COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device that takes input such as numbers, text, sound, image,
animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that could be
understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All numbers, text, sound,
images, animations, and video used as input are called data, and all numbers, text, sound, images,
animations, and video returned as output are called information. Input is the raw data entered
into the computer by using input devices.

 The data consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video.
 The process converts numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video (data) into usable
data, which is called information.
 The information consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video that has
been converted by the process.

 The data is inserted using an input device.

 The central processing unit (CPU) converts data to information.
 The information is put on an output device.
A storage device is an apparatus for storing data and information. A basic computer consists of 4
components: an input device , a CPU, output devices, and memory.

Basic characteristics about computer

1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations
that we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions
(1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second.
Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or
nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast your
computer performs work.
2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed
with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is 7.
determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
3. Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work
for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer
will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human
being in routine type of work.

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4. Versatility: - It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use
your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or
to prepare electric bills.
5. Power of Remembering: - Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or
data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of
years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to
lose or retrieve these data.
6. No IQ: - Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the
user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what
you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.
7. No Feeling: - It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it
does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.
8. Storage: - The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You
can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your
computer and can be carried to other computers.

Advantages of computer
Multitasking
Multitasking is one of the major advantage of computer. Person can perform multiple task,
multiple operation, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform
trillion of instructions per second.
Speed
Now computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has very important role in
human life. One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to
complete their task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because of
its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform the task.
Cost/ Stores huge amount of data
It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget. Centralized databaseof
storing information is the major advantage that can reduce cost.
Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with
accuracy.

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Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provide security from destructive
forces and from unwanted action from unauthorized users like cyberattack or access attack.

Disadvantage of Computer
Virus and hacking attacks
Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit
purpose. Virus is being transferred from email attachment, viewing an infected website
advertisement, through removable device like USB etc. once virus is transferred in host computer
it can infect file, overwrite the file etc.
For example: Huge portion of internet was going down including Twitter, Netflix, Reddit and
CNN in October 2016 because the largest DDoS attack was launched on service provider DYN
using IoT Botnet.
Online Cyber Crimes
Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit crime.
Cyberstalking and Identity theft are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes. For
example: one may get the access of the access to your shopping account like amazon account now
that person will be able to know your personal details like debit card or credit card number which
can be than misused.
Reduction in employment opportunity
Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the knowledge of computer they
faced a big problem when computer came in field. As we have seen in banking sector senior bank
employees faced this problem when computer came to the banking sector.
Above were the main disadvantage of computer, no IQ, Dependency, No feeling, Break down are
the basic disadvantages of computer.

TYPES OF COMPUTER

Supercomputer and Mainframe

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available.
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require
immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather
forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations,
(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and
analysis of geological data

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Mainframe was a term originally referring to the cabinet containing the central processor unit or
"main frame" of a room-filling Stone Age batch machine. After the emergence of smaller
"minicomputer" designs in the early 1970s, the traditional big iron machines were described as
"mainframe computers" and eventually just as mainframes. Nowadays a Mainframe is a very
large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a
supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas
a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. In some ways, mainframes
are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But
supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.

Minicomputer

It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and
small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and
workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from up to 200 users simultaneously.

Workstation

It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing,

software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of
computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. Workstations generally come
with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, at large amount of RAM, built-in network support,
and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk
drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk
drive. The most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like
personal computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However, workstations are
typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-
alone systems.

Personal computer:

It can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. In
price, personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred pounds to over five thousand
pounds. All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting,
desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At
home, the most popular use for personal computers is for playing games and recently for surfing
the Internet.

ANALOG COMPUTER

An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data. Analog computers store
data in a continuous form of physical quantities and perform calculations with the help of
measures. It is quite different from the digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers

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to represent results. Analog computers are excellent for situations which require data to be
measured directly without converting into numerals or codes. Analog computers, although
available and used in industrial and scientific applications like control systems and aircraft, have
been largely replaced by digital computers due to the wide range of complexities involved.

DIGITAL COMPUTER

A digital computer is machine that stores data in a numerical format and performs operations on
that data using mathematical manipulation. This type of computer typically includes some sort of
device to store information, some method for input and output of data, and components that
allow mathematical operations to be performed on stored data. Digital computers are almost
always electronic but do not necessarily need to be so.

OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts
as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application
code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS
function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a
computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
FUNCTIONS
1) Process Management : The Operating System also Treats the Process Management means
all the Processes those are given by the user or the Process those are System ‘s own Process are
Handled by the Operating System . The Operating System will Create the Priorities foe the user
and also Start or Stops the Execution of the Process and Also Makes the Child Process after
dividing the Large Processes into the Small Processes.
2) Memory Management: Operating System also Manages the Memory of the Computer System
means Provide the Memory to the Process and Also Deallocate the Memory from the Process. And
also defines that if a Process gets completed then this will deallocate the Memory from the
Processes.
3) Extended Machine : Operating System also behaves like an Extended Machine means
Operating system also Provides us Sharing of Files between Multiple Users, also Provides Some
Graphical Environments and also Provides Various Languages for Communications and also
Provides Many Complex Operations like using Many Hardware’s and Software’s.

