VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 
QUESTION BANK 

EC6402 – COMMUNICATION THEORY

III YEAR / VI SEMESTER

ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-16(EVEN)

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 EC6402 COMMUNICATION THEORY LTPC 3003
OBJECTIVES:
• To introduce the concepts of various analog modulations and their spectral
characteristics.
• To understand the properties of random process.
• To know the effect of noise on communication systems.
• To study the limits set by Information Theory.
UNIT I AMPLITUDE MODULATION 9
Generation and detection of AM wave-spectra-DSBSC, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope &
complex envelope - SSB and VSB –comparison -Superheterodyne Receiver.
UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION 9
Phase and frequency modulation-Narrow Band and Wind band FM - Spectrum - FM modulation
and demodulation – FM Discriminator- PLL as FM Demodulator - Transmission bandwidth.
UNIT III RANDOM PROCESS 9
Random variables, Central limit Theorem, Random Process, Stationary Processes, Mean,
Correlation & Covariance functions, Power Spectral Density, Ergodic Processes, Gaussian
Process,Transmission of a Random Process Through a LTI filter.
UNIT IV NOISE CHARACTERIZATION 9
Noise sources and types – Noise figure and noise temperature – Noise in cascaded systems.
Narrow band noise – PSD of in-phase and quadrature noise –Noise performance in AM systems
– Noise performance in FM systems – Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis – Capture effect, threshold
effect.
UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY 9
Entropy - Discrete Memoryless channels - Channel Capacity -Hartley - Shannon law - Source
coding theorem - Huffman & Shannon - Fano codes.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
• At the end of the course, the students would
• Design AM communication systems.
• Design Angle modulated communication systems
• Apply the concepts of Random Process to the design of Communication systems
• Analyze the noise performance of AM and FM systems

TEXT BOOKS:

1. J.G.Proakis, M.Salehi, “Fundamentals of Communication Systems”, Pearson Education 2006.

2. S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2005.

REFERENCES:
1. B.P.Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2007.
2. B.Sklar, “Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd Edition Pearson
Education 2007.
3. H P Hsu, Schaum Outline Series - “Analog and Digital Communications” TMH 2006.
4. Couch.L., "Modern Communication Systems", Pearson, 2001.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT : EC6402 – COMMUNICATION THEORY

SEM / YEAR: IV / II year B.E.

UNIT I AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Generation and detection of AM wave-spectra-DSBSC, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope & complex

envelope - SSB and VSB –comparison -Super heterodyne Receiver.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Level Domain

1. What are the advantages of VSB-AM? BTL 1 Remembering

2. State heterodyning principle. BTL 1 Remembering

3. What are the advantages of modulating low frequency signal into BTL 1 Remembering
high frequency signal?

4. List the types of AM modulators? BTL 1 Remembering

5. Define Coherent Detection. BTL 1 Remembering

6. Why do you need modulation in communication systems? BTL 1 Remembering

7. Identify the differences between single side band and vestigial BTL 2 Understanding
side band systems.

8. Write about diagonal clipping and negative peak clipping? BTL 2 Understanding

9. Suggest a modulation scheme for broadcast video transmission. BTL 6 Creating

10. Apply the concepts of sensitivity and selectivity in AM receiver. BTL 23 Applying

11. Draw the AM modulated wave for modulation index=0.5 and its BTL 2 Understanding
spectra.
12. Illustrate the applications of Hilbert transform. BTL 3 Applying

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 13. Apply the concepts of power relations and find the total power in a BTL 3 Applying
modulated wave if the carrier is 10 watts and amplitude modulated
to a depth of 80%.
14. Compare AM with DSB-SC and SSB-SC. BTL 4 Analyzing

15. Distinguish between high level and low level modulation? BTL 4 Analyzing

16. Differentiate between linear and nonlinear modulation BTL 4 Analyzing

17. A transmitter radiates 9kW without modulation and 10.125kW BTL 5 Evaluating
after modulation. Determine depth of modulation.
18. When a signal m(t)=3cos(2 x103t) modulates a carrier BTL 5 Evaluating
c(t)=5cos(πx106t), determine the modulation index and
transmission bandwidth if the modulation is AM.
19. Summarize the methods for generating SSB-SC signal. BTL 2 Understanding

