Angle Modulation

In this type of modulation, the frequency or phase of

carrier is
varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating
c(t)

Ac
signal.

Figure 1: An angle modulated signal

t

If s(t) = A cos(9i(t)) is an angle modulated signal,

then
1. Phase modulation:
________________
  i ( t) = w c t + k p m ( t)

where wc = 2irfc.
2. Frequency Modulation:

wi(t) = wc +kfm(t)
t
i(t) = wi(t)d t

0 t t

. Phase Modulation If m(t) = Am cos(2 irfmt) is the

message
signal, then the phase modulated signal is
 s(t) = A c cos(w c t + k p m(t))
kf A m
Here, k p is phase sensitivity or phase modulation
index.
• Frequency Modulation If m(t) = Am cos(2irfmt) is the
message
signal, then the Frequency modulated signal is given
by

2 7rf i (t) = w c + k f A m cos(2irf m t)

kf Am
9i ( t ) = w c t + s i n ( 2 i r f m t )
2 'itfm Af
here, is called frequency deviation (Af) and
is called
271 fm
modulation
given by
index (3). The Frequency modulated signal is

s ( t)
=A
cos
(2 irf
t+
/3
sin(
2 7If
mt)
)

Dep
end
ing
on
how
sma
ll /3
is
FM
is
eith
er
Nar
row
ban
d
FM
( /3
<<
1)
or
Wi
de
ba
nd
FM
( /3
1 ).
–
Nar
row
-
Ban
d
FM
(NB
FM)
In
N
B
F
M
/3
<
<
1,
th
er
ef
or
s(
t)
re
d
u
c
e
s
a
s
fo
ll
o
 w
s:

s ( t)
= A
cos
(2 ir
f t
+ /
3
sin(
2 irf
mt)
)
=

c
o
s
(
2
i
r
f

t
)

c
o
s
(
/
3

s
i
n
(
2
i
r
f
m
t
)
)

-
A
sin(
2 irf
t)
 sin(
/3
sin(
2 irf
mt)
)

Sinc
e, /
3 is
ver
y
sma
ll,
the
abo
ve
equ
atio
n
red
uce
s to
s ( t)
= A
cos
(2 ir
f t)
-
A /3
sin(
2 irf
mt)
sin(
2 irf
t)
 
The above equation is similar to AM. Hence, for
NBFM the
bandwidth is same as that of AM i.e.,
2 × message bandwidth (2 × B).
A NBFM signal is generated as shown in Figure ??.
+
DSB-SC
oscillator
m(t) NBFM signal
Figure 2: Generation of NBFM signal
-Asin( c? t)

Phase shifter t/2

A cos( ?c t)

– Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
A WBFM signal has theoritically infinite
bandwidth.
Spectrum calculation of WBFM signal is a tedious
process.
For, practical applications however the Bandwidth
of a
WBFM signal is calculated as follows:
Let m(t) be bandlimited to BHz and sampled
adequately at
2BHz. If time period T = 1/2B is too small, the
signal can
be approximated by sequence of pulses as shown in
Figure
??
 m
p

T t

F
i
g
u
r
e
3
:
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
 m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
If
ton
e
mo
dul
atio
n is
con
side
red,
and
the
pea
k
am
plit
ude
of
th
e
sin
us
oid
is
mp
,
th
e
mi
ni
mu
m
an
d
ma
xi
mu
m
fre
qu
en
cy
de
via
tio
ns
wil
l
be
w -
kf
m p
an
d
w
+
kf
m p
re
sp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Th
e
spr
ea
d
of
pul
se
s
in
fre
qu
en
cy
do
ma
in
wil
l
be
2
T=
47
1B

as shown in Figure??

Co - km c f+ km
Co p
4irB f

Figure 4: Bandwidth calculation of WBFM signal

Therefore, total BW is 2kfm p + 8irB and if
frequency
deviation is considered

1
BWfm = 2 (2kfmp +87rB)
BWfm = 2(Lf+2B)
 
The bandwidth obtained is higher than the actual
value.
This is due to the staircase approximation of m(t).
The bandwidth needs to be readjusted. For NBFM, kf
is
very small an d hence Lf is very small compared to
B.
This implies

Bfm  4B
But the bandwidth for NBFM is the same as that of
AM
which is 2B
A better bandwidth estimate is therefore:

BWfm = 2(lXf+B)
 BWfm = 2( kfmp
271 + B)
This is also called Carson’s Rule
 t
– Demodulation of FM signals
Let 4fm(t) be an FM signal.

[  ]
f m ( t ) = A c o s ( w c t + k f m ( o ) d )o
0
This signal is passed through a differentiator to get

t
 ( )
˙fm(t) = A (wc + kfm(t)) sin wct + kf m(o) d o
0
If we observe the above equation carefully, it is
both
amplitude and frequency modulated.
Hence, to recover the original signal back an
envelope
detector can be used. The envelope takes the
form (see
Figure ??):

c p
 Envelope = A (wc + kfm(t))

FM signal

Envelope of FM signal

Figure 5: FM signal - both Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

The block diagram of the demodulator is shown in Figure??

 S
 (t)  ( t ) A(  c + k f m(t))
d/dt

Figure 6: Demodulation of an FM signal

• The analysis for Phase Modulation is identical.

– Analysis of bandwidth in PM
 i = wc
+kpm'(t)

m' p =
[m'(t)]max
Lw
=
kpm
p
B
W
pm

=
2(
lX
f+
 B)
BWpm = 2(
k p m' p +
B)

– The
difference
between FM
and PM is
that the
bandwidth
is independent of
signal bandwidth in
FM while it is
strongly
dependent
on signal
 bandwidth
in PM. a
aowing to the
bandwidth being
dependent on the
peak of the
derivative of
m(t) rather than
m(t) itself
Angle Modulation: An Example
• An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency
 c = 271 × 106 is described by the equation:

cbEM (t) = 12 cos(wct + 5 sin 1500t + 10 sin

200071t)

1.Determine the power of the modulating signal.

2.What is L f ?
3.What is,@?
4.Determine Lçb, the phase deviation.
5. Estimate the bandwidth of çbEM(t)?
1. P = 12 2 / 2 = 72 units
0.Frequency deviation Lf, we need to estimate the
instantaneous frequency:
9(t) d
= wi = d t
wc
+ 7,
500
cos
150
0t
+
20,
000
71t
T
h
e
d
ev
ia
ti
o
n
of
th
e
ca
rri
er
is
L
w
=
7,
5
0
0
co
s
1
5
0
0t
+
2
0,
0
0
0i
rt.
W
h
e
n
th
e
tw
o
si
n
us
oi
ds
a
d
d
in
p
h
as
e,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
va
lu
e
wi
ll
b
e
7,
5
0
0
+
2
0,
0
0
0

H
e
n
ce
Lf
=

2ii-=11 ,
193.66Hz
3
.

=
L
f

=
1
1
,
1
9
3
.
6
6
1000=
11.193
4
.
T
h
e

a
n
g
l
e

9
(
t
)

w
c
t

s
i
n
1
5
0
0
t

1
0

s
i
n
2
0
0
0
i
r
t
)
.

T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
n
gl
e
d
ev
ia
ti
o
n
is
1
5,
w
hi
ch
is
th
e
p
h
as
e
d
ev
ia
ti
o
n.
0
.
B
E
M

2
(
L
f

B
)

=
2
4
,
3
8
7
.
3
2

H
z