2 2 ⋅ Rb1 2
2
A1 ⋅ Tb 2 A2 2 ⋅ 10 1 1
Eb 2 = = ⇒ A2 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 −7 ⋅ = 0,48V
2 2 ⋅ Rb1 2 5
2 2 2 2
sQPSK (t ) = A1 ⋅ d1 (t ) ⋅ cos (ω 0 t ) + A2 ⋅ d 2 (t ) ⋅ sin (ω 0 t ) = A1 ⋅ d 1 (t ) + A2 ⋅ d 2 (t ) ⋅ cos(ω 0 t + ϕ ) =
2 2
= A1 + A2 ⋅ cos(ω 0 t + ϕ )
21
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
A2 ⋅ d 2 (t ) A
unde ϕ (t ) = −arctg = arctg 2
A1 ⋅ d1 (t ) A1
Înlocuind numeric se obţine:
(
sQPSK (t ) = 2,1114 ⋅ cos ω 0 t + 26,4 o )
GRAFICE!!!
()4 FTB
4f0
:4
Rezolvare:
1 1
1 + 2 cos(2ω 0 t ) + + cos(4ω 0 t )
(1 + cos (2ω 0t ))2 2 2 3 2 1
cos 4 (ω 0 t ) = = = + cos(2ω 0 t ) + cos(4ω 0 t )
2 4 8 4 8
22
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1 1
2 1 − 2 cos (2ω 0 t ) + + cos (4ω 0 t )
(1 − cos (2ω 0 t )) 2 2 3 2 1
sin 4 (ω 0 t ) = = = − cos (2ω 0 t ) + cos (4ω 0 t )
2 4 8 4 8
1 + cos(2ω 0 t ) sin (2ω 0 t ) 1 1
cos 3 (ω 0 t ) ⋅ sin (ω 0 t ) = ⋅ = sin (2ω 0 t ) + sin (4ω 0 t )
2 2 4 8
1 − cos(2ω 0 t ) sin (2ω 0 t ) 1 1
cos(ω 0 t ) ⋅ sin 3 (ω 0 t ) = ⋅ = sin (2ω 0 t ) − sin (4ω 0 t )
2 2 4 8
1 − cos(4ω 0 t )
cos 2 (ω 0 t ) ⋅ sin 2 (ω 0 t ) =
8
3 1 1 3 1 1
+ cos (2ω 0 t ) + cos (4ω 0 t ) + − cos(2ω 0 t ) + cos(4ω 0 t ) +
8 2 8 8 2 8
1 1 1 1
s 4 (t ) = A 4 ⋅ + 4 ⋅ d o ⋅ d e ⋅ sin (2ω 0 t ) + sin (4ω 0 t ) + sin (2ω 0 t ) − sin (4ω 0 t ) + =
4 8 4 8
1 1
+ 6 ⋅ − cos (4ω 0 t )
8 8
3 1
= A 4 ⋅ − cos(4ω 0 t ) + 2 ⋅ d o ⋅ d e ⋅ sin (2ω 0 t )
2 2
1
cos(4ω 0 t ) este o componentă spectrală discretă pe frecvenţa ω 0 fără date.
2
După FTB din semnal va rămâne:
A4
s (t ) = cos(4ω 0 t )
2
După circuitul de divizare a frecvenţei cu 4:
A4
s (t ) = cos(ω 0 t ) ⇒ s-a refăcut purtătoarea semnalului QPSK, deci
2
circuitul poate fi folosit pentru refacerea purtătoarei.
23
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Seminarul 3
Rezolvare:
Statistic:
24
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
+∞ π
1 A π
E{X (t )} = ∫ X (t ) ⋅ fφ (ϕ )dϕ =
−∞
∫π A ⋅ cos (ω t + ϕ ) ⋅ 2π dϕ = 2π ⋅ sin (ω t + ϕ ) π
−
0 0 −
=0
π
A2 A2
∞
1 1 1
{ }
E X (t ) = ∫ X (t ) ⋅ f φ (ϕ )dϕ = ∫ A ⋅ + ⋅ cos[2(ω 0 t + ϕ )] ⋅
2 2 2
dϕ = ⋅ 2π =
−∞ −π 2 2 2π 4π 2
a+b a −b
sin a − sin b = 2 cos sin
2 2
1 + cos 2a
cos 2 a =
2
Temporal:
+T
1
X (t ) = lim
T →∞ 2T
−T
∫ A ⋅ cos(ω t + ϕ )dt = 0
0
A2
+T
1
X 2 (t ) = lim ∫ A ⋅ cos (ω0t + ϕ )dt =
2 2
T →∞ 2T 2
−T
Observaţie:
1) Mediile statistice şi temporale sunt identice de aceea procesul este
ergodic.
