CPAR PART III

I. Sculptures
A. Description
- 3D or Three-dimensional
1) Free Standing
a. A.K.A. “in the round”
b. Sculptures raised independently in given space
c. Examples:
1. The Oblation – Guillermo Tolentino
2. Lapu-Lapu Shrine
2) Reliefs
a. Raised from a background
b. Types:
1. Bas reliefs or low reliefs
 Slightly protruding
2. High Reliefs
 Prominently raised against background
 More dimensionality
- Made by the addition or subtraction of materials
1) Subtraction – carving
2) Addition – molding, casting, and welding
- Mobiles, three-dimensional light-manipulations (holograms) are neither free-standing nor
reliefs; they are contemporary

B. History in the Philippines (Pre-colonial)

- Sculptural tradition long before arrival of colonizers
1) Panolongs of the Torogan
2) Maranao Royal House
3) Grave markers of the Badjao
4) The Bul’ul
- Wood carvings used to create and decorate everyday items like furniture

C. Spanish Colonization
- Most notable sculptures were about saints
1) Black Nazarene in Quiapo
2) Our Lady of Peñafrancia
3) Santo Niño in Cebu
- Two Styles:
1) Classical Style that follows aesthetics of ancient Greeks and Romans
2) Modern Style is abstracted and not as particular realistic portrayal

D. American Colonization
- Guillermo Tolentino
o Bonifacio Monument
o UP Oblation
- Anastacio Caedo
o McArthur Leyte Landing Memorial National Park
- Froilan Madriñan Jr.
o Hall of Fame Busts
o imahe ni Rizal sa palito ng posporo
- Luisito Ac-ac
o Museo Ac-ac; wood carvings
 - Mario Dayao
o Mother and Child; baroque relief murals in wood
- Napoleon Abueva
o Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture
o Allegorical Harpoon - heroic representation of Filipino ancestors
o Nine Muses of the Arts – architecture, sculpture, music, dance, etc.; located in UPD
o Sunburst – located in Manila Hotel / “The Peninsula Manila”
o The Transfiguration of Christ
- Renato Rocha
o critically acclaimed;
o winning streak from 1960 – 1965;
o figurative abstraction
- Ross Arcilla
o array of materials like jade, wood, metal, glass

II. Contemporary Art Forms

A. Collage
- The technique and work of art where pieces of paper, photographs, etc. are arranged and
stuck onto a surface
- Dina Gadia – “Self Destruction”
- Jonathan Benitez
B. Assemblage
- Made through assembling disparate objects
- Usually everyday items scavenged by artist
- Jean Dubuffer in 1952
- Robu T. Feleo – “Barba to the Divine”
C. Mobile
- Usually hanging above cribs
- Provide entertainment to babies
- Fish Mobile
- Alexander Calder – “Rouge Triumphant”
D. Performance Art
- “Brother of Isidora” by David Medalla
E. Installation
- Arrangement of objects in a given space
- “Bakawan Floating Project” by Leeroy New
- “Liwanag sa Kawalan ng Buhay” located in Yuchengco Museum

III. Decorative Art

A. Pottery
- Giant kiln – for burning
- Ugu Bigyan of Tiaong, Quezon
- Burnay
B. Carving (molded)
- Okir-style (Panolong of the torogan)
- Sarimanok
- Bul’ul the granary god
C. Weaving
- Binakol cloths are ancient and dizzying patterns
- Pinilian
- Ikat is a dyeing technique to pattern textiles
- Basag
 D. Metal Work
- Bagobo bells (necklace)
- Gador (urns)

IV. Philippine Music

A. INFLUENCES
a. Indigenous
i. Indigenous Traditions present in 10% of the population
ii. Vocal genres: epic, chant, ritual
iii. Ethnic traditional music
iv. Ballad
v. Chant; songs for debate
vi. Baba Nam
1. Praying reverence and praising gods
2. Cebu
3. Chant to cure physical, mental disorders
b. Spanish/European
i. Religious connections
ii. Hispanic influence
iii. Art song – traditional/classical
iv. Habanera/Danza (Harana)
1. Art song
2. One voice/traditional music
v. Liturgical music - for public worship
vi. Kumintang – courtship dance
vii. Pasyon Chant - pabasa
c. American - inspired Classical, Semi-classical, and Popular Music
i. Broadway types
ii. Classical
1. Chamber
2. Choral
3. Opera
iii. Semi-classical
1. Band Music
2. March
iv. Popular
1. Pinoy rock
2. Safe Pinoy pop
3. Pinoy pop
v. Protest