20. Can you formulate the theory for modulation index of an AM BTL 6 Creating
signal and write its classification.

PART – B

1. What is the need for carrier suppression in AM system? Draw and BTL 2 Remembering
explain the functioning of such system. (16)

2. (i)Explain the generation of SSBSC signal using phase shift BTL 2 Understanding
method. (8)
(ii)Suggest a scheme for recovering the message signal from the
signal s(t)=2m(t)cos2πfct. Explain the same. (8) BTL 3 Applying

3. (i) An AM signal is generated by modulating the carrier BTL 65 Evaluating

fc=800MHz by the signal m(t)=sin3000πt+0.5cos5000πt. The AM
signal s(t)=100[1+m(t)] cos2πfct is fed to a 50ohm load. (8)
a) Determine the average power in the carrier and in the
sidebands.
b) Find the modulation index and peak power delivered to the
load.
(ii)Explain the function of switching modulator in the generation
of AM signal. (8) BTL 2 Understanding

4. (i)Analyze the concepts of AM modulation and derive the BTL 4 Analyzing

equation of an AM wave. Also draw the modulated AM wave for
various modulation index. (8)
(ii) Summarize the methods of demodulation of DSBSC and BTL 2 Understanding
explain briefly about costas loop.                                                                      (8) 

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 5. (i)Draw the VSB spectrum and explain the significance. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii)How do you demodulate AM signal? Explain. (8) BTL 1 Remembering

6. (i)Compare the characteristics of DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC, BTL 4 Analyzing

SSBSC, SB schemes. (8)
(ii)What is heterodyning and explain the operation of
Superheterodyne Receiver with a suitable block diagram. (8)
BTL 1 Remembering

7. (i)What is Hilbert transform? And how it can be used for various BTL 1 Remembering
applications. (8)
(ii)Analyze the frequency components present in the output when
the 1000kHz carrier is simultaneously AM modulated with
BTL 4 Analyzing
300Hz, 800Hz and 1.5kHz audio sine waves. (8)

8. (i) Apply the concepts of envelope detection for demodulation of BTL 3 Applying
AM and explain its operation. (8)
(ii)How would you generate SSB using Weavers method? Illustrate
with a neat block diagram. (8) BTL 1 Remembering

9. (i)Construct the balanced modulator circuit for the generation of BTL 6 Creating
DSB-SC-AM and explain its operation. (8)
(ii)Develop the coherent detection method in detail for the
detection of DSB-SC and SSB-SC. What happens when there is BTL 6 Creating
phase mismatch? (8)

10. (i) How do you apply ring modulator for the generation of DSB-SC BTL3 Applying
signal? (8)
(ii) For an AM DSBFC wave with peak unmodulated carrier voltage
Vc =10V, a load resistance RL=10Ω and a modulation coefficient
ma=1,determine (8)
a) Powers of the carrier and the upper sidebands
BTL 5 Evaluating
b) Total sideband power
c) Total power of the modulated wave
d) Draw the power spectrum

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 UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION

Phase and frequency modulation-Narrow Band and Wind band FM - Spectrum - FM modulation and
demodulation – FM Discriminator- PLL as FM Demodulator - Transmission bandwidth.

PART A

Q. No Questions BT Level Domain

1. Compare WBFM and NBFM. BTL 4 Analyzing

2. State the Carson’s rule to determine the bandwidth of FM. BTL 1 Remembering

3. Why frequency modulation is more preferred for voice BTL 1 Remembering

transmission?

4. List the advantages of AM and FM. BTL 1 Remembering

5. Apply the concepts of detection for detecting FM signals. BTL 3 Applying

6. Analyze the bandwidth of FM when the carrier is modulated by a BTL 4 Analyzing

sinusoidal modulating frequency of 2kHz resulting in a frequency
deviation of 5kHZ.