2) Momentele de ordin 1 şi 2 nu depind de timp, deci procesul este cel
puţin SSL. Pentru SSS trebuie calculat şi momentul de ordin „n”
+T
1
X (t ) = lim ∫A ⋅ cos n (ω 0 t + ϕ )dt
n n
T →∞ 2T
−T
25
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1 n −1
In = cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + ⋅ I n −2
n n
b)
π
1
R x (t , t + τ ) = E{X (t ) ⋅ X (t + τ )} = ∫π A
2
⋅ cos(ω 0 t + ϕ )cos[ω 0 (t + τ ) + ϕ ] ⋅ dϕ =
−
2π
2 π
A 1 A2 A2
= ⋅ ⋅ ∫ [cos (ω 0 ⋅ (2t + τ ) + 2ϕ ) + cos (ω 0τ )]dϕ = ⋅ cos (ω 0τ ) ⋅ 2π = ⋅ cos(ω 0τ )
2π 2 −π 4π 2
A2
S x (ω ) = ℑ{R x (τ )} = ⋅ π ⋅ [δ (ω − ω 0 ) + δ (ω + ω 0 )]
2
c)
1 2 π π
π π = π , ϕ ∈ − 4 , 4
f φ (ϕ ) = +
4 4
0, rest
π
4
2 2A π /4 2A π π
E{X (t )} = ∫
π
A ⋅ cos(ω 0 t + ϕ ) ⋅
π
dϕ =
π
⋅ sin (ω 0 t + ϕ ) −π / 4 = ⋅ sin ω 0 t + − sin ω 0 t − =
π 4 4
−
4
4A π 2A 2
= ⋅ sin (ω 0 t ) ⋅ sin = ⋅ sin (ω 0 t )
π 4 π
π /4 π /4
2 2 1 1 1 A A2
{
E X (t ) =
2
} ∫ A ⋅ cos (ω 0 t + ϕ ) ⋅
2 2
π
dϕ = ∫ A ⋅ +
2 2 cos 2 ⋅ (ω 0 t + ϕ ) ⋅
2π dϕ = +
2 π
⋅ sin (2ω 0 t )
−π / 4 −π / 4
Observaţie:
26
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Observaţie:
Nu se poate calcula DSmP când avem două variabile de timp → se face
medierea:
A2
R x (ω ) = E {X (t ) ⋅ X (t + τ )} = ⋅ cos (ω 0 ⋅ t ) - funcţia medie de autocorelaţie
2
A2
S x (ω ) = ⋅ π ⋅ [δ (ω − ω 0 ) + δ (ω + ω 0 )] - DSmP
2
+∞ +∞
1 1 2 1
BN = ⋅ ⋅ ∫ H (ω ) dω = 2 ∫ h 2 (t )dt
H 2 (0) 2π −∞ H (0 ) −∞
27
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Rezolvare:
1 1
a) H (ω ) = =
1 + jωRC 1 + jωθ
2 N0 1
Conform teoremei Wiener – Hincin: W y (ω ) = W (ω ) ⋅ H (ω ) = ⋅
2 1 + ω 2 ⋅θ 2
2α
Se cunoaşte: e −α t ↔
α +ω22
1 1
N 2 2⋅
N 0 −θ ⋅ τ
1 τ
θ N θ N 0 − RC
R y (τ ) = ℑ {W y (ω )} = ℑ
−1 −1 0
⋅ ⋅ −1
=ℑ
0
⋅ = ⋅e = e
2 2 1 4θ 1 4θ 4 RC
θ ⋅ 2 + ω +ω
2 2
θ θ2
b) E{y (t )} = 0
N0
{ }
E y 2 (t ) = R y (0) =
4 RC
c)
∞ +∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 π 1
BN = 2
⋅ ⋅2⋅∫ 2 2
dω = ∫1+ x 2
dx = ⋅ arctg ( x ) 0 = ⋅ = ⋅
1 2π 0 1 + ω ⋅θ θ ⋅π 0 πRC πRC 2 2 RC
28
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1
a) In = an , an ∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) = ;
2
3 1
b) In = an , an ∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) = ;
4 4
3 1
c) In = an , an ∈ {0,1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = 1) = ;
4 2
1
d) In = an + an-2 , an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) = ;
2
1
e) In = an - an-2, an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) = ;
2
1
f) In = an + an-2, an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = -1) = ;
2
1
g) In = an - an-2, an∈ {0,1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = 1) = ;
2
Să se determine funcţia de autocorelaţie a secvenţei si DSmp a semnalului
x(t). Ce se întâmplă dacă cele două valori ale lui { an } nu sunt egal
probabile?
Rezolvare:
2 2
G (ω ) ∞ G(ω ) 2 ∞
∑ raa [k ] ⋅ e ⋅ σ a + ma ∑ e − jkωT =
2
S x (ω ) = ⋅ − jkωT
=
T k = −∞ T k = −∞
2 2 2
G(ω ) 2 2 2π
∞
2π G(ω ) 2 2π
∞
2π 2π
∑ ⋅ σ a + ma ⋅ 2 ⋅ ∑ G k ⋅
2
= ⋅ σ a + ma ⋅ δ ω − k ⋅ = ⋅ δ ω − k ⋅
T T k = −∞ T T T k =−∞ T T
unde:
2
G(ω ) 2
⋅σ a reprezintă partea continuă a lui S x (ω ) , iar
T
2
2π ∞ 2π 2π
ma ⋅ 2 ⋅ ∑ G k ⋅
2
⋅δ ω − k ⋅ partea discretă. S-a folosit egalitatea:
T k =−∞ T T
2 2
rii [k ] = σ a ⋅ δ [k ] + ma .
