15.

Design of Deck Slab

Loads acting on 300 x 300 mm slab area

Dead Loads

BS 5400 1) HA wheel load = 100 kN

Part II
Cl 6.2.5 & 2) HB wheel load ( 45 Units ) = 2.5 x 45
6.3.2 = 112.5 kN

3) Weight of the deck (UDL) = 0.2 x 24

4.80 kN/m2

3
4) Weight of wearing course (UDL) = 0.05 x 22.6
= 1.13 kN/m2

Loads on the deck slab at ultimate limit state

Safety Factor
Description Nominal Load ULS Loads
ϒFL ϒ3
HA Wheel load 100.00 1.5 1.1 165.0
HB Wheel load 112.50 1.3 1.1 160.9
Weight of deck 4.80 1.15 1.1 6.1
Weight of WC 1.13 1.75 1.1 2.2

15.1 Calculation of moments in the transverse beam

Yield line Analysis to find local moments.

HA & HB single nominal wheel load will be apply on 300 x 300 mm area

Yield Line Pattern

4
Reinforcement for longitudinal directions;

Assuming that 0.15% of high yield steel is provided in both of the top and
bottom of the slab in a direction parallel to the beam. Such reinforcement
would provide sagging and hogging moments of resistance per unit length.

5
Minimum reinforcement for longitudinal direction;

As = 0.15%
bd

Assuming T16 and T10 bars are provided as main and longitudinal
reinforcement respectively

b = 1000 mm
d = 200 - 35 -16 /2
= 157 mm
0.95 d = 149.2 mm

As = 0.15 x 1000 x 157

100
= 235.5 mm2

Moment resistance of minimum As

Consider 1.0 m width of the slab and considering simplified stress block

0.87 fy As = 0.4 fcu x 0.9x x 1000

x = 0.87 x 460 x 235.5

0.4 x 50 x 0.9 x 1000

= 6.5 mm

z = d - 0.45 x
= 157 - 6.5 x 0.45
= 154 mm > 149.2 mm
> 0.95 d

= 0.87 fy As z
Moment
resistance
= 0.87 x 460 x 235.5 x 154 Nmm

= 14.51 kNm/m

Let the sagging and hogging moment of resistance normal to the beams be m 1
and m2 respectively.

6
 15.2. Calculations for local moment due to HA wheel load

L.A. Clark Sagging and hogging moments about longitudinal axis will be taken as m 1 and
Concrete m2 respectively.
Bridge Design
to BS5400 Rotation parallel to the beam = 1/y
Pg. 31
Rotation perpendicular to the beam = 1/0.179

Internal dissipation = 2 x (m1 + m2) x (1/0.179 ) x (0.3+2y) +

of energy, (D) 2 x (14.51 + 14.51) x (1/y) x 0.658

External work done, = 165 x 1 + (6.1 + 2.2) x ( 0.3 x 0.3 x 1 + 2 x 0.3 x y

(E) x 0.5 + 2 x 0.3 x 0.179 x 0.5 + 8 x 0.5 x 0.179 x y
x 1/3 )

Internal dissipation of energy equal to the external work done. So, equating
above two results;

m1 + m2 = 165 + 8.3 x ( 0.09 + 0.3 y + 0.05 + 0.24 y ) - 38.19 / y

11.17 ( 0.3 + 2y )

= 166.19 + 4.48 y - 38.19 / y

3.35 + 22.34 y

y m1 + m 2 6.36
6.34
0.46 6.25
6.32
0.48 6.31 6.3
0.5 6.34 6.28
0.52 6.35 6.26
0.54 6.35 6.24
6.22
0.56 6.33 6.2
0.58 6.31 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6

Maximum, (m1 + m2) = 6.35 kNm/m

Maximum sagging moment, m1 = 6.35 kNm/m

(as hogging moment, m2 is equal to zero)

7
Maximum hogging moment, m2 = 4.23 kNm
(wl / 24)
2

15.3. Calculations for local moment due to HB wheel load

Sagging and hogging moments about longitudinal axis will be taken as m 1 and
m2 respectively.