7. Formulate the difference between the direct method and indirect BTL 6 Creating
method of FM.

8. What is the need for pre-emphasis? BTL 1 Remembering

9. List the applications of phase locked loop? BTL 1 Remembering

10. Draw the block diagram of a method for generating a narrow band BTL 2 Understanding
FM?

11. Give the mathematical expression for FM and PM. BTL 2 Understanding

12. Describe the limitations of slope detector? BTL 2 Understanding

13. Summarize the merits and demerits of balanced slope detector. BTL 3 Applying

14. Point out the advantages and disadvantages of Foster-Seely BTL 6 Creating
discrimination method?

15. Define modulation index of FM and PM. BTL 1 Remembering

16. Differentiate between phase and frequency modulation. BTL 4 Analyzing

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 17. A carrier of frequency 100MHz is frequency modulated by a signal BTL 5 Evaluating
x(t)=20sin(200πx103t). What is the bandwidth of the FM signal if
the frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25kHz per volt?
18. What is the bandwidth required for an FM wave in which the BTL 5 Evaluating
modulating frequency signal is 2kHz and the maximum frequency
deviation is 12kHz?
19. Show that Armstrong method is superior to reactance modulator? BTL 3 Applying

20. Outline the concepts of lock in range and dynamic range of PLL. BTL 2 Understanding

PART – B

1. (i)Explain the operation of ratio detector for FM detection. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii)Explain the operation of PLL as a FM demodulator. (8) BTL 2 Understanding

2. (i) Explain how FM is achieved using Varactor diodes. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii)Make at least five comparisons of AM and FM systems. (8) BTL 4 Analyzing

3. Apply the concepts of FM and PM with an angle modulated wave

which is described by
10 cos 2 10 ) 0.1sin 10 ) t]
a) Considering as PM signal with Kp= 10, find m(t). (8) BTL 3 Applying
b) Considering as FM signal with Kp= 10 π, find m(t). (8)

4. A carrier frequency of 80MHz is frequency modulated by a sine BTL 5 Evaluating

wave amplitude of 20volts and frequency of 80MHz and the
frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 20KHz/v. (16)
a) Determine the appropriate bandwidth of the FM wave by
using Carson’s Rule
b) Determine the bandwidth by transmitting only those
frequencies whose amplitude exceed 1% of the unmodulated
carrier amplitude.
5. (i)How do you obtain the expression for the single tone frequency BTL 1 Remembering
modulated signal and hence prove that is the constant envelope
modulation requiring infinite bandwidth. (12)
(ii)List the components present in the spectrum of the FM. (4) BTL 1 Remembering

6. (i)Explain the FM discriminator with a suitable diagram. (8) BTL 2 Understanding

(ii)How FM can be derived from PM and vice versa. (8) BTL 6 Creating

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 7. (i)Obtain the mathematical representation of FM and PM waves. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) With a neat diagram, analyze the concepts of FM with direct BTL 4 Analyzing
method of generation. (8)

8. (i)Define FM and derive the expression for wideband FM in terms of BTL 1 Remembering
Bessel functions. (10)
(ii)How do you obtain FM from PM and vice versa? Explain. (6)
BTL 1 Remembering

9. (i) What are the methods of FM generation and explain the Armstrong BTL 1 Remembering
method to generate FM signal. (10)
(ii) How do you relate the phase modulation with frequency
modulation? (6) BTL 4 Analyzing

10. (i)When the modulating frequency in an FM system is 400Hz and BTL 3 Applying
the modulating voltage is 2.4V and the modulation index is
60.Calculate the maximum deviation. Apply the concepts of
modulation index and calculate the modulating index when the
modulating frequency is reduced to 250Hz and the modulating
voltage is simultaneously raised to 3.2V. (8)

(ii)With necessary diagrams, develop the operation of slope detector

for demodulating FM signal. (8) BTL 6 Creating

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 UNIT III RANDOM PROCESS

Random variables, Central limit Theorem, Random Process, Stationary Processes, Mean, Correlation &
Covariance functions, Power Spectral Density, Ergodic Processes, Gaussian Process,
Transmission of a Random Process Through a LTI filter.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Level Domain