29
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{
rxx (0 ) = E x(n )
2
}
2
σ x 2 = rxx (0) − m x
2π
În expresia DSmP se foloseşte egalitatea ω 0 = :
T
∞
2π ∞
∑
k = −∞
e − jkωT = ⋅ ∑ δ (ω − k ⋅ ω 0 )
T k =−∞
Aceasta se poate demonstra în felul următor. Se porneşte de la expresia
funcţionalei delta periodică:
∞
δ T (t ) = ∑ δ (t − k ⋅ T )
k = −∞
∞ ∞
S δ (ω ) = ∑ ℑ(δ (t − kT )) =
k = −∞
∑e
k = −∞
− jkωT
Egalând cele două expresii ale spectrului se obţine egalitatea de mai sus,
cunoscută şi sub numele de formula de sumare Poisson.
30
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1
a) In = an , an ∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) =
2
1 1
m I = ma = E{a n } = ⋅ 1 + ⋅ (− 1) = 0
2 2
1 2 1
σ I 2 = σa2 2
= ⋅ 1 + ⋅ (− 1) = 1
2 2
T T
− jω ωT
G(ω ) = ∫ e − jωt dt = T ⋅ e 2
⋅ sin c
0 2
ωT
2 T 2 ⋅ sin c 2
G (ω ) 2 − jkωT
∞
2 ωT
+ ma ∑ e
2
S x (ω ) = ⋅ σ a = = T ⋅ sin c 2
T k = −∞ T 2
31
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
3 1
b) In = an , an ∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) =
4 4
3 1 1
m I = ma = E{a n } = ⋅ 1 + ⋅ (− 1) =
4 4 2
2
2 2 3 1 2 1 3
σI =σa = ⋅ 12 + ⋅ (− 1) − =
4 4 2 4
3 ωT 1 2π ∞ ωT 2π
S x (ω ) = ⋅ T ⋅ sin c 2 + ⋅ 2 ⋅ ∑ T ⋅ sin c k ⋅ ⋅ δ ω − k ⋅ =
4 2 4 T k =−∞ 2 T
3 ωT π
= ⋅ T ⋅ sin c 2 + 2 ⋅ δ (ω )
4 2 2T
3 1
c) In = an , an ∈ {0,1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = 1) =
4 2
1 1 1
m I = ma = E{a n } = ⋅ 0 + ⋅1 =
2 2 2
2
2 2 1 1 1 1
σI =σa = ⋅ 0 2 + ⋅ 12 − =
2 2 2 4
T ωT π
S x (ω ) = ⋅ sin c 2 + 2
⋅ δ (ω )
4 2 2T
32
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1
d) In = an + an-2 , an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) =
2
2
G (ω ) ∞
Este mai uşor de folosit formula: S x (ω ) =
T
⋅ ∑ r [k ] ⋅ e
k = −∞
aa
− jkωT
ωT ωT
S x (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2 (
⋅ 2+e
− j 2ωT
)
+ e j 2ωT = T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ (2 + 2 cos (2ωT )) =
2 2
ωT 2 ωT
= 2 ⋅ T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ (1 + cos(2ωT )) = 4 ⋅ T ⋅ sin c ⋅ cos (ωT )
2
2 2
33
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
1 + cos(2 ⋅ x )
cos 2 x =
2
1
e) In = an - an-2, an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 1) = p(an = -1) =
2
rII [k ] = E{I n ⋅ I n +k } = E {(a n − a n−2 ) ⋅ (a n+ k − a n +k −2 )} = 2raa [k ] − raa [k − 2] − raa [k + 2] =
2, k = 0
= − 1, k ± 2
0, rest
ωT ωT
S x (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2
2
(
⋅ 2−e
− j 2ωT
)
− e j 2ωT = 4 ⋅ T ⋅ sin c 2
2
⋅ sin (ωT )
2
1 − cos(2 ⋅ x )
unde s-a utilizat formula sin 2 x =
2
Pentru reprezentarea grafică se ţine cont de faptul că:
π
sin (ωT ) = 0 ↔ ωT = n ⋅ π ⇒ ω = n ⋅
T
34
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Cazul e) este mai bun decât cazul d) deoarece se observă in zero absenţa
componentei continue care ar duce la consum mai mare de putere.