Rotation parallel to the beam = 1/y

Rotation perpendicular to the beam = 1/0.179

Internal dissipation = 2 x (m1 + m2) x (1/0.179 ) x (0.3+2y) +

of energy, (D) 2 x (14.51 + 14.51) x (1/y) x 0.658

External work done, = 160.9 x 1 + (6.1 + 2.2) x ( 0.3 x 0.3 x 1 + 2 x 0.3 x

(E) y x 0.5 + 2 x 0.3 x 0.179 x 0.5 + 8 x 0.5 x 0.179 x
y x 1/3 )

Internal dissipation of energy equal to the external work done. So, equating
above two results;

m1 + m2 = 160.9 + 8.3 x ( 0.09 + 0.3 y + 0.05 + 0.24 y ) - 38.19 / y

11.17 ( 0.3 + 2y )

= 160.9 + 4.48 y - 38.19 / y

3.35 + 22.34 y

y m1 + m 2 6.36
6.34
0.46 5.87
6.32
0.48 5.93 6.3
0.5 5.98 6.28
0.52 6 6.26
0.54 6.01 6.24
6.22
0.56 6 6.2
0.58 5.99 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6

Maximum, (m1 + m2) = 6.01 kNm/m

8
Maximum sagging moment, m1 = 6.01 kNm/m
(as hogging moment, m2 is equal to zero)

Maximum hogging moment, m2 = 4.01 kNm

(wl / 24)
2

15.4. Global moments from Grillage analysis.

HA Loading

Width of the deck slab beam in grillage = 1.00 m

Maximum global sagging Moment = 28.84 kNm/m

Maximum global hogging Moment = 21.23 kNm/m

HB Loading

Width of the deck slab beam in grillage = 1.00 m

Maximum global sagging Moment = 71.80 kNm/m

Maximum global hogging Moment = 27.86 kNm/m

15.5. Design Moments

HA Loading

Design Sagging Moment = 6.35 + 28.84

= 35.19 kNm/m

Design hogging moment = 21.23 + 4.23

= 25.46 kNm/m

HB Loading

Design Sagging Moment = 6.01 + 71.8

= 77.81 kNm/m

Design hogging Moment = 4.01 + 27.86

31.87 kNm/m

9
 HB loading will be given critical moments

Moment due to dead load @ SLS Mg = 6.40 kNm

Moment due to live load @ SLS MQ = 50.30 kNm
Moment @ SLS MS = 56.70 kNm

15.6. Reinforcement Calculation ( ULS )

MU = 77.81 kNm
fcu = 40.00 N/mm2 fcu 40
fy = 460.00 N/mm2 fy 460
h = 200.00
mm
b = 1,000.00 mm

BS 5400 Part 4 Diameter of the r/f bar = 16 mm Dia 16

, Table - 13 Concrete cover = 35 mm

Effective depth d = h - 16 /2 - 35
= 157 mm

BS 8110 K = M = 77.81 x 10^6

1997 fcu x bd2 40 x 1000 x 157^2
Part 01
3.4.4.4 = 0.079

But K' = 0.156

Hence K' > K

BS 5400
Part 04 Therefore compression r/f is not required. Single r/f can be used.
5.3.2.3
eq 1 Mu = (0.87 fy) AsZ
eq 5 Z = (1 - 1.1fyAs )d
fcubd
From equation 5,
Z = (1 - 1.1 x460 x As / (40 x 1000 x 157)) x157
Z = 157 - 0.0127As
As = 12411.07 - 79.05Z - eq A

10
 From equation 1,
77.81 x 106 = 0.87 x 460AsZ
As Z = 194,428
Substitute to the above Equation from (Eq A)

194,427.79 = Z (12411.07 - 79.05Z)

