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Orden Grado
1.
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 5 1𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑𝑥
2.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 0 2𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑𝑥 2
3. 𝑥𝑦 , + 4𝑦 = 5 1𝑜 1𝑜
4. 𝑦 ,,, + 2(𝑦 ,, )2 − 5𝑦 , = 2 3𝑜 1𝑜
5. (𝑦 ,, )2 + (𝑦 , )3 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 2𝑜 2𝑜
6.
𝑑𝑧
= 𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧 1𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑𝑥
7.
𝑑2 𝑧
+
𝑑2 𝑧
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
Si existe una sola variable independiente como la ecuación 1 o 5 las derivadas son derivadas
ordinarias y lo ecuación se denomina ecuación diferencial ordinaria.
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥)
Si existen 2 o más variables independientes como los ejemplos 6 y7 las derivadas son
derivadas parciales y la ecuación se denomina ecuación diferencial parcial.
𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦)
GRADO: el grado de una ecuación diferencial que puede escribirse como un polinomio
respecto a las derivadas es el grado de la derivada de mayor orden que intervienen ella. Todas
las ecuaciones de los ejemplos anteriores son de primer grado excepto el 5 es de segundo
grado.
Orden Grado
a) 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 1𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑑𝑄
b) 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑄 2𝑜 1𝑜
c) 𝑦 ,,, + 𝑥𝑦 ,, + 2(𝑦 , )2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 3𝑜 1𝑜
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2 3𝑜 1𝑜
d) + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥) + 𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑤
2
𝑑2 𝑤
4 3𝑜 2𝑜
e) ( 𝑑𝑣3 ) − ( 𝑑𝑣 2 ) + 𝑣𝑤 = 0
,,,
f) 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ,, + 𝑦 = 0 3𝑜 _
g) 𝑦 ,, + 𝑥 = (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 , )−3 = (𝑦−𝑥𝑦 , )3
1
1𝑜 4𝑜
𝑑2 𝑝 4 𝑑𝑝 2 2𝑜 4𝑜
h) = √𝑝 + (𝑑𝑜 )
𝑑𝑜 2
PRIMITIVAS: una relación entre las variables (x, y) conteniendo las constantes arbitrarias
se denomina una primitiva.
En general de una primitiva que contengo n constante se puede deducir una ecuación
diferencial de orden n, libre de constates ordinarios. Está ecuación se obtiene eliminando la
n constante entre las (n+1) ecuaciones siguientes: La primitiva y las n ecuaciones
determinadas derivando la primitiva n veces con respecto a la variable independiente.
PRIM. n E.D.
Eliminación de const. ORDEN n
cte.
. .
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 {𝑛 = 3}
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥 = 0 {𝑛 = 1}
𝑦 ,, = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦 ,, = 2𝐴
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
𝑦 ,, = 0 → = 𝐶1 → = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2→ 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 → 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦 ,, = −9𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦 ,, + 9𝑦 = 0 + 4𝑦 = 0 + 𝑎2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 9𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑛 = 3}
𝑦 , = 3𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ,, = 9𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ,,, =
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
3𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 , |
△= || 3𝑥 |=0
9𝑒 4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ,,
27𝑒 3𝑥 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ,..
1 1 1 𝑦 1 1 1 𝑦
3 2 1 𝑦, 3 2 1 𝑦,
(𝑒 3𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) = | |=0 𝑒 6𝑥 =| |=0
9 4 1 𝑦 ,, 9 4 1 𝑦 ,,
27 8 1 𝑦 ,.. 27 8 1 𝑦 ,..
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
−𝑦 | 9 4 1 | + 𝑦 , | 9 4 1 | − 𝑦 ,, | 3 2 1 | + 𝑦 ,,, |3 2 1|
27 8 1 27 3 1 27 8 1 9 4 1
𝑦 ,,, − 6𝑦 ,, + 11𝑦 , − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3
− 6 𝑑𝑥 2 + 11 𝑑𝑥 3 − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑎𝑥 {𝑛 = 2}
cos 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑦
,
△= | −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 | = 0
−𝑎2 cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2 sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 ,,
[(𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥)(𝑦 ,, ) − (−𝑎2 sin 𝑎𝑥)(𝑦 . )] cos 𝑎𝑥 − sin 𝑎𝑥[(−𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥)(𝑦 ,, ) −
(−𝑎2 cos 𝑎𝑥)(𝑦 , )]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑎3 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 ,, = 0 𝑎𝑦 ,, + 𝑎3 𝑦 = 0 + 𝑎3 𝑦 = 0 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑐 2 ❶ {𝑛 = 1}
𝑦 , = 2𝑐𝑥 ❷
𝑦, 𝑦, 𝑦, 2 𝑦, (𝑦 , )2
❷→❶ 𝑐 = 2𝑥 𝑦 = (2𝑥) 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 ) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑥3𝑦5 = 𝑐 {𝑛 = 1}
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 , + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 𝑦 , + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 5 = 0
𝑦 , (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 5 = 0
𝑦(2+3𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝑦 , = 𝑥(3+5𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝑦 ,,, = 0 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑦 ,, +
4𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥=1 𝑥=2
𝑥 = (1,2)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥
𝑦 , = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦 ,, = −𝑐1 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ) (−𝑐1 sin 𝑥) − 𝑥𝑐1 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐2 + 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐2 = 0
0=0
𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑎 − 1 + ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Remplazando