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4) Mastermind: Operating System also performs Many Functions and for those Reasons we can
say that Operating System is a Mastermind. It provides Booting without an Operating System and
Provides Facility to increase the Logical Memory of the Computer System by using the Physical
Memory of the Computer System and also provides various Types of Formats Like NTFS and
FAT File Systems.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1) Serial Processing: The Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which Performs all the
instructions into a Sequence Manner or the Instructions those are given by the user will
be executed by using the FIFO Manner means First in First Out. All the Instructions those are
Entered First in the System will be Executed First and the Instructions those are Entered Later Will
be Executed Later. For Running the Instructions the Program Counter is used which is used
for Executing all the Instructions. .
2) Batch Processing: The Batch Processing is same as the Serial Processing Technique.But in
the Batch Processing Similar Types of jobs are Firstly Prepared and they are Stored on the Card.
and that card will be Submit to the System for the Processing. The System then Perform all the
Operations on the Instructions one by one. And a user can’t be Able to specify any input. And
Operating System wills increments his Program Counter for Executing the Next Instruction. .
The Speed of the Processing the Job will be Depend on the Jobs and the Results those are produced
by the System in difference of Time which is used for giving or submit the Job and the Time which
is used for Displaying the Results on the Screen.
3) Multi-Programming: As we know that in the Batch Processing System there are multiple jobs
Execute by the System. The System first prepare a batch and after that he will Execute all the jobs
those are Stored into the Batch. But the Main Problem is that if a process or job requires an Input
and Output Operation, then it is not possible and second there will be the wastage of the
Time when we are preparing the batch and the CPU will remain idle at that Time.
But With the help of Multi programming we can Execute Multiple Programs on the System
at a Time and in the Multi-programming the CPU will never get idle, because with the help of
Multi-Programming we can Execute Many Programs on the System and When we are Working
with the Program then we can also Submit the Second or Another Program for Running and the
CPU will then Execute the Second Program after the completion of the First Program. And in this
we can also specify our Input means a user can also interact with the System.
The Multi-programming Operating Systems never use any cards because the Process is entered on
the Spot by the user. But the Operating System also uses the Process of Allocation and De-
allocation of the Memory Means he will provide the Memory Space to all the Running and all
the Waiting Processes. There must be the Proper Management of all the Running Jobs.
4) Real Time System: There is also an Operating System which is known as Real Time Processing
System. In this Response Time is already fixed. Means time to Display the Results after Possessing

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has fixed by the Processor or CPU. Real Time System is used at those Places in which we Requires
higher and Timely Response. These Types of Systems are used in Reservation. So when we
specify the Request, the CPU will perform at that Time. There are two Types of Real Time
System.
1) Hard Real Time System: In the Hard Real Time System, Time is fixed and we can’t Change
any Moments of the Time of Processing. Means CPU will Process the data as we Enters the Data.
2) Soft Real Time System: In the Soft Real Time System, some Moments can be Change. Means
after giving the Command to the CPU, CPU Performs the Operation after a Microsecond.
5) Distributed Operating System. - Distributed Means Data is Stored and Processed on Multiple
Locations. When a Data is stored on to the Multiple Computers, those are placed in Different
Locations. Distributed means In the Network, Network Collections of Computers are connected
with Each other.
6) Multiprocessing: Generally a Computer has a Single Processor means a Computer have a just
one CPU for Processing the instructions. But if we are Running multiple jobs, then this will
decrease the Speed of CPU.
7) Parallel operating systems are used to interface multiple networked computers to complete
tasks in parallel. The architecture of the software is often a UNIX-based platform, which allows
it to coordinate distributed loads between multiple computers in a network.

COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which
allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with
each other using connections (data links) between nodes. These data links are established
over cable media such as wires or optic cables, or wireless media such as WiFi.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network
nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well
as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one
device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct
connection to each other. In most cases, application-specific communications protocols
are layered (i.e. carried as payload) over other more general communications protocols. This
formidable collection of information technology requires skilled network management to keep it
all running reliably

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 Types of Networks
LAN (Local Area Network)
A Local Area Network is a privately owned computer network covering a small Networks
geographical area, like a home, office, or groups of buildings e.g. a school Network. A LAN is
used to connect the computers and other network devices so that the devices can communicate
with each other to share the resources. The resources to be shared can be a hardware device like
printer, software like an application program or data. The size of LAN is usually small. The various
devices in LAN are connected to central devices called Hub or Switch using a cable.
Now-a-days LANs are being installed using wireless technologies. Such a system makes use of
access point or APs to transmit and receive data. One of the computers in a network can become a
server serving all the remaining computers called Clients.
For example, a library will have a wired or wireless LAN Network for users to interconnect local
networking devices e.g., printers and servers to connect to the internet.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Networks is one of a number of types of networks. A MAN is
a relatively new class of network. MAN is larger than a local area network and as its name implies,
covers the area of a single city. MANs rarely extend beyond 100 KM and frequently comprise a
combination of different hardware and transmission media. It can be single network such as a cable
TV network, or it is a means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that
resources can be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.
A MAN can be created as a single network such as Cable TV Network, covering the entire city
or a group of several Local Area Networks (LANs). It this way resource can be shared from LAN
to LAN and from computer to computer also. MANs are usually owned by large organizations to
interconnect its various branches across a city.

WAN (Wide Area Networks)

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network. A wide area network is simply a
LAN of LANs or Network of Networks. WANs connect LANs that may be on opposite sides of a
building, across the country or around the world. WANS are characterized by the slowest data
communication rates and the largest distances. WANs can be of two types: an enterprise WAN
and Global WAN.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication
network.[1][2] Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various
types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio
networks,[3] industrial fieldbusses, and computer networks.
Network topology is the topological[4] structure of a network and may be depicted physically or
logically. It is an application of graph theory[3] wherein communicating devices are modeled as
nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the
nodes. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device
location and cable installation), while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a
network. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types
may differ between two different networks, yet their topologies may be identical. A network’s
physical topology is a particular concern of the physical layer of the OSI model.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
BUS Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to
single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Features of Bus Topology

 It transmits data only in one direction.

 Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

 It is cost effective.
 Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
 Used in small networks.
 It is easy to understand.
 Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

 Cables fails then whole network fails.

 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
 Cable has a limited length.

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RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Features of Ring Topology

 A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes,
then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to
prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
 The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2
connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
 In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite
direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the
network up.
 Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass
through each node of the network, till the destination node.

Advantages of Ring Topology

 Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
 Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

 Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.

 Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
 Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

STAR Topology

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub
is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Features of Star Topology

 Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.

 Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
 Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.

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  Hub can be upgraded easily.
 Easy to troubleshoot.
 Easy to setup and modify.
 Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

 Cost of installation is high.

 Expensive to use.
 If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub.
 Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected
to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

Features of Mesh Topology

 Fully connected.
 Robust.
 Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

 Each connection can carry its own data load.

 It is robust.
 Fault is diagnosed easily.
 Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

 Installation and configuration is difficult.

 Cabling cost is more.
 Bulk wiring is required.

TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called
hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

 Ideal if workstations are located in groups.

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  Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

 Extension of bus and star topologies.

 Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
 Easily managed and maintained.
 Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

 Heavily cabled.
 Costly.
 If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
 Central hub fails, network fails.