1
f) In = an + an-2, an∈ { ± 1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = -1) =
2
De data aceasta media nefiind nulă şi folosind formula rII [k ] = ma 2 + σ a 2 ⋅ δ [k ]
se obţine:
Va rezulta
1 1 1
rII [k ] = ⋅ δ [k ] + ⋅ δ [k + 2] + ⋅ δ [k − 2]
2 4 4
35
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
ωT 1 1 − j 2ωT 1 j 2ωT 2 ωT 1 1
S x (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ + ⋅e + ⋅e = T ⋅ sin c ⋅ + ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos (2ωT ) =
2 2 4 4 2 2 4
ωT
= T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ cos (ωT )
2
2
1
g) In = an - an-2, an∈ {0,1}, p(an = 0) = p(an = 1) =
2
rII [k ] = 2raa [k ] − raa [k + 2] − raa [k − 2] =
( 2 2
) ( 2 2
) ( 2 2
= 2 ⋅ ma + σ a ⋅ δ [k ] − ma + σ a ⋅ δ [k + 2] − ma + σ a ⋅ δ [k − 2] = )
2 2 2
= 2 ⋅ σ a ⋅ δ [k ] + σ a ⋅ δ [k + 2] + σ a ⋅ δ [k − 2]
1 1 1
ma = ⋅ 0 + ⋅1 =
2 2 2
1 1 1
σ a 2 = ⋅ (− 1)2 + ⋅ 12 =
2 2 4
1 1 1
rII [k ] = ⋅ δ [k ] − ⋅ δ [k + 2] − ⋅ δ [k − 2]
2 4 4
ωT 1 1 − j 2ωT 1 j 2ωT 2 ωT 1 1
S x (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ − ⋅e − ⋅e = T ⋅ sin c ⋅ − ⋅ cos(2ωT ) =
2 2 4 4 2 2 2
ωT
= T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ sin (ωT )
2
2
36
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Seminarul 4
37
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
IIS = q[− 2] ⋅ a[n + 2] + q[− 1]⋅ a[n + 1] + q[1] ⋅ a[n − 1] + q[2] ⋅ a[n − 2] + q[3] ⋅ a[n − 3] =
[n2+4
= −0,2 ⋅ a1 32] − 0,4 ⋅ a1
[n2+31] + 0,6 ⋅ a1[n2−31] − 0,3 ⋅ a1[n2−32] + 0,1 ⋅ a1[n2−33] ⇒
+14
12 3 +1 3
12 −1 3
12 +1 3
12 −1 3
12
−1 −1 +1 −1 +1
1 1
⇒ P (IIS = max .) = 2 ⋅ 5
= 4
2 2
Cele două secvenţe care conduc la IIS max sunt: (+1 +1 -1 +1 -1) şi (-1 -1
+1 -1 +1). IIS maxim poate avea două valori egale în modul: +1,6 şi -1,6. De
aceea pentru probabilitatea de apariţie s-a luat: 2*1/25.
b) [n2+4
IIS = −0,2 ⋅ a1 32] − 0,4 ⋅ a1
[n2+31] + 0,6 ⋅ a1[n2−31] − 0,3 ⋅ [1 2] + 0,1 ⋅ a1
−3
n2 [n2−33]
0 0 13
12 0 1 3
12
1243 12 3 12 3
1 1 0 1 0
38
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
T , ω ≤ (1 − α ) ⋅ ω N
T T
Q(ω ) = ⋅ 1 − sin ⋅ ( ω − (1 − α ) ⋅ ω N ) , (1 − α ) ⋅ ω N ≤ ω ≤ (1 + α ) ⋅ ω N
2 2α
0, ω ≥ (1 + α ) ⋅ ω
N
39
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
cos(α ⋅ ω N ⋅ t ) π
q (t ) = sin c(ω N t ) ⋅ 2
cu ω N =
ω T
1− 2 ⋅α ⋅ N ⋅ t
π
cos(α ⋅ ω N ⋅ n ⋅ T )
q (nT ) = sin c(ω N ⋅ n ⋅ T ) ⋅ 2
⇒
ωN
1 − 2 ⋅α ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅T
π
π T α ⋅ n ⋅π
ωN =
π cos α ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅ cos
T T π T T 2 n ⋅π 2
q (nT1 ) = q n = sin c ⋅ n ⋅ ⋅ 2
= sin c ⋅ 2
2 T 2 π 1 T 2 1 − (α ⋅ n )
1 − 2 ⋅α ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅
T π 2
Se vor obţine valorile:
q[0] = 1 q[1] = 0,6002 q[2] = +∞! q[3] = −0,12004 .... ⇒ IIS = +∞!
3 2T
R2 = ⋅ Rmax ⇒ T2 =
2 3
1 π 2T n ⋅π
cos ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅ cos
π 2T 2 T 3 2π ⋅ n 3
q (n ⋅ T2 ) = sin c ⋅ n ⋅ ⋅ 2
= sin c ⋅ 2
T 3 1 π 2T 3 2n
1− ⋅ ⋅ n ⋅ 1−
π T 3 3
Se vor obţine valorile:
40
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
q[0] = 1 , q[1] = 0,3721 , q[2] = −0,1329 , q[3] = 0 , q[4] = 0,0085 , q[5] = 0,0041 ,
q[6] = 0 , q[7] = −0,0014 , q[8] = −0,0009 , q[9] = 0 , q[10] = 0,0005
+∞
Va rezulta: IIS = ∑ q[n] = 0,52
n =1
Rezolvare:
2α
Indicaţie: q (t ) = e
−α ⋅ t
↔ Q(ω ) =
α +ω2
2
90
E 90% = ⋅ E , E= energia totală a semnalului
100
2
4α 2
∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