1. Define random variable. Specify the sample space and the BTL 1 Remembering
random variable for a coin tossing experiment.
2. List the properties of the cumulative distributive function. BTL 1 Remembering
3. Demonstrate when random process is called deterministic? BTL 3 Applying
4. Classify random process? Give one example for each. BTL 4 Analyzing
5. Express the auto correlation function and power spectral density of BTL 2 Understanding
white noise.
6. State central limit theorem. BTL 1 Remembering
7. Write the Rayleigh and Rician probability density functions. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Describe mean, autocorrelation and covariance of a random BTL 1 Remembering
process.
9. Give the conditions to be satisfied for wide sense stationary. BTL 2 Understanding
10. What are the properties of an autocorrelation function? BTL 1 Remembering
11. Quote Ergodic processes and Gaussian processes. BTL 1 Remembering
12. Infer the cross correlation of random processes of X(t) and Y(t)? BTL 4 Analyzing
13. Show the input output relation for a power spectral density and BTL 3 Applying
cross spectral density.
14. Investigate when random processes X(t) is called white process ? BTL 6 Creating
15. Summarise an expression for noise equivalent bandwidth. BTL 5 Evaluating
16. Generalize the power spectral density of X(t). BTL 6 Creating
17. Pointout the properties of Gaussian process. BTL 4 Analyzing
18. The pdf of a random variable is given as fX(x) =k for a ≤ x ≤b BTL 3 Applying
and 0 otherwise where k is a constant. Calculate the value of k.

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 19. Evaluate when a random process is called as stationary, BTL 5 Evaluating
deterministic and ergodic.
20. Distinguish between random variable and random process. BTL 2 Understanding

PART – B

1. Explain the following, BTL 4 Analyzing

(i) Random variable (5)
(ii) Gaussian process (5)
(iii) Central limit theorem (6)
2. (i) Describe and prove the properties of Gaussian Process. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Differentiate the strict-sense stationary with that of wide sense BTL 2 Understanding
stationary process. (8)
3. (i) Analyze the following terms mean, correlation, covariance, BTL 4 Analyzing
and ergodicity. (8)
BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Quote the properties of the auto correlation function. (8)
4. (i) An AWGN of power spectral density 1µW is fed through a BTL 3 Applying
filter with frequency response
H(f) = 1/2 ; |f| < 40 kHz
0 ; elsewhere
Calculate the noise power at the output of the filter. (8)
(ii)Describe about stationary processes and its classifications. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
5. Generalize the equation for finding the probability density BTL 6 Creating
function of a one to one differential function of a given random
variable. (16)
6. (i) Examine about Transmission of random process through a BTL 1 Remembering
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) filter. (8)
(ii) Find the autocorrelation of a sequence x(t) =A
cos(2πfc(t+θ)) where A and fc are constant and θ is a random BTL 1 Remembering
variable that is uniformly distributed over the interval [-π π]. (8)
7. (i) Define autocorrelation. Discuss the properties of BTL 1 Remembering
autocorrelation function. (8)
(ii) Let X(t) and Y(t) be both zero-mean and WSS random
processes. Consider the random process z(t) = X(t) + Y(t). BTL 1 Remembering
Determine the auto correlation and power spectrum of z(t) if X(t)
and Y(t) are jointly WSS. (8)

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 8. Discuss and prove the properties of power spectral density. (16) BTL 2 Understanding
9. (i) Let X have the uniform distribution given by BTL 3 Applying
⎧1 2π 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
f X (x) = ⎨
⎩0 Otherwise

Calculate mean, mean square value and variance. (8)

(ii) Let X(t) = A cos (ωt+Φ) and Y(t) = A sin (ωt+Φ), where A and
BTL 3 Applying
ω are constants and Φ is a uniform random variables [0, 2π].
Discover the cross correlation of x(t) and y(t). (8)
10. Given a random process X(t)=A Cos(ωt+θ), where A and ω are BTL 5 Evaluating
constants and θ is a uniform random variable. Judge that X(t) is
Ergodic. (16)

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 UNIT IV NOISE CHARACTERIZATION

Noise sources and types – Noise figure and noise temperature – Noise in cascaded systems. Narrow
band noise – PSD of in-phase and quadrature noise –Noise performance in AM systems – Noise
performance in FM systems – Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis – Capture effect, threshold effect.