Hybird Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example
if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used,
connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Features of Hybrid Topology

 It is a combination of two or topologies

 Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

 Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.

 Effective.
 Scalable as size can be increased easily.
 Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

 Complex in design.
 Costly

INTERNET
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of

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private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by
a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a
vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
O COMMUNICATION:
The main advantage of internet is the faster communication than any other devices. It’s an instant
process. Communication in the form of video calls, emails etc. is possible using internet. Thus,
there is no specific region that can be accessed. It is accessible all over the world. Hence,
because of this global issues are reduced since video conferencing is possible where everyone
across the world can be in single place and can solve out a problem.

O INFORMATION:
The internet is the source of knowledge. All kinds of information is present in it. it is easily
accessed and can be searched more to get more additional knowledge. Information like
educational related, government laws, market sales, stocks and shares, new creations etc. is
gathered from a single place.

O LEARNING:
The internet has now become a part of education. Education like home schooling is easily
carried out using internet. Teachers can upload their teaching videos in the internet and is
accessed by people across the world which is helpful for all students. The marks are also released
in the internet since, releasing mark for the whole institution in notice boards will create chaos.

O ENTERTAINMENT:
The internet is now the most popular form of entertainment. Movies, songs, videos, games etc. is
available in internet for free. Social networking is also possible using internet. Hence, there is
tons of entertainment that is available in online in the internet.

O SOCIAL NETWORK:
The social networking is the sharing of information to people across the world. Apart from being
an entertainment website, it has many uses. Any job vacancy, emergency news, ideas etc. can be
shared in the website and the information gets passed on quickly to wide area. Also the social
networking websites are used to easy communications. Example: Facebook and twitter.

O E-COMMERCE:
All business deals can be carried in the internet like transaction of money etc. this is called E
commerce. Online reservations, online ticket booking for movie etc. can be done easily. It saves

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us lots of time. Online shopping is now the latest trend in internet world where products from
dresses to household furniture is available at door step.

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
O INFORMATION LOSS:
The information crucial to us or any important files can be easily taken by the hackers. There is
no exact proof for the security for the details we store like account number, passwords etc.
hence, sensitive information must be carefully stored by the people.

O SPAM:
The unnecessary emails, advertisements etc. sometimes are said to be spam because they have
the ability to slow down the system and makes the users to face lots of problems. Spam makes
the people get more confused since important emails are also stored along with spam.

O VIRUS ATTACKS:
The malware or virus threats are so deadly that affects the system to a greater extend. It
immediately deletes all important files and finally the system ends up being crashed. The virus
attack is possible in three ways. One it attacks selected files. Two, it harms the executable boot
files and most dangerous of all is the macro virus which has the ability to replicate and expand to
all parts of files.

O VIRTUAL WORLD:
The people using internet often will forget the difference between virtual and real world. This
causes the people to get depressed quickly and it leads to social isolation and obesity problems.
The obesity is due to the lack of any physical exercises. So its better to play outdoor rather in the
internet.

DATABASE
A database is an organized collection of data, stored and accessed electronically. Database
designers typically organize the data to model aspects of reality in a way that
supports processes requiring information, such as (for example) modeling the availability of
rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies.
The database management system (DBMS) is the software that interacts with end users,
applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS
allows the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. A database is

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generally stored in a DBMS-specific format which is not portable. The sum total of the database,
the DBMS and its associated applications can be referred to as a "database system". Often the
term "database" is used to loosely refer to any of the DBMS, the database system or an
application

Classification.

 An in-memory database is a database that primarily resides in main memory, but is typically
backed-up by non-volatile computer data storage. Main memory databases are faster than
disk databases, and so are often used where response time is critical, such as in
telecommunications network equipment.
 An active database includes an event-driven architecture which can respond to conditions
both inside and outside the database. Possible uses include security monitoring, alerting,
statistics gathering and authorization. Many databases provide active database features in the
form of database triggers.
 A cloud database relies on cloud technology. Both the database and most of its DBMS reside
remotely, "in the cloud", while its applications are both developed by programmers and later
maintained and used by end-users through a web browser and Open APIs.
 A deductive database combines logic programming with a relational database.
 A distributed database is one in which both the data and the DBMS span multiple computers.
 An embedded database system is a DBMS which is tightly integrated with an application
software that requires access to stored data in such a way that the DBMS is hidden from the
application's end-users and requires little or no ongoing maintenance.[21]
 End-user databases consist of data developed by individual end-users. Examples of these are
collections of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, multimedia, and other files. Several
products exist to support such databases. Some of them are much simpler than full-fledged
DBMSs, with more elementary DBMS functionality.
 A federated database system comprises several distinct databases, each with its own DBMS.
It is handled as a single database by a federated database management system (FDBMS),
which transparently integrates multiple autonomous DBMSs, possibly of different types (in
which case it would also be a heterogeneous database system), and provides them with an
integrated conceptual view.
 Sometimes the term multi-database is used as a synonym to federated database, though it
may refer to a less integrated (e.g., without an FDBMS and a managed integrated schema)
group of databases that cooperate in a single application.

ENTITY
An Entity is an object which exists and can be differentiated from other objects. This implies
that entity can be uniquely recognised. For example,

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 1) A specific person, e.g., a person is an entity.
2) A specific department, e.g., Electronics and Communication Engineering department.
3) A specific place, e.g., Coimbatore city can be an entity.
An entity can be defined as an object of significance about which data needs to be
captured. This means that all things are not entities. In order to be considered as an
entity, a thing should have attributes and/or relationships. These details provide
information about an entity.

TYPES OF ENTITIES
A database comprises groups of entities which are alike. They can be categorised as:

1) Strong Entity Types: This is one which has a complete identifier which makes it easy to
recognise its instances quickly. A strong entity’s existence is not dependent on another
entity. For example, Students take up various courses. In this case the students are a
strong entity.

STUDENT TAKE COURSE

S
Here, the course is considered as a weak entity as, if there are no students to take up a
particular course, then the specific course can not be offered. Thus, the COURSE entity is
dependent on the STUDENT entity.
2) Weak Entity Types: the entity types which do not have any vital attributes of their own
are referred to as weak entity types. They are dependent on another entity(strong entity
type)for existence. Sometimes, a weak entity may not have a primary key and cannot be
recognised in the absence of the associated strong entity.
For example,
i. A customer borrows a loan. Here, loan is the weak entity as it is dependent on the
entity customer in order to get identified. For every loan there is a
Corresponding customer.