0 = 79.05 Z^2 - 12411.07 Z + 194427.79

Z = 139.4 or 17.6 mm
Z = 139.40 mm

Consider 0.95d = 0.95 x 157 = 149.2 > Z

Therefore, Z = 139.40 mm

Consider As = M/(0.87*fy*z)
= 77.81 x 10^6/ (0.87 x 460 x 139.4
= 1,394.75 mm2

BS 5400 Minimum area of r/f

Part 04 0.15% ba*d = 0.15 / 100 x 1000 x 157
5.8.4.1 = 235.50 mm2

Therefore required r/f = 1394.75 mm2 As 1394.75

Area of a bar = π*r2 = 22 / 7 x ( 16 /2 )^2

= 201.14 mm2

Number of bars per 1m = 1394.75

length 201.14
= 6.93

Therefore spacing = 1000 = 144

6.93

= 125 mm

Therefore As provided = 1000 / 125 x 201.14 mm2 As provided

= 1609.12 mm2 1609.12

Hence provide Y16@125mm c/c as main r/f bars

11
 15.7. Crack width Calculation (SLS)

BS-5400
P-4 Design crack width, Wcr
Cl. 5.8.8.2 Wcr = 3acrєm
Equation 24 1+2(acr - Cnom)/(h-dc)

Ec = 31 kN/mm2
BS 5400 - 4,
Table 3
Es = 200 kN/mm2
BS.5400 - 4,
Cl. 4.3.2.2

Reynolds HB Where Modulus ratio, αe

Table 117 αe = Es/Ec = 200/31 = 6.45 αe = 6.45

ρ = As/bd = 1609.12 / (157 x 1000 )

= 0.0102 ρ =
0.0102
x/d = αeρ(√ (1+2/(αeρ)) - 1)
x / 157 = 6.45 x 0.0102( √ (1+2/(6.45 x 0.0102)) - 1)

x = 47.6 mm x = 47.6
mm
z = d- x/3
= 157 - 47.6 / 3 z =
= 141.1 mm 141.1 mm

fs = Ms/zAs,
= 56.7 x 10^6 / ( 141.1 x 1609.12 ) fs = 249.73
= 249.73 N/mm2 N/mm2

Reynolds HB є1 = fs (h-x) = 249.73 x (200 - 47.6 )

Table 138 Es (d-x) 200 x 10^3 x ( 157 - 47.6 )
= 0.0017
є1 = 0.0017 єm =
0.0017

12
 єS can be calculated by area transformed method

єS = є1
d-x h-x

єS = є1 ( d - x ) = 0.0017 ( 157 - 47.6 )

h-x 200 - 47.6

= 0.0012

єm = 0.0017 - 3.8x1000x200x(200-47.6)x(1-50.3/6.4 )x10^(-9)

0.0012 x 1609.12 x ( 200 - 47.6 )

єm = 0.0044 but not greater than є1

єm = 0.0017

Spacing

acr Cnom

(acr+φ/2)2 = (Space/2)2 + (Cnom+φ/2)2

= 62.5^2 + (35+8)^2
= 3906.25 + 1849
= 5755.25

13
 (acr+φ/2) = ± 76

acr = 68 mm acr = 68
mm
Therefore crack width Wcr
Wcr = 3acrєm
1+2(acr - Cnom)/(h-x)
Wcr = 0.242
= 3 x 68 x 0.0017 mm
1 + 2 ( 68 - 35 ) / ( 200 - 47.6)
= 0.242 mm
Wcr < 0.25 mm
BS 5400 -4
Table 1 Crack with check OK

15.8. Secondary Reinforcement Calculation ( ULS )

A's = 0.15% * ba * d
= 0.15 / 100 x 1000 x 157
= 235.50

Diameter of the secondary r/f = 12 mm

Area of one bar = πr2

= (22/7) x 6^2
= 113.14 mm2

Number of bars per 1m length = 235.50

113.14
= 2.09

Spacing = 1000
2.09
= 478.47

Therefore spacing = 475 mm

But provide Y12@ 150 mm c/c as Secondary r/f bars

14
 15.9. Punching shear check

Depth = 200 mm
Main bar Dia = 16 mm @ 125 mm
Secondary bar Dia = 12 mm @ 150 mm
Cover = 35 mm
fcu = 40 N/mm2
Single wheel load = 165 kN