1 2 1 2α 1
∫ q (t )dt = ⋅ ∫ Q(ω ) dω = ⋅ ∫ 2 ∫
2
E= dω = ⋅ dω
−∞ 2π −∞ 2π −∞ α + ω 2 π 0 ω 2
2
4
α ⋅ 1 +
α
ω 1
Se notează = x ⇒ dx = dω . Înlocuind în ecuaţia de mai sus, se obţine:
α α
+∞ +∞
4 α 4 1
E=
π ⋅α 2
⋅ ∫ (1 + x )
0
2 2
dx =
π ⋅α
⋅ ∫ (1 + x )
0
2 2
dx
1
Se face schimbarea de variabilă: x = tg (u ) ⇒ dx = du . Va rezulta:
cos 2 u
41
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
π /2 π /2
4 1 1 4 cos 4 u 1
E=
π ⋅α
⋅ ∫ (1 + tg u )
0
2 2
⋅ 2
cos u
du =
π ⋅α
⋅ ∫ (sin
0
2
u + cos u 2
)2
⋅
cos 2 u
du =
π /2 π /2
4 4 1 + cos 2u 4 1 π 1
∫ cos (u )du = π ⋅ α ⋅ ∫ 2 du = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ α ⋅ α ⋅ 2 = α
2
= ⋅
π ⋅α 0 0
ω1 2 ω1 / α arctg (ω1 / α )
1 2α 4 1 4 1 + cos 2u
E 90%
= ⋅ ∫ 2 2
dω = ⋅ ∫ (1 + x ) dx = ⋅ ∫ du =
π 0 α +ω π ⋅α 2 0
2 2 π ⋅α 0 2
2 ω 1 ω 2 ω
= ⋅ arctg 1 ⋅ + ⋅ sin 2 ⋅ arctg 1 ≅ ⋅ arctg 1
π ⋅α α 2 α π ⋅ α α
90
Folosind relaţia E 90% = ⋅ E rezultă:
100
2 ω 90 1 ω 3π
⋅ arctg 1 = ⋅ ⇒ arctg 1 = ⇒ ω1 = α ⋅ 6,3137
α ⋅π α 100 α α 2
π
ω1 = ω N ⋅ (1 + α ) = 1,5 ⋅ ω N = 1,5 ⋅
T
ω1 = α ⋅ 6,3137
1
π ⇒ α = 0,74636 ⋅
ω1 = 1,5 ⋅ T
T
Eşantioanele:
q[nT ] = e −0, 74636⋅n ⇒ q[0] = 1, q[1] = 0,4741, q[2] = 0,2248, q[3] = 0,1066, q[4] = 0,0505, q[5] = 0,0239,
6
q[6] = 0,0114, q[7 ] = 0,0054 ⇒ IIS = 2 ⋅ ∑ q (n ) = 1,7932
n =1
Seminarul 5
42
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Rezolvare:
a) Se doreşte obţinerea unui răspuns de forma s(t ) = f (sin c(ω N t )) . Acest tip de
ωN
dependenţă asigură IIS=0 la Rmax = .
π
Soluţia de bandă minimă spune că filtrul trebuie să fie de forma:
43
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
Dacă nu se poate obţine un astfel de filtru, atunci trebuie folosit un filtru care
să respecte principiul “plierii imaginii” din care să se poată reveni la
caracteristica de bandă minimă.
Pentru a găsi un răspuns (o funcţie pondere) s(t ) ~ sin c(ω x t ) trebuie ca
răspunsul în frecvenţă S (ω ) să provină de la un semnal poartă p x (ω ) . Se
separă S (ω ) în două funcţii şi pe baza proprietăţii de liniaritate a
transformatei Fourier:
S (ω ) = S1 (ω ) + S 2 (ω ) ↔ s(t ) = s1 (t ) + s 2 (t )
Indicaţie:
Analizăm pe rând S1 (ω ) şi S 2 (ω ) :
44
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
2ω − ω ∆ 3ω1 − ω 2
a= 1 =
a − b = ω1 − ω ∆ 2 2
⇒
a + b = ω1 b = ω ∆ = ω 2 − ω1
2 2
Va rezulta:
T 1
S1 (ω ) = ⋅ ⋅ p 3ω1 −ω2 (ω ) * p ω2 −ω1 (ω )
2 ω 2 − ω1
2⋅ 2 2
2
3ω − ω1
a= 2
a − b = ω 2 2
⇒
a + b = ω 2 + ω ∆ b = ω 2 − ω1
2
45
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
T 1
S 2 (ω ) = ⋅ ⋅ p 3ω2 −ω1 (ω ) * p ω 2 −ω1 (ω )
2 ω 2 − ω1
2⋅ 2 2
2
1
X 1 (t ) ⋅ X 2 (t ) ↔ ⋅ X 1 (ω ) * X 2 (ω ) ⇒ X 1 (ω ) * X 2 (ω ) ↔ 2π ⋅ x1 (t ) ⋅ x 2 (t )
2π
p a (ω ) * pb (ω ) ↔ 2π ⋅ p a (t ) ⋅ pb (t )
Rezultă:
3ω − ω 2 ω − ω1
sin 1 t sin 2 t
T 2 2
s1 (t ) = ⋅ 2π ⋅ ⋅
2 ⋅ (ω 2 − ω1 ) π ⋅t π ⋅t
3ω − ω1 ω − ω1
sin 2 t sin 2 t
T 2 2
s 2 (t ) = ⋅ 2π ⋅ ⋅
2 ⋅ (ω 2 − ω1 ) π ⋅t π ⋅t
ω − ω1
sin 2 t
s(t ) = s1 (t ) + s2 (t ) =
T ⋅ 2 ⋅π 2 ⋅ sin 3ω1 − ω 2 t + sin 3ω 2 − ω1 t =
⋅
2 ⋅ (ω 2 − ω1 ) 2
π ⋅t 2
2 2
ω − ω1 3ω1 − ω 2 + 3ω 2 − ω1 3ω1 − ω 2 − 3ω 2 + ω1
sin 2 t
T ⋅ 2 ⋅π 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin 2 ⋅ cos 2
= ⋅ t t
4 ⋅π 2 ⋅t 2 ω 2 − ω1 2 2
⋅t
2
T ⋅ 2 ⋅π ω − ω1 ω + ω2
s (t ) = 2
⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ t ⋅ 2 ⋅ sin 1 ⋅ t ⋅ cos((ω1 − ω 2 ) ⋅ t ) =
4 ⋅π ⋅ t 2 2
T ⋅ 2⋅π ω − ω1 ω + ω1
= 2