CUSTOMER LOAN
BORRO
WS
ii. The entity set departures which has date as the only attribute is a weak entity set
as there can be many flights on the same date. As such, different flights may have
the same date value. The doubly outlined rectangle implies a weak entity

16
 FLT_NO DEP_TIME ARRI_TIME DATE

FLIGHTS DEPARTURES
INSTAN
CE
OF
SOURCE DESTINATION OF

ATTRIBUTES
The specific properties of an entity are referred to as attributes. For example, the employees
name, age, address, salary and job describe the entity employees.

Types of Attributes
There can be different types of attributes in the ER model:

1) Composite attributes: The attributes which can be divided into smaller subparts and
are reflective of more basic attributes with independent meaning of their are own are
termed to as composite attributes.
2) Simple attributes: In case the composite attributes is referred to as a whole, then
there is no requirement for it to be broken down into individual sub-parts.
3) Single valued and multiple valued: most often, an entity will have a single value for
an attribute. This is termed as single valued. For example, age is a single valued. In
some cases an entity can have a set of values for an attribute. Such attribute are called
multiple valued.
4) Stored and Derived attributes: two or more attributes might be relative. The age
attribute is a derived attribute which has been derived from the Birth Date attribute
which is termed as a stored attributes.
5) Null Values: sometimes a particular entity does not have a single appropriate value of
an attribute. The address of a single-family home will have null as the apartment
number attribute. This is also used in cases if the value of an attribute for a specific
entity is unknown. The unknown type of null can be further divided into two types. In
first case, it is known that the attribute value exists but missing for some reason. In
second case, it is not known whether the attribute value exists or not.

SCHEMA AND SUBSCHEMA

An overall chart of all the data item types and record types stored in a database is termed as
the schema. A schema is a logical database description. It is drawn in form of the chart of
categories of data being used. It is used for labelling these data and identified relationship

17
among them. The schema is the framework which accommodates the values of the data item.
One to one, one to many, many to many, or conditional are the types of relationship among the
various entities in the schema.

For example, information display system at railway stations and airports where departure and
arrival time is provided; in these systems through the values in the system keeps on changing
continuously, then also the schema remains unaltered.

The view at each abstraction level is described in schema. It is a plan which explains the records
and relationships in the current view. It also explain how entities at one level of abstraction can
be mapped at the next level.

The Database schema is the overall design of schema. It contains the following informations:

1) Features of data items such as entities and attributes.

2) Logical structure and relationships among the data items.
3) Design for storage representation.
4) Integrity parameters like physical authorisation and backup politics.

Schemas are stored in data dictionary and correspond to the programming language notion
of type definition. A given type variable has a specific value at a given point of time. The
variable value concept in programming languages matches with the instance concept of a
database schema.

Sub schema means the same view with the different data-item types and record types, used
by the specified user for a particular application. Hence, various sub schemas can be derived
from one schema. A sub schema presents the external view of the database.

DBMS

SCHEMA

SUB-SCHEMA SUB-SCHEMA SUB-SCHEMA

A B C

USER USER USER USER USER

1 2 3 4 5

18
 MS-OFFICE
Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed
by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas.
Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first
version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Microsoft Office is a collection of office-related applications. Each application serves a unique

purpose and offers a specific service to its users. For example, Microsoft Word is used to create
documents. Microsoft PowerPoint is used to create presentations. Microsoft Outlook is used to
manage email and calendars. There are others as well.

Because there are so many applications to choose from, and because not every user needs all of
them, Microsoft groups the applications together in collections called suites. There’s a suite of
applications for students, a suite for home and small business users, and a suite for large
corporations. There’s even a suite for schools. Each of these suites is priced based on what’s
included in it.

About Microsoft Word

Meaning- Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a graphical word processing
program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. The purpose of
the MS Word is to allow the users to type and save documents. Similar to other word processors,
it has helpful tools to make documents.

Features-

1. Utilizing the benefits of mail merge-This feature allows us to send out bulk emails, but
consequently with unique elements. Users simply create one document that contains the
information that will be the same in each version, and then add placeholders for the
information that will be unique to each version.
2. Checks Spelling-You can correct your spelling errors all in one go, to ensure you haven’t
left any stone unturned. This can be done by running a full Word spell check from the
Review tab, Proofing group, Spelling and Grammar button. When using the main Spelling
and Grammar dialog box, words in your document which are not found in Word's
dictionary will be listed in the Not in Dictionary box. Suggestions will be presented below.
3. Find & replace- Save precious time with this effective Word feature. Word Replace can
search for all occurrences of a particular word, phrase or set of characters and replace them
with an alternative. You will be given the option to replace all occurrences or to move
through them individually, accepting or rejecting each change.
4. Inserting watermarks- If you’re sending an important document or draft sample, you
want to be able to protect your content without having to edit much of it. Insert a watermark
19
 specific to your objectives via the page layout button. You can also customize your own
watermark, and also insert your own picture.
5. Using hyperlinks-You can give your Word document that extra cutting edge by inserting
hyperlinks on images and text to make the document interactive, you can then select where
you wish to direct the user.

Uses-

1. To make document interactive-Where possible, insert hyperlinks on images and text to

make your document interactive (by right clicking on the text/image and clicking
hyperlink, you can then select where you wish to direct the user to).
2. To make templates- Microsoft makes free templates available to Word users. A template
is a blueprint used as a starting point to create other documents. If you need a calendar or
budget report, for instance, use Word's template search feature to find and download one
of those templates. After customizing a template, you can save it as a new template and
allow others in your organization to use it as a starting point for their documents and
publications.
3. Image Editing- While not as full-featured as Photoshop, Word's image editing features
can often help you transform bad pictures into good ones and good ones into excellent
ones. After importing an image or pasting one from the clipboard, you can resize the image,
crop it and enhance your picture using a variety of formatting tools. Drag the Brightness
slider, for instance, and transform pictures that are too dark into lighter ones you can use.
Access Word's picture formatting window by right-clicking an image and clicking "Format
Picture."
4. Desktop Publishing- People often use Word's extensive formatting features to create
professional newsletters. Word is not as powerful as Microsoft Publisher, but you can
manipulate text, insert headings, create borders, add tables and move images wherever you
like using Word. Use your own pictures to design your newsletter or include images from
the clip art library. Add colorful flair to publications using WordArt.
5. Reports- You can use Word to create company reports. Word is ideal for presenting reports
in written form by summarizing and formatting data using a table of contents, headings,
font changes and pagination.
6. To build branding- If you want your employees to use a standardized letter or memo
format, you can design one and save it as a template that the entire company can use. You
can use styles and themes to define exactly how all of your business documents will look,
giving you a consistency of color, fonts and effects.