Load applied Area = 300 x 300 mm2

Pressure = 165 x 1000
300 x 300

= 1.83 N/mm2

BS-5400, P-4
Figure - 5

dy
dx

dx = 200 - 35 - 16 /2
= 157 mm

dy = 200 - 35 - 16 - 12 /2
= 143 mm

15
 bsx = 300 + 2 x 3 x 157
= 1242 mm

bsy = 300 + 2 x 3 x 143

= 1158 mm

Asx = bsx x Area of a bar

Spacing
= 1242 x 22 x 8^2
125 7 Asx = 1998.6
= 1998.6 mm2 mm2

Asy = bsy x Area of a bar

Spacing
= 1158 x 22 x 6^2 Asy = 873.5
150 7 mm2
= 873.5 mm2

BS- 5400, P-4

Cl.5.3.3.2.

vc,x = 0.27 x ( 100 x 1998.6 / (1242 x 157 )) ^(1/3) x 40^(1/3) /1.25

= 0.74 N/mm2

vc,y = 0.27 x ( 100 x 873.5 / (1158 x 143 )) ^(1/3) x 40^(1/3) /1.25

= 0.60 N/mm2

BS- 5400, P-4

Table 9

ξ s,x = ( 500 / 157 ) ^ 0.25

ξ s,x = 1.34

ξ s,x = 1.34

16
 (vc ξ s)x = 1.34 x 0.74 = 0.99 N/mm2

ξ s,y = ( 500 / 143 ) ^ 0.25

ξ s,y = 1.37

ξ s,y = 1.37

(vc ξ s)y = 1.37 x 0.6 = 0.82 N/mm2

(vc ξ s)x + (vc ξ s)y = 0.99 + 0.82

= 1.81 N/mm2

Shear stress capacity = 1.81 N/mm2

Critical section for shear resistance

bx = 300 + 2 x 1.5 x 157 = 771 mm

by = 300 + 2 x 1.5 x 143 = 729 mm

17
Area through critical section = 2 ( bx . dx + by . dy )
= 2 (771 x 157 + 729 x 143 )
= 450,588.0 mm

Single wheel load = 165 kN

Shear stress = 165 x 1000 / 450588

= 0.37 N / mm2
< 1.81 N / mm2
Section is OK for punching shear

18
 Magnal Diagram
500

450

400

350

300
1/px 109 N-1

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Eq- 1 Linear (Eq- 1) Excentrisity (mm)

 1
Tendents Profile
-350 Polyno
mial
(1)
-300
2
-250 Logarit
hmic
-200 (2)
Logarit
-150 hmic
(2)
-100 Power
(2)
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Polyno
mial
0 (2)

50 3
Polyno
100 mial
(3)
150 4

200 Polyno
mial
(4)
250

300 Linear
()
350
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016
Reference Calculations Output

15. Grillage Analysis using SAP 2000

15.1. Geometry of Grills

Transvers beam
Effective length of the beam = 21 m
Spacing = 1 m
Then numbers of spacing = 21 / 1
= 21
Numbers of beams = 21 + 1
= 22

Grillage Arrangement of beams

64
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016
Reference Calculations Output
15.2 Loads and Safety Factors

ULS SLS
Loads
γfl γ3 γfl γ3
Weight of the Beam 1.15 1.1 1 1
Center median Concrete 1.15 1.1 1 1
Footwalk Concrete 1.15 1.1 1 1
Weight of Hand Rails 1.75 1.1 1.2 1
Weight of wearing course 1.75 1.1 1.2 1
HB Loads 1.3 1.1 1.1 1
HA Loads with HB 1.3 1.1 1.1 1
Pedestrian loads 1.5 1.1 1 1

15.3 Lane Arrangement

15.3 Lane for HA loading
Lane 1

Lane 2

Lane 3

Lane 4

Lane 5

Lane 6

65
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016

Lane 1

Lane 2

Lane 3

Lane 4

Lane 5

Lane 6
Reference Calculations Output

66
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016
Reference Calculations Output
BS5400 - 2 15.3 Lane for HB loading
Figure 12