⋅ (ω1 + ω 2 ) ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ t ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ t ⋅ cos ((ω1 − ω 2 ) ⋅ t ) =
4 ⋅π 2 2
T ω − ω1 ω + ω1
= ⋅ (ω1 + ω 2 ) ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ t ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ t ⋅ cos((ω1 − ω 2 ) ⋅ t )
2 ⋅π 2 2
46
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
a+b a−b
S-a folosit formula: sin a + sin b = 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos
2 2
Pentru a se asigura IIS=0 există două posibilităţi:
ω1 + ω 2 2π
• ωN ' = ⇒T' =
2 ω1 + ω 2
ω 2 − ω1 2π
• ω N '' = ⇒ T '' =
2 ω 2 − ω1
47
Transmisiuni de date pe canale radio
ω + ω2
a= 1
a − b = ω1 2
⇒
a + b = ω 2 b = ω 2 − ω1
2
ω + ω2 ω − ω2
sin 1 ⋅ t sin 1 ⋅t
1 1 2 2
C (ω ) = ⋅ p ω1 +ω2 (ω ) * p ω1 −ω2 (ω ) ↔ c(t ) = ⋅ 2π ⋅ ⋅
ω − ω1 ω 2 − ω1 π ⋅t π ⋅t
2⋅ 2 2 2
2
CARACTERISTICA GLOBALĂ:
F (ω ) = S (ω ) ⋅ C (ω )
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Prin identificare:
a − b = ω1 − ω ∆ a = ω1
⇒
a + b = ω1 + ω ∆ b = ω ∆ = ω 2 − ω1
T 1
F (ω ) = ⋅ ⋅ pω1 (ω ) * pω2 −ω1 (ω ) ⇒
2 ω 2 − ω1
π ⋅ T sin (ω1 ⋅ t ) sin ((ω 2 − ω1 ) ⋅ t ) ω1 ⋅ T
⇒ f (t ) = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ sin c[(ω 2 − ω1 ) ⋅ t ] ⋅ sin c(ω1 ⋅ t )
ω 2 − ω1 π ⋅t π ⋅t π
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Rezolvare:
( )
Q(ω ) = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ H Z e jωt , H Z ( z ) = H (D ) D= z −1
N −1
I. H Z ( z ) = ∑ q n ⋅ z −n = q0 ⋅ z 0 + q1 ⋅ z −1 = 1 + z −1
n= 0
N −1
bk = ∑ q n ⋅ a k −n = q 0 ⋅ a k + q1 ⋅ a k −1 = a k + a k −1
n= 0
T
− jω ωT
( ) ( )
Q1 (ω ) = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ H Z e jωt = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ 1 + e − jωT = 2 ⋅ e 2
⋅ cos ⋅ pω N (ω )
2
N −1
II. H Z ( z ) = ∑ q n ⋅ z −n = q0 ⋅ z 0 + q1 ⋅ z −1 + q 2 ⋅ z −2 = 1 + 2 z −1 + z −2
n= 0
N −1
bk = ∑ q n ⋅ a k −n = q 0 ⋅ a k + q1 ⋅ a k −1 + q 2 ⋅ a k −2 = a k + 2a k −1 + a k −2
n= 0
( ) (
Q2 (ω ) = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ e − jωT + e −2 jωT = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ 1 + e − jωT )2
=
ωT
= T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ 4 ⋅ e − jωT ⋅ cos 2
2
N −1
III. H Z ( z ) = ∑ q n ⋅ z −n = q0 ⋅ z 0 + q1 ⋅ z −1 + q 2 ⋅ z −2 = 1 − z −2
n= 0
N −1
bk = ∑ q n ⋅ a k −n = q 0 ⋅ a k + q1 ⋅ a k −1 + q 2 ⋅ a k −2 = a k − a k −2
n= 0
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( )
Q3 (ω ) = T ⋅ pω N (ω ) ⋅ 1 − e − j 2ωT = 2 jT ⋅ sin (ωT ) ⋅ pω N (ω )
b) I. bk = a k + a k −1 , a k ∈ {± d }
ak a k −1 bk
d d 2d
d -d 0
-d d 0
-d -d -2d
bk ∈ {− 2d ,0,2d }
1 1 1
p (bk = −2d ) = p(a k = − d ∧ a k −1 = − d ) = ⋅ =
2 2 4
1 1 1
p (bk = 2d ) = p(a k = d ∧ a k −1 = d ) = ⋅ =
2 2 4
1 1 1
p (bk = 0 ) = + =
4 4 2
II. bk = a k + 2a k −1 + a k −2
ak a k −1 a k −2 bk
d d d 4d
d d -d 2d
d -d d 0
-d d d 2d
-d -d d -2d
-d d -d 0
d -d -d -2d
-d -d -d -4d
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bk ∈ {0,±2d ,±4d }
1
p (bk = ±2d ) =
4
p (bk = 0 ) = p(a k = d ∧ a k −1 = − d ∧ a k −2 = d ) + p(a k = − d ∧ a k −1 = d ∧ a k −2 = − d ) =
1 1 1
= + =
8 8 4
1
p (bk = ±4d ) =
8
III. bk = a k − a k −2
ak a k −2 bk
d d 0
d -d 2d
-d d -2d
-d -d 0
bk ∈ {0,±2d }
1
p (bk = ±2d ) =
4
1 1 1
p (bk = 0 ) = + =
4 4 2
2
G(ω )
c) S (ω ) = ⋅ ∑ rbb [k ] ⋅ e − jωkT
T k
T
− jω ωT
g (t ) = σ (t ) − σ (t − T ) ⇒ G(ω ) = T ⋅ e 2
⋅ sin c
2
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I. bk = a k + a k −1