20
 Toolbars

Title Bar Menu Bar

Ruler Bar

Office Button Scroll Bar

Status Bar Quick Access Bar

21
Menu Bar: A menu bar is a graphical control element which contains drop down tabs. The menu
bar's purpose is to supply a common housing for window.
Title Bar: A bar on top of a window. The title bar contains the name of the file or application. In
many graphical user interfaces, including the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows interfaces, you
move (drag) a window by grabbing the title bar.
Ruler Bar: Show or hide the rulers. Use the horizontal and vertical rulers in Word to align text,
graphics, tables, and other elements in your document. The horizontal ruler shows across the top
of your Word document and the vertical ruler shows along the left edge of your document.
Status Bar: The Status Bar in Word is available at the bottom of the document window and
displays information about your document, such as what page you are currently viewing, how
many words are in your document, and whether any proofing errors were found.
Office Button: The Office Button is located in the upper-left corner of the following 2007
Microsoft Office system programs: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, and Outlook (in the
composing and reading windows).
Quick Access Toolbar: The Quick Access Toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains a set
of commands that are independent of the tab that is currently displayed. You can move the Quick
Access Toolbar from one of the two possible locations, and you can add buttons that represent
commands to the Quick Access Toolbar.
Scroll Bar: A vertical or horizontal bar commonly located on the far right or bottom of a window
that allows you to move the window viewing area up, down, left, or right.

Opening of MS-Word

Steps to Open Microsoft Word:

1. Click the Start button.

2. Hover the mouse pointer over "All Programs."
3. Scroll down to the Microsoft Office folder and click it.
4. Select "Microsoft Word 2007."

22
 Opening a Document

To open a Word 2007 file in Microsoft Works Word Processor:

1. Use the Open command on the Office button in MS Word Processor. To do this, follow
these steps:
2. On the Office button, click Open.
3. In the Open dialog box, locate the Word 2007 file that you want to open.
4. Click Open and the file will be opened.

Saving a Document

Steps to save a file:

1. Make sure your document is open.

2. Find the "Office Button" tab and click on it.

23
 3. Click "Save" or "Save As". If you click "Save" on an unsaved document, you will be
redirected to the "Save As" tab.
4. If the document has been previously saved, you won't have to select a save destination
(e.g., desktop) or a file name--the existing file will simply be updated.
5. Under "Save As", decide on your save location.
6. Double-click your save location
7. In the "File Name" field, type in your preferred file name.
8. Click "Save" to save your file.

Closing a Document

Various methods to close a document:

Method 1.

1. From the Quick Access Toolbar, click on Office Button.

2. A drop down tab will appear, click Close.

Method 2.

Press Ctrl and F4 keys simultaneously on the keyboard (Ctrl + F4).

OR

Press Ctrl and W keys simultaneously on the keyboard (Ctrl + W).

24
 Home Tab

Clipboard……A clipboard is a temporary storage area for data that the user wants to copy from
one place to another. It contains cut, copy, and paste and format painter.

Format painter…. It copies formatting from one place and apply it to another.

Steps:

1. Select the content which you desire to apply.

2. Select the format painter button.
3. Select the content on which you want to apply.
Font….. It contains font style(like Arial, Calibri, Cambria etc.), font size, font color, bold, italic,
underline, subscript, superscript, upper case, lower case.
Paragraph… It contains text alignment, bullets, numbering, nested lists, indents, line spacing,
shading etc.
Styles…. It includes various styles which we can apply to our text like heading 1, heading 2 for
main and sub paragraph respectively.
Editing….It includes find and replace and select option. Find is used to search the text in the
document and replace is used to change the found text with the desired.

Insert Tab

Pages....It is used for page break, inserting new page, and cover page through which we can add
an attractive front page to a document.

Tables…It is used for inserting tables in the document.

Illustrations….It include pictures, clipart, different shapes, smart art and charts to make a
document presentable.

25
Steps to add image in the document:

1. Go on insert tab, click on Picture button.

2. A dialog box will appear. From the dialog box, select the image from the location.
3. Click on Insert button.
4. Image will be inserted.

Links….It is used for adding hyperlinks (through which we can jump to another document or file
through a link), bookmarks, and cross-reference to the document.

Hyperlink is used to open any other file or any document using a link and by clicking on that link.

Header and Footer…. It is used for inserting header on the top of the page and footer at the
bottom of the page and page number for directly jumping to the desired page.

Text….This is used in adding word art, text box, date and time, signature line, drop cap etc. in the
document.

Symbols…. It is used to add various equations or symbols in the document.

Page Layout Tab

26
Themes….It is used to change the overall design of the entire document. It includes colors, fonts
and effects.

Page setup….It is used to set up the margins, orientations (portrait or landscape), paper size, and
columns used to split the text in two or more columns. We can also give page breaks or section
breaks, line numbers and hyphenation.

Steps to add Hyphenation:

1. Go on Page layout tab.

2. Click on Hyphenation button.
3. From the menu appeared select automatic.
4. Hyphenation will be added to the paragraph.

Page background….Used to apply watermark behind the content of the page, page color for the
page background and page borders around the page.

Paragraph….In it we can set the indents i.e. movement of the paragraph from left or right edge
and spacing between the desired paragraphs.

Arrange…. It is used to add text wrapping, set the alignments etc. to the document.

References Tab

Table of Contents…. It is used to add table of contents to the document or to know about the
index of the document. We can also add current paragraph as an entry in it.

Footnotes…. It is used to add footnotes in the document to know briefly about the jargons. They
will be automatically renumbered as we move text around the document.