B. CONTEMPORARY MUSIC - product of indigenous and colonial influence

a. Kundiman
i. Love and affection for someone
ii. Love for the country
iii. Art song
iv. Ruben Tagalog - King of Kundiman
b. Harana
i. Traditional courtship ritual
ii. Suitor serenades woman of affection
c. Ballad
i. Traditionally narrates a community event
 ii. Variety based on region
iii. “Idangdang” of Bukidnon
d. Country Music
i. Storytelling genre
ii. Popular in the Western region of America
iii. Originated in Southern USA in 1920’s
e. Rock Ballad Music
i. A rock composition that can be lengthy
ii. Emotional subject at its core
iii. Often love songs
f. Jazz Ballad
g. Chamber Music
i. Group of musicians and one singer
ii. Dr. Francisco Santiago and Nicanor Abelardo
1. The pioneers of the musical form
h. Choral Music
i. Intended to be performed by a group of singers
ii. Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass (SATB)
iii. e.g. UP Madringal Singers
i. Liturgical Music
i. Inspired by Jewish Chants
ii. Christian Church Services
iii. National Artist: Francisco Feliciano
iv. e.g. Gerphil Flores
j. Opera
i. Combination of music and theater
ii. Jovita Fuentes (first Filipina to become National Artist in Music)
k. Pop Music
i. RnB, Rap, Rock, Hip-Hop, Dance
ii. Popular but less quality
l. Protest Songs
i. Bring light to injustices
ii. Nationalism and heroism
iii. e.g. “Bayan Ko”, “Nag-iisang Mundo” by Gloc 9, “Masdan Mo Ang Kapaligiran”
V. Dance
a. Regulated and deliberate body movements
b. Accompanied with music
c. Forms and Styles:
i. Belly Dance
1. Arabic dance
2. Focused on torso
3. “Danse del ventre” – French
4. Originated in Egypt
ii. Improvisational Dance
1. Sponataneously creating movement
2. Free, unrestricted
iii. Break Dance
1. B-boying/girling
2. Athletic style of street dancing
3. Sub culture of hiphop
iv. Hip-Hop
1. Energetic
 2. Freedom of movement and personality
3. Disc jockeys, graffiti, MC, breakdancers
v. Ballet
1. “Ballo,” “Ballase,” meaning to dance (Latin)
2. “Ballizo” meaning to jump about (Greek)
3. Spread from italy to france
4. Alice Reyes – National Artist
vi. Modern Dance
1. Broad genre of Western theatrical dance
2. Rebellion against classical ballet
3. Grounded style
4. More on jumping, leaps
5. No required costume/emotions
vii. Contemporary Dance
1. Combination of several genres (modern, jazz, etc.)
2. Floor work, pulling oneself down
viii. Traditional Dance
1. Reflect the life of the people
2. Ritual dance – “Jakota Manileña”
d. Contemporary Dance Forms
i. Aerobic Dance
1. For fitness and health purposes
ii. Ballet
iii. Folk Dance
1. Cultural; rituals, festivals;
iv. Street dance – urban open spaces

VI. History of Philippine Theater

a. Theater is a visual and performing arts with music, dancing, acting that tells a story
b. Pre-Colonial
i. Indigenous rituals, verbal jousts
ii. Songs to praise gods in mythology
iii. Spectacle (elements; sensory effects)
iv. Epic poetry and rituals
c. Spanish Regime
i. Zarzuelas influence Christianity (spoken word)
ii. Comedia, moro-moro, linambay, oratoryo
1. Performed in pueblos as propaganda
d. American Regime
i. Vaudeville (play with parts of comedias and zarzuelas)
ii. Broadway Theater, Shakespearean Tragedies
e. Japanese Occupation
i. Downfall of theater
ii. Manila Grand Opera House and Sonoy Theater (homes to vaudeville)
f. Present day
i. Appreciation has diminished greatly
VII. Elements of Theater – The Collaborative Art Form
a. Performers
b. Audience
c. Director
d. Space
e. Design
 f. Text
VIII. Types of Theater
a. Absurd
i. Exaggerated events
ii. From the West
b. Stage Show
i. Vaudeville
ii. Variety of acts and performances
iii. Comedy skits, musical number, etc.
c. Brechtian Theater
i. Epic theater of instruction
ii. Created by Bertolt Brecht
iii. Social commentary; more oriented to facts rather than escapism
iv. Pedagogical
d. Children’s Theater
i. Children as actors, or play made for children
ii. Encourage creativity, and entertains to form values
e. Melodrama
i. Non-musical
ii. Tears from emotional attachment
iii. Victims of tragedies
f. Dramatic Monologue
i. Individual actor speaks out his character
g. Tula-dula
i. Narrator and 2-3 actors to provide movement
ii. “Ang Pakikipagsapalaran,” Juan Dela Cruz
h. Political Theater
i. Transform and improve government
ii. Symbolism, allegorical
i. Musical Theater
j. Realism
i. Real life situations
ii. Ella Martinez Coscuella – In my Father’s House