PART A

Q.No Questions BT Level Domain

1. Describe white noise? Give its Characteristics.   BTL 2 Understanding

2. Define noise figure and SNR. BTL 1 Remembering
3. A Receiver is connected to an antenna of resistance of 50Ω has an BTL 6 Creating
equivalent noise resistance of 30Ω. Invent the receiver noise
figure.
4. When carrier to noise ratio is high, how will you get figure of BTL 1 Remembering
merit of FM systems?
5. Formulate the narrow-band noise m(t) at the IF filter output in BTL 6 Creating
terms of its in-phase and quadrature components. 
6. Discuss the need for pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. BTL 2 Understanding
7. Quote threshold effect in AM receiver and Q factor of a receiver. BTL 1 Remembering
8. What is FM threshold effect?   BTL 1 Remembering
9. Distinguish the noise performance of DSBSC receiver using BTL 2 Understanding
coherent detection with AM receiver using envelope detection. 
10. Illustrate coherent system?   BTL 3 Applying
11. Classify the methods are to improve FM threshold reduction? BTL 4 Analyzing
12. The figure of merit of AM system is 1/3 when the modulation is BTL 3 Applying
100 percent and that of FM is (3/2) mf2.The use of FM offers
improved noise performance over AM when (3/2)mf2 > 1/3. Where
mf –modulation index in FM. Solve the characteristics of super
heterodyne receivers.
13. Name what is capture effect? What do you understand by ‘capture BTL 1 Remembering
effect’ in FM? 
14. Discuss threshold effect with respect to noise? BTL 2 Understanding
15. Label noise equivalent bandwidth.  BTL 1 Remembering
16. Calculate noise figure and equivalent noise temperature for a BTL 3 Applying
receiver connected to an antenna whose resistance is 100Ω and
equivalent noise resistance is 50Ω.

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 17. Pointout the characteristic of shot noise.  BTL 4 Analyzing
18. Two resistors of 20 kΩ, 50 kΩ are at room temperature (290oK). BTL 5 Evaluating
For a bandwidth of 100 KHz, Evaluate the thermal noise voltage
generated by the two resistors in series.  
19. DC current of 2 mA flows through the semiconductor junction. BTL 4 Analyzing
Consider the effective noise bandwidth of 1 kHz and Infer the shot
noise component.  
20. Evaluate thermal noise voltage across the simple parallel RC BTL 5 Evaluating
circuit shown with R =1kΩ and C=1µF at T = 270oC. 

PART – B

1. (i) Write a short note on shot noise and also explain about power BTL 1 Remembering
spectral density of shot noise. (8)
(ii) Show and discuss the causes and effects of various forms of
noise created within a receiver?                                                                 (8)  BTL 1 Remembering

2. (i) Describe the following (a) White noise (b) Noise temperature. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Illustrate how to represent narrowband noise.                                  (8) 
BTL 3 Applying
3. What is coherent detector? Derive an expression for SNR at input BTL 1 Remembering
(SNRc) and output of (SNRo) of a coherent detector. (16)
4. (i) Express and derive the output SNR for FM reception. (8) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Explain the significance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM
BTL 4 Analyzing
system. (8) 
5. (i) Describe and derive the figure of merit of a FM system. (12) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Infer FM threshold effect. (4) BTL 4 Analyzing

6. (i) Formulate the figure of merit for AM system for non- BTL 6 Creating
coherent system, with suitable assumptions. (12)
(ii) Formulate the relationship between noise figure and equivalent
noise temperature. (4)  BTL 6 Creating

7. (i) The three amplifiers 1, 2 and 3 have the following characteristics: BTL 3 Applying
F1=9dB, G1=50dB, F2=6dB, G2=30dB, F3=4db, G3=20dB. The
amplifiers are connected in tandem. Discover which combination
gives the lowest noise figure. (8)
(ii) Analyze in detail about narrow band noise and the properties of
in-phase and quadrature components of narrow band noise. (8) BTL 4 Analyzing

8. (i) Solve the expression for figure of merit of DSB-SC receiver BTL 3 Applying
using coherent detection.                                                                                 (8)
(ii) Define and explain the following: Gaussian noise and Gaussian

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 distribution and thermal noise. What type of PDF does the Gaussian BTL 1 Remembering
noise follow? (8) 
9. (i) Discuss how sine wave plus noise is represented. Obtain the joint BTL 2 Understanding
PDF of such noise component. (8)
(ii) Consider two amplifiers are connected in cascade. First stage
amplifier has gain and noise figure as 10 dB and 2 dB. Second stage BTL 2 Understanding
has noise figure of 3 dB. Estimate the total noise figure. (8) 
10. Evaluate the effective noise temperature of a cascade amplifier. BTL 5 Evaluating
Assess how the various noises are generated in the method of
representing them. (16)