Steps to insert Footnote:

27
 1. Click the "References" tab.
2. Place your cursor where you want the footnote to appear.
3. Click the "Insert Footnote" button. Now your cursor will be placed at the bottom of the
page to type briefly about the footnote.

Serial wise number will be allotted to the word for which we have inserted footnote.

Mailings Tab

Create…. It is used to create and print envelopes and labels. We can select from a number of
popular paper label styles and shapes.

Start Mail Merge…. It is used to merge the mails to send them to different recipients. It contains
the options of select recipients and edit recipient list too which are used for the purpose of creating
database.

Write and insert fields.… It contains options like highlight merge fields, address block, greeting
line, insert merge field etc. these options help in highlighting the text , for inserting the field from
the recipient list.

Preview Results….It replaces the merged fields in your documents with the actual data from your
recipient list. Here we can also search a particular record. It also provides the option for auto check
for errors.

Finish…. It completes the mail merge. It prepares letters to send them directly to different
recipients.

28
 Review Tab

Proofing…. It is used to check the grammar and spellings of the document, provides research task
pane to search through reference materials. It also suggests words with the similar meaning to the
selected word. It can also translate the selected word into other language.

Comments….It is used to add or delete a comment to the document. We can also move to next or
previous comment.

Tracking….It contains options like track changes which is used to track changes in the document
like insertion, balloons which are used for revision of the document in shortetc.

Changes….It includes the accept and reject option which are used for accessing other options like
accepting and rejecting changes in the document.

Compare….It includes an option of compare to compare or combine multiple versions of the

documents.

Protect…. It is used to restrict the access of the document to few people.

Steps to add Comments:

1. From the Review Tab, Select New Comment from Comments sub group.
2. Add the desired comments you want to insert.

View Tab

29
Document Views…. It is used to see the document as it will appear on the printed page or as a
web page in web layout option. It is also used to view the document in whole screen for full screen
reading. It also helps in viewing the document as an outline and as a draft to quickly edit the text.

Show/Hide…. It is used to show or hide ruler, gridlines, thumbnails, document map etc.

Zoom…. It is used to zoom the document beyond 100% in such a way that one or two pages can
fits in the whole window. It also adjusts the page width according to the width of the window.

Window….It is used to open a new window which contains the view of the current document. It
is also used to arrange all program windows side by side and to split the window into two parts to
view them at the same time. Or we can directly switch to the desired window.

Macros…. It is used to create macro which is a set of commands grouped as one and executes
automatically by just one command given to the set. We can create or access an existing macro

About Microsoft Excel

Meaning- Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS,
Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming
language called Visual Basic for Applications.

Features-

1. Conditional Formatting- Excel users can format their spreadsheets using different colors,
bolds and italics, to differentiate between columns and bring themost important data to the
fore. The vast number of tasks that can be achieved using this tool is impressive, here are
just a few: Display simple icons which represent related data, Highlighting a row based on
a single value, Comparing values, Comparing lists and Finding duplicates. Find out more
about conditional formatting.
2. Proper arrangement of Data- Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used to store and
retrieve numerical data in a grid format of columns and rows.

3. Hyperlink- We can link one file to another file or page.

4. Clip art- We can add images and also audio and video clips.
5. Charts- With charts, we can clearly show a product(s) evaluation to a client. For example,
you can display a chart showing which product is selling more or less by month, week, and
so forth.
6. Tables- Tables are created with different fields (e.g. name, age, address, roll number, and
so forth). You can add a table to fill these values.

30
 7. Functions- There are both mathematical functions (add, subtract, divide, multiply), and
logical ones (average, sum, mod, product).
8. Images and backgrounds- You can incorporate images and backgrounds into each sheet.
9. Sorting and filtering- We can sort and/or filter our data so that anything redundant or
repetitive can be removed more easily.
10. Grouping- The grouping feature helps you both to group your data and ungroup it so that
you have subtotals and so forth.

Opening MS Excel Document

Steps to Open Microsoft Excel:

1. Click the Start button.
2. Hover the mouse pointer over "All Programs."
3. Scroll down to the Microsoft Office folder and click it.
4. Select "Microsoft Excel 2007."

Home Tab of MS Excel

Clipboard……A clipboard is a temporary storage area for data that the user wants to copy from
one place to another. It contains cut, copy, and paste and format painter.
Font….. It contains font style (like Arial, Calibri, Cambria etc.), font size, font color, bold, italic,
underline, subscript, superscript, upper case, lower case.

31
Alignment… It contains text alignment, bullets, numbering, nested lists, indents, line spacing,
shading etc.
Number… It is used to add different types of text, numbers or symbols in the cell like %, $ etc. in
the file.
Styles…Allows you to specify conditional formatting by defining formatting rules. You can also
format a selected cell by selecting one of the built in formatting styles or you can define a range
as a table, and give it one of the predefined styles, or further more you can define your own style.

Cells…Allows you to insert, delete or format, not only cells but also whole columns, rows or
sheets. Formatting also includes renaming, hiding or protecting.
Editing: Mainly for formulas, sorting, filtering, find and replace.

Insert Tab

Tables….It is used for inserting pivot tables and normal tables in the document. Pivot table is a
report that lets you, "summarize, analyze, explore, and present a summary" of your data.

Illustrations….It include pictures, clipart, different shapes, smart Art to make a document
presentable.

Charts …. It is used to insert various types of charts in the document like pie chart, line chart,
column chart etc.

Steps to insert a Chart:-

1. To create a chart in Excel, user can start by entering the numeric data for the chart
on a worksheet. Then user can plot that data into a chart.
2. Select the cells that contain the data that user want to use for the chart.
3. From the tabs on the Excel
Ribbon, click on Insert. Locate
the Charts panel. It looks like
this.

32
 4. User will create a Column Chart. So click the down arrow on the
Column item of the Chart Panel. User will see a list of available
charts to choose from. Select the first one, the chart highlighted
below (2D Column):
 After selecting the type of chart, your data will be
represented in the chart form for example as it is shown
below.

Links….It is used for creating Hyperlinks in the document.

Page Layout Tab

Themes …. It includes themes, colors, fonts and effects. Themes are used to change the overall
design of the entire document, including colors, fonts, and effects. Colors option change the colors
for the current theme. Fonts option is used to change the fonts for the current theme. Effects
Change the effects for the current theme.
Steps to add themes in the excel file:
 From the page layout tab, themes sub-group click on themes.