rbb [k ] = E{bn ⋅ bn +k } = E{(a n + a n −1 )(a n + k + a n + k −1 )} = 2raa [k ] + raa [k − 1] + raa [k + 1] =
2, k = 0
= 1, k = ±1
0, rest
T2 ωT ωT
S (ω ) = ⋅ sin c 2 (
⋅ 2 + e
− jω T
)
+ e jωT = T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (1 + cos(ωT )) =
T 2 2
ωT 2 ωT
= 4T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ cos
2 2
II. bk = a k + 2a k −1 + a k −2
rbb [k ] = E{bn ⋅ bn +k } = E{(a n + 2a n −1 + a n −2 )(a n+ k + 2a n + k −1 + a n +k −2 )} =
= 6raa [k ] + 4raa [k − 1] + 4raa [k + 1] + raa [k − 2] + raa [k + 2] =
6, k = 0
4, k = ±1
=
1, k = ±2
0, rest
ωT
S (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2
2
(
⋅ 6 + 4⋅e
− jωT
+ 4 ⋅ e jωT + e − j 2ωT + e j 2ωT = )
ωT
= 2T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ (3 + 4 cos (ωT ) + cos(2ωT ))
2
III. bk = a k − a k −2
rbb [k ] = E{bn ⋅ bn +k } = E{(a n − a n −2 )(a n +k − a n +k −2 )} = 2raa [k ] − raa [k − 2] − raa [k + 2] =
2, k = 0
= − 1, k = ±2
0, rest
ωT ωT
S (ω ) = T ⋅ sin c 2 (
⋅ 2 − e
− jω T
)
− e jωT = 4T ⋅ sin c 2 ⋅ sin (ωT )
2
2 2
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H (D ) = 1 + 2 D + D 2
Sursa generează simbolurile c k ∈ {0,1,2,3} v.a.i.i.d. egal probabile
1
p (c k = i ) = ,0 ≤ i ≤ 3 .
4
a) să se implementeze filtrele digitale care realizează precodarea,
respectiv codarea corelativă
b) să se indice o modalitate de refacere a informaţiei transmise pe baza
eşantioanelor estimate bˆk , cˆk
c) să se determine valoarea eşantioanelor p k , a k , bk , ck dacă secvenţa
generată de sursă este ck = {1;3;2;2;1;0;3;2;1}
Rezolvare:
a) PRECODAREA:
1
G(D ) = , M= 4 (4 valori poate lua ck )
H (D ) mod M
1
G( z ) = 1
H (z ) mod 4 ⇒ G (z ) = −1 −2
= H −1 (z )
1 + 2 z + z mod 4
H ( z ) = H ( D ) D = z −1
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Se ştie că:
P (z ) 1
G( z ) = = ⇒
(
C ( z ) 1 + 2 z + z −2
−1
) mod 4
[
⇒ P ( z ) + 2 z ⋅ P( z ) + z
−1 −2
⋅ P( z ) ] mod 4
= C (z ) − 2 z −1 ⋅ P(z ) − P (z ) ⇒
⇒ p k = (c k − 2 p k −1 − p k −2 ) mod 4
TRANSLAŢIA DE NIVEL:
Trebuie trecut de la valori diverse la praguri fixe (ex: d - marginea de
zgomot):
pk → ak
3 → 3d
a k = (2 p k − 3) ⋅ d
2→d ⇒ a k ∈ {± 3d ,± d }
p k ∈ {0,1,2,3}
1 → −d
0 → −3d
CODAREA:
B( z )
H (D ) = 1 + 2 D + D 2 ⇒ H (z ) = 1 + 2 z −1 + z −2 = ⇒
A( z )
⇒ B (z ) = A( z ) + 2 ⋅ z −1 ⋅ A(z ) + z −2 ⋅ A(z ) ⇒ bk = a k + 2a k −1 + a k −2
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b) DEMODULAREA:
bk = a k + 2a k −1 + a k −2
⇒ bk = d ⋅ (2 p k − 3) + 2d ⋅ (2 p k −1 − 3) + d ⋅ (2 p k −2 − 3) ⇒
a k = (2 p k − 3)d
⇒ bk = d ⋅ [2 p k − 3 + 4 p k −1 − 6 + 2 p k −2 − 3] = 2d ⋅ ( p k +2 p k −1 + p k −2 − 6)
p k = (c k − 2 p k −1 − p k −2 ) mod 4 ⇒ c k = (c k + 2 p k −1 + p k −2 ) mod 4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ck 1 3 2 2 1 0 3 2 1
pk = (ck − 2 pk −1 − pk −2 ) mod 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 1 3 2
1 3 2 2 1 0 3 2 1
bˆ
cˆ k = k + 2
2d
mod 4
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Seminarul 6
2. d 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) − ϕ1 (t ) ⋅ s 2 , ϕ1
s 2 (t )
ϕ 2 (t ) =
s2 , s2
3. d 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) − ϕ1 (t ) ⋅ s3 , ϕ1 − ϕ 2 (t ) ⋅ s3 , ϕ 2
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Rezolvare:
a)
T
2 2 s1 (t )
1. s1 , s1 = ∫ U 0 dt =U 0 ⋅ T ⇒ ϕ1 (t ) = ⇒ s1 (t ) = U 0 T ⋅ ϕ1 (t )
0 U0 T
s1 (t ) s1 (t )
d 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) − ϕ1 (t ) ⋅ s 2 , ϕ1 = s 2 (t ) − s2 , =
U0 T U0 T
2.