Lane 7

15.3 Load Patterns, Load Cases and Load Combinations

15.3.2 Load Cases For Moving Loads

Case 1 .=> Lane 3 - HA

Lane 4 - 1/3 HA
Lane 5 - 1/3 HA
Lane 6 - 1/3 HA
Lane 7 - HB

Case 2 .=> Lane 3 - 1/3 HA

Lane 4 - 1/3 HA
Lane 5 - 1/3 HA
Lane 6 - 1/3 HA

67
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016
Reference Calculations Output
Lane 7 - HB

68
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : 01 / 03 / 2016
Reference Calculations Output

15.3.3 Load Combinations (SLS)

Comb 1 .=> Weight of the Beam

Comb 2 .=> Weight of the Beam

Center median Concrete
Footwalk Concrete
Weight of Hand Rails
Weight of wearing course

Comb 3 .=> HB Loads

HA Loads with HB
Pedestrian loads

Comb 4 .=> Comb 2 + Comb 3 + Case 1

Comb 5 .=> Comb 2 + Comb 3 + Case 2

Comb 6 .=> Lane 7 - HB

( To compare manual calculation with Out put of SAP 2000 model )

69
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : Err:509
Reference Calculations Output

1. Introduction
This report contains a design of 22m long inverted "Y" shaped Pre-tension
beam. The design is done based on British code 5400-1990, BS5896 and the
Road Development Authority's Bridge Design Manual.
This beam is designed for 45 units of HB loads and as a class II member

1.1. Symbols
Based on the code BS 5400, the following symbols are used.

A Area of cross section of beam

Aps Area of prestressing tendons in the tension
b Breadth of the member
C Torsional constant per unit width of slab
d Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid
of the tendons at the section considered;
E Elastic modulus of pre stress concrete
Ec Static modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel
e Eccentricity of pre stressing force
fci Characteristic strength of concrete at transfer
fcu Characteristic strength of concrete
fcp Compressive stress at the centaroidal axis
fpu Characteristic strength of prestressing tendons
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fpb Tensile stress in tendons at (beam) failure
fbt Level of prestress in the concrete at tensile face
ft Maximum principal tensile stress
h Overall Depth of the member
I Second moment of area
ix Longitudinal member inertia per unit width of slab
iy Transverse member inertia per unit width of slab
kt Coefficient dependent on the type of tendon
Lt Transmission length (in mm)
M Bending moment ( taken as positive) at the section
considered
Mimp Moment due to super imposed dead and live loads
Mins Moment due to insitu concrete
Md Moment due to self weight of pre stressed beam

70
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : Err:509
Reference Calculations Output
Mcr Cracking moment at the section considered

71
 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

CALCULATION SHEET
PROJECT : 13/6 Bridge on Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road ITEM : Data
DESIGNED BY : Amaratunga H.A.R.R. CHECKED BY : DATE : Err:509
Reference Calculations Output
n Modular ratio
P Pre stressing force
P' Pre stressing force after short term losses
P'' Pre stressing force after long term losses
V Shear force (taken as positive) at the section considered
Vco Ultimate shear resistance of a section uncracked in flexure
Vcr Ultimate shear resistance of a section cracked in flexure
W Uniformly distributed load
y Distance of the face from the centroid of the section
yt
Distance from most top fiber in the beam from its neutral axis
yb
Distance from most bottom fiber in the beam from its neutral
axis
Zb Section modulus of beam below the neutral axis
Zt Section modulus of beam above the neutral axis
Zbc
Section modulus of composite section below the neutral axis
Ztc
Section modulus of composite section above the neutral axis
 Nominal diameter of the tendon
 Stress
γf1, Partial load factors
γFL,
γf3
 Strain

72
 PART 2
DESIGN OF SUPER
STRUCTURE

BRIDGE NO. - 13/6

ROAD - Demodara - Spring Valley - Badulla Road (B-096)

PREPARED BY - H.A.R.R. AMARATUNGA

P.F. No. - 8468
Contents
Page No.
1
Contents
Page No.
Contents
Page No.
Contents
Page No.