33
  From the option tab appeared, select your desired theme and the theme will be applied to
your file.
Page Setup…. It includes margins, orientation, size, print area, background, print titles and
diagonal area.

Formulas Tab

Function Library….It includes an option “insert function” which is used to insert function. It also
contains auto sum, list of recently used functions, list of financial, logical text, date and time,
lookup and reference, math and trigonometry functions and many more.

How to do auto sum of data:

1. Fill the data in the spreadsheet, say marks of a

student. Here we have to find the total of marks
scored in all the 4 subjects.
2. Select the range of cells which you want to add.

34
 3. Click on Auto sum, then sum from the drop down tab appeared. After clicking on it the
marks will added automatically.

Steps to insert function:

1. From the formulas tab, select insert function button from function library sub-group.
2. A dialog box will appear in front of you containg so many functions.

3. Select the desired function like sum.

4. Enter the numbers or the cell name on which you want to apply the function.

5. After entering the values click on OK button.

35
 6. Your result will be displayed on the selected cell.

Data Tab

Got External Data…. It includes various options:

1. From Access-Import data from a Microsoft Access database.

2. From Web-Import data from a web page.
3. From Text-Import data from a text file.
4. From other sources-Import data from other data sources.
5. Existing Connections-Connect to an external data source by selecting from a list of
commonly used sources.
Connections….It include:
1. Refresh All-Update all the information in the workbook that is coming from a data source.
2. Connections- Display all data connections for the workbook.
3. Properties-Data Range Properties - Specify how cells connected to a data source will
update, what contents from the source will be displayed, and how changes in the number
of rows or columns in the data source will be handled in the workbook.
4. Edit Links-This is used to break a link to an external reference. This command will be
unavailable if the workbook does not contain linked information.
Sort and Filter…. It is used to sort and filter the data. It includes:
1. Sort A to Z-Sort the selection so that the lowest values are at the top of the column.
2. Sort Z to A-Sort the selection so that the highest values are at the top of the column.
3. Sort- Launch the Sort to sort data based on several criteria at once.
4. Filter- Enable filtering of the selected cells. Once filtering is turned on, click on the arrow
in the column header to choose a filter for the column. The keyboard shortcut to filter is
Ctrl + Shift + L.
Also used to clear and reapply the filtering and sorting of the current range of data.
5. Advanced-Specify complex criteria to limit which records are included in the result set of
a query.

36
 Review Tab

Proofing…. It includes commands for checking spelling and grammar, using research and
Thesaurus and ability to translate from one language to another.

How Spelling Check is done:

Suppose you are done working on your grade book and would like to check the spellings.
You can click on spelling command which will invoke the spelling dialog box as shown
below.

Notice that it found an incorrect spelling in cell E1. It also made some suggestions for the
correct word which is Percent.

Go ahead and click on Change to accept the suggestion.

You can also ignore ones that are correct or do not need to be changed. The Spell Checker
will skip over such words and continue to check rest of your Excel sheet.

Comments Group….If you happen to be working on a complex Excel project with several other
people, it may be hard to track all the comments and changes from different sources. Using the
comments functionality, Excel will let you add your notes and even include the user information.

37
Changes….There may be times when you would like to keep confidential information secure from
modification and even control the structure of the workbook.

View Tab

Workbook Views….Using the Workbook Views Group of commands, you can view your Excel
Workbook in different layouts.

The Normal view is the default setting for Excel 2007. Using the Normal view you are able
to view the rows and columns as you work on your spreadsheet.

The second view on the Workbook Views tab is Page Layout. I find this particular view to
be very helpful especially from a printing point of view.

The next one is the Page Break Preview. This is again beneficial if you are trying to print
an Excel sheet that spans multiple pages.

Custom Views the next option will let you use a personalized view of your spreadsheet.
You can even store this view so you can possibly use it on another workbook.

The last view is Full Screen which will let you maximize the Excel sheet on your monitor
display.

Hide/Show….The next set of commands falls under Show/Hide group. There are many options
like ruler, gridlines, and message bar, formula bar, headings which are listed as check boxes which
can be turned on or off.

Zoom…. Using these commands you can control the area of your workbook that can be displayed
on the computer monitor. The default is 100% which is what we have in
the following screen capture.

When you click on the Zoom command, you will get a new dialog
box titled Zoom. Here you can direct the magnification level. It
has a few preset options in addition to a custom choice where you
can enter your own magnification level.

After you click OK, you will notice the effect of this action.

38
 About MS PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is powerful presentation software developed by Microsoft. It is a standard
component of the company's Microsoft Office suite software, and is bundled together with Word,
Excel and other office productivity tools. The program uses slides to convey information rich in
multimedia. The term slide refers to the old slide projector, which this software effectively
replaces.
 Get better results faster with the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface: The
redesigned look and feel of the Office Fluent user interface makes creating, presenting, and
sharing presentations an easier and more intuitive experience. Rich features and
capabilities are presented in a streamlined, uncluttered workspace that minimizes
distraction and enables people to achieve the results they want more quickly and easily.
 Create powerful, dynamic Smart Art diagrams: Easily create high-impact and dynamic
workflow, relationship, or hierarchy diagrams from within Office PowerPoint 2007. You
can even convert a bulleted list into a Smart Art diagram, or modify and update existing
diagrams. It’s easy for users to take advantage of rich formatting options with new
contextual diagramming tabs.
 Easily reuse content with Office PowerPoint 2007 Slide Libraries: Wish there was a
better way to reuse content from one presentation to another? With PowerPoint Slide
Libraries, you can store presentations as individual slides on a site supported by Microsoft
Office SharePoint Server 2007 and easily repurpose the content later within Office
PowerPoint 2007.
 Communicate with users across platforms and devices: Help ensure broad
communication with your PowerPoint presentations by converting your files to XPS and
PDF files for sharing with users on any platform.
 Use custom layouts to assemble presentations more quickly: In Office PowerPoint
2007, you can define and save your own custom slide layouts so you no longer have to
waste valuable time cutting and pasting your layouts onto new slides or deleting content
on a slide with your desired layout. With PowerPoint Slide Libraries, it is easy to share
these custom slides with others so that your presentations have a consistent and
professional look and feel.
 Accelerate your review processes using Office PowerPoint 2007 and Office
SharePoint Server 2007: With built-in workflow capabilities in Office SharePoint Server
2007, you can initiate, manage, and track review and approval processes from within Office
PowerPoint 2007, enabling people to accelerate presentation review cycles across the
organization without requiring them to learn new tools.
 Uniformly format your presentations with Document Themes: Document Themes
enable you to change the look and feel of your entire presentation with just one click.
Changing the theme of your presentation not only changes the background color, but also
the colors, styles, and fonts of the diagrams, tables, charts, shapes, and text within your