s1 (t )
= s 2 (t ) − 2
s 2 , s1 = s 2 (t )
U 0 ⋅T
Semnalele s1 (t ) şi s 2 (t ) fiind ortogonale, produsul lor scalar este nul.
T /2 T
2 2 2 s 2 (t )
s2 , s2 = ∫ U 0 dt + ∫ U 0 dt = U 0 ⋅ T ⇒ ϕ 2 (t ) =
0 T /2 U0 T
⇒ s 2 (t ) = U 0 T ⋅ ϕ 2 (t )
d 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) − ϕ1 (t ) ⋅ s3 , ϕ1 − ϕ 2 (t ) ⋅ s3 , ϕ 2 =
3. s1 (t ) s 2 (t )
= − s1 (t ) − 2
s1 ,− s1 − 2
s2 ,− s1 = 0
U0 ⋅T U0 ⋅T
ϕ 3 (t ) = 0
s3 (t ) = − s1 (t ) ⇒ s3 (t ) = −U 0 T ⋅ φ1 (t )
Deoarece
s 4 (t ) = − s 2 (t ) ⇒ s 4 (t ) = −U 0 T ⋅ φ 2 (t )
Deci se poate scrie:
s1 (t ) = U 0 T ⋅ ϕ1 (t )
s 2 (t ) = U 0 T ⋅ ϕ 2 (t )
s3 (t ) = −U 0 T ⋅ φ1 (t )
s4 (t ) = −U 0 T ⋅ φ2 (t )
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S-a notat: d = 2 ⋅ U 0 T = U 0 2T
Rotirea şi translaţia nu afectează probabilitatea de eroare. Translaţia
constelaţiei afectează energia medie a semnalelor. Se poate deci realiza o
translaţie şi o rotaţie convenabilă.
Se presupune: y(t ) = s(t ) + n(t ) , unde n(t ) e componenta de zgomot.
Pc reprezintă probabilitatea de recepţie corectă, iar Pe probabilitatea de
recepţie eronată.
d d
Pc1 = P n1 > − , n2 > −
2 2
2
2 d d d d
Pe1 = 1 − Pc1 = 1 − Q − = 1 − 1 − Q = Q ⋅ 2 − Q
2σ 2σ 2σ 2σ
Pentru întreaga constelaţie:
2 2 2 2
1 2T ⋅ U 0 ⋅ 2 − Q U 0 ⋅ T = Q U 0 ⋅ T ⋅ 2 − Q U 0 ⋅ T
Pe = 4 ⋅ ⋅ Pe1 = Q
4 N0 N0 N0 N0
4⋅
2
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Observaţie:
Folosind semnalele:
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1 0
0 1
Matricea de ponderare: M = ⋅ U 0 T = si (ϕ1ϕ 2 )
− 1 0
0 − 1
determinarea estimatului â 0 .
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62
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Rezolvare:
a) Alegem ca bază:
Ortonormare:
1
B2 ⋅ T = 1 → B =
T
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s (t ) = (2U
5 0 T ,2U 0 T )
s (t ) = (2U
6 0 T ,4U 0 T)
s (t ) = (3U
7 0 T ,U 0 T)
s (t ) = (3U
8 0 T ,3U 0 T)
s (t ) = (4U
9 0 T ,2U 0 T)
Se desenează constelaţia:
E = ⋅
( 2
) ( 2 2 2
) (
2 2
) (
2 2 2
) (
2
1 4d + 0 + d + d + d + 9d + 4d + 0 + 4d + 4d + 4d + 16d + ) ( )
=
( ) ( ) (
9 + 9d 2 + d 2 + 9d 2 + 9d 2 + 16d 2 + 16d 2 )
1 32 2 32 2
= ⋅ 96d 2 = d = U0 T
9 3 3
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a a b1 b
c) Pc = Q 1 − Q 2 ⋅ Q − Q 2
σ σ σ σ
1
Se cunosc: Q(0) = , Q(∞ ) = 0 , Q(− ∞ ) = 1 , Q(− x ) = 1 − Q(x )
2
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adaptat.
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67