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 UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY

Entropy - Discrete Memoryless channels - Channel Capacity -Hartley - Shannon law - Source coding theorem
- Huffman & Shannon - Fano codes
PART A
Q. No Questions BT Level Domain

1. Define Shannon’s channel coding theorem BTL 1 Remembering

2. Demonstrate entropy for a discrete memory less source. BTL 3 Applying

3. State channel coding theorem BTL 1 Remembering

4. Point out the source coding techniques BTL 4 Analyzing

5. Give the expression for code efficiency in terms of entropy. BTL 2 Understanding

6. Test whether the information of a continuous system is non negative? BTL 5 Evaluating
Give reason?

7. What is prefix code? BTL 2 Understanding

8. Calculate the channel capacity of binary synchronous channel with BTL 3 Applying
error probability of 0.2.

9. Define channel redundancy? BTL 1 Remembering

10. A telephone network has a bandwidth of 3.4 kHz, Solve for the BTL 3 Applying
information capacity of the telephone channel for a signal-to-noise
ratio of 30dB.
11. Explain the significance of the entropy H(X/Y) of a communication BTL 4 Analyzing
system where X is the transmitter and Y is the receiver.

12. Quote information rate? BTL 1 Remembering

13. Identify Shannon’s Channel capacity theorem. BTL 1 Remembering

14. Summarize the properties of Entropy? BTL 2 Understanding

15. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, BTL 2 Understanding
1/16, 1/32, 1/32. Interpret the entropy of the system.

16. Formulate the equation for finding the entropy of a binary source. BTL 6 Creating

17. Generalize the Shannon channel capacity for a discrete memory less BTL 6 Creating
channel

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 18. Differentiate between lossless and lossy coding. BTL 4 Analyzing

19. A source emits one of the four symbols A, B, C and D with BTL 5 Evaluating
probabilities 1/3, 1/6, 1/4, 1/4 respectively the emissions of symbols
by the source are statistically independent. Measure the entropy of
the system

20. Recognize entropy and find the entropy of a DMS with probability BTL 1 Remembering
s1=1/4, s2=1/4, and s3=1/4.

PART – B

1. Discuss Source coding theorem, give the advantage and disadvantage BTL 2 Understanding
of channel coding in detail, and Summarize the data compaction.
(16)

2. (i) Explain in detail Huffman coding algorithm and compare this BTL 4 Analyzing
with the other types of coding. (12)
BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Describe S/N trade off. (4)
3. (i) Explain how channel capacity could be improved. Demonstrate the BTL 3 Applying
S/N trade off in detail. (10)
BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) List out the need for source coding and channel coding. (6)
4. (i) Identify about the lossy source coding schemes. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Source emits one of the five symbols A, B, C, D, E with
probabilities 0.4, 0.19, 0.16, 0.15, 0.1 respectively the emissions of
symbols by the source are statistically independent. Design a
Shannon Fano code for the source. Discover the average code length
and efficiency. (8) BTL 3 Applying
5. Explain the properties of entropy and with suitable example, point BTL 4 Analyzing
out the entropy of binary memory less source. (16)

6. (i) What is Entropy? Explain the important properties of entropy. (8) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Show that how will you use the source coding to increase average
information per bit. (8)
BTL 3 Applying
7. Develop binary optical code for the following probability symbols
using Huffman procedure and calculate entropy of the source,
average code Length, efficiency, redundancy and variance 0.2, 0.18, BTL 6 Creating
0.12, 0.1, 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06, 0.04. (16)

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 8. Write short notes on Differential entropy, derive the channel BTL 2 Understanding
capacity theorem and discuss the implications of the information
capacity theorem. (16)
9. Deduce the expression for channel capacity of a continuous channel.
Find also the expression for channel capacity of continuous channel
of an infinite bandwidth. Comment on the results. BTL 5 Evaluating
(16)
10. Describe binary symmetric channel? Derive channel capacity BTL 1 Remembering
formula for symmetric Channel. (16)
 

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