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 presentation. By applying a theme, you can be confident that your entire presentation has
a professional and consistent look and feel.
 Dramatically modify shapes, text, and graphics with new Smart Art graphics tools
and effects: You can manipulate and work with your text, tables, charts, and other
presentation elements in richer ways than ever before. Office PowerPoint 2007 makes these
tools readily available through the streamlined user interface and contextual tabs, so that
in just a few clicks, your work can have greater impact.
 Add more security to your PowerPoint presentations: You can now add a digital
signature to your PowerPoint presentations to help ensure their contents are not changed
after they leave your hands, or you can mark a presentation as “final” to prevent inadvertent
changes. Using content controls, you can create and deploy structured PowerPoint
templates that guide users into entering the correct information, while helping to protect
and preserve the information in the presentation that shouldn’t be changed.
 Reduce your document sizes and improve file recovery at the same time:The new,
compressed Microsoft Office PowerPoint XML Format offers a dramatic reduction in file
size while also offering an improvement in data recovery for damaged files. This new
format provides a tremendous savings to storage and bandwidth requirements and reduces
the burden on IT costs.

Home Tab

Slides:

 New Slide: just as it says, you get a new slide. When you choose a new slide, you can
choose a layout for the slide in the drop-down tab.
 Layout: this allows you to choose a new layout for slides you have already made.
 Reset: If you changed the location or style of a slide layout, this button returns the
placeholders to their original positions and styles. The text you types stays the same.
 Delete: this deletes the whole slide or slides that you have selected.

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 Insert Tab

Steps to add sound in the presentation:

1. From the insert tab, media clips sub-group click on sound button.
2. A dialog box will appear in front of you. Choose the sound clip you want to insert in the
presentation.

3. Your sound clip will be added to the document.

Design Tab

 The Page Setup group is where you go to set page orientation and margins for printing.
 Also on the Design Tab is the Themes Group offering an entire gallery of slide styles.
This gallery is full of cool graphic affects you can add to your slides.

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  You’ll also find the Background group on the Design Tab. This group only contains two
commands – Background Styles and Hide Background Graphics.
Steps to apply design on selected slide:
From the design tab, themes sub- group click on the dropdown option to browse for themes and
choose the desired theme you want to apply, right click on the theme and select “Apply to
Selected Slides”. Your theme will be applied to the slide.

Animation Tab

 Preview: This group includes a Preview button that displays a preview of the animation
affects you selected for the current slide.
 Animations: This group lets you create animation effects. You can select a predefined
effect from the animate drop-down list, or you can click the Custom Animation button to
specify a custom animation.
 Transition to This Slide: This group lets you set the transition effect that’s used when
the slide is displayed.
Steps to add animations to the text:

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From the animations tab, transition to this slide sub group click on the drop down option and select
the desired transition effect from the drop down tab appeared by clicking on it. A review of the
transition will be also shown to you.

Slide Show Tab

 Start Slide Show: To the start the slide show, one can use this sub group. It can be done
by three ways like slide show from first slide, slide show from the current opened slide
and slide show through custom slide show.
 Set up: This sub group helps in setting up of slide show, hiding any slide in the slide
show and knowing the time spent in slide show through rehearse timing.
 Monitors: It is used for setting up of the resolution of the slides in the slide show.

Review Tab

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  The Proofing group on the Review tab contains all the proofing commands you need
including Spelling & Grammar and Thesaurus.
 The Comments group on the Review tab contains only commands related to inserting,
deleting and navigating comments.
 The Protect group on the Review tab contains only one command – Protect Presentation.
This command can be used to set password security on the current presentation.

View Tab

 Presentation view : presentation view is a great way to view your presentation with your
speaker notes on one computer , while the audience views the notes- free presentation on a
different monitor.
 Zoom :It is used to zoom the document beyond 100% in such a way that one or two pages
can fits in the whole window. It also adjusts the page width according to the width of the
window.
 Window : It is used to open a new window which contains the view of the current document.
It is also used to arrange all program windows side by side and to split the window into two
parts to view them at the same time. Or we can directly switch to the desired window.
 Macros :It is used to create macro which is a set of commands grouped as one and executes
automatically by just one command given to the set. We can create or access an existing
macro.

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 Shortcut Keys

Alt+F File menu options in current program.

Alt+E Edit options in current program

Alt+Tab Switch between open programs

F1 Universal Help in almost every Windows program.

F2 Rename a selected file

F5 Refresh the current program window

Ctrl+N Create a new or blank document in some software programs.

Ctrl+O Open a file in current software program

Ctrl+A Select all text.

Ctrl+B Change selected text to be Bold

Ctrl+I Change selected text to be in Italics

Ctrl+U Change selected text to be Underlined

Ctrl+F Open find window for current document or window.

Ctrl+S Save current document file.

Ctrl+X Cut selected item.

Shift+Del Cut selected item.

Ctrl+C Copy selected item.

Ctrl+Ins Copy selected item

Ctrl+V Paste

Shift+Ins Paste

Ctrl+Y Redo last action

Ctrl+Z Undo last action

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Ctrl+K Insert hyperlink
for selected text

Ctrl+P Print the current page or document.

Home Goes to beginning of current line.

Ctrl+Home Goes to beginning of document.

End Goes to end of current line.

Ctrl+End Goes to end of document.

Shift+Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.

Shift+End Highlights from current position to end of line.

Ctrl+Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.

Ctrl+Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.

Ctrl+Esc Opens the START menu

Ctrl+Shift+Esc Opens Windows Task Manager

Alt+F4 Close the currently active program

Alt+Enter Open the Properties for the selected item

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