SP2
E. D. Prim.
orden MÉTODOS SOLUCIÓN
(n) cts VOLVER A CONSTAN
SP3
(n)
SP4
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑆, 𝐴 = 0 𝑆2 𝐵 = 0 𝑆3 𝐶 = 0 𝑦=0 𝑆𝑃1 LINEA RECTA
𝐴=0 𝐵=0 𝐶=2 𝑦=2 𝑆𝑃2 LINEA RECTA
𝐴=0 𝐵=1 𝐶=3 𝑦 =𝑥+2 𝑆𝑃3 LINEA RECTA
𝐴=1 𝐵=0 𝐶=0 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑆𝑃4 PARABOLA
Solución general. Primitiva 𝑆𝑃1 , 𝑆𝑃2 , 𝑆𝑃3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 , = 2 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
a) (2 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 ) − (2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2(1 − 𝑥) b) 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
2 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = 2(1 − 𝑥) 3=0+𝑐
2 − 2𝑥 = 2(1 − 𝑥) 𝑐=3
2(1 − 𝑥) = 2(1 − 𝑥) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑥−𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑥2𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = − − 1
𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑦)
puede integrarse para obtener la solución de la ecuación diferencial ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔1(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 =
2 𝑠
0.
Resolver 𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
÷ 𝐹. 𝐼. = (𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝐴𝐵
ln = ln 𝐴 + ln 𝐵 − ln 𝑐
𝑐
ln 𝐴 = 𝐵 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐵
ln(cos 𝑥) = 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦−1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑥−1)
1 1
(𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 1 + 𝑦−1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 + ln(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 1)2 + ln(𝑦 + 1) = 𝑐1
2 2
Resolver 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥4 1
+ 3 (𝑦 + 1)3 = 𝑐1
4
3𝑥 4 + 4(𝑦 + 1)3 = 𝑐2
1 1 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑥(𝑥−4) = 𝑥 + (𝑥−4)
𝑥 2 −4𝑥
𝑎(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑏𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥=0 1 = 𝑎(−4) 𝑎=4
1
𝑥=4 1 = 𝑏(4) 𝑏=4
1 −1⁄
4
=
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥−4
(𝑥−4)𝑦 4
= 𝑒 𝐶2
𝑥
(𝑥−4)𝑦 4
=𝐶
𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
− =0
(4𝑥−𝑥 2 ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
(𝑥 2 −4𝑥) 𝑦
−1⁄ 1⁄ 𝑑𝑦
4 4
( + 𝑥−4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑥 𝑦
1 1
− 4 ln 𝑥 + 4 ln(𝑥 − 4) + ln 𝑦 = 𝐶1
− ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 4) + 4 ln 𝑦 = 𝐶2
ln(𝑥 − 4) − ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 4 = 𝐶2
(𝑥−4)𝑦 4
ln = 𝐶2
𝑥
2 ln(𝑥 2 − 1) = 4𝑦 2 − 1 3 ln 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥 2 −4 ln 2 = 𝑥 2 − 1
ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 = 4𝑦 2 − 1 ln 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 2 + 4 4 ln 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2
2 −1 2 +4 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 = 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑦3 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 24 = 1 − 𝑥 2 → 16 = 𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑦
Resolver = 𝑥(𝑦−3)
𝑑𝑥
÷ 𝐹. 𝐼. = 𝑦(𝑦)
4𝑑𝑥 (𝑦−3)
− 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
3
4 ln 𝑥 − (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4 ln 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 ln 𝑦 = 𝐶1
ln 𝑥 4 + ln 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 = 𝐶1
ln 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 = 𝐶1
ln 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = 𝐶1 + 𝑦
𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = 𝑒 𝐶1 +𝑦
𝑥4𝑦3 = 𝐶 𝑒𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2
No es homogénea
𝑥⁄ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 tag 𝑦
𝑎𝑥⁄ 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝑀(𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 tag 𝑎𝑦 → Homogénea grado 0
𝑥⁄ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀(𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 tag 𝑦
𝑀(𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦) = 𝑎𝑜 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Se dice que una ecuación 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 es homogénea si {𝑀, 𝑁} son
homogénea y del mismo grado.
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 2
{
𝑁(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 2
𝑥𝑦 + (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀(𝑥𝑦) ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 2
{
𝑁(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎 3
(x+2y) dx-ydx=0
M(x+2y)=homogénea 1
N(y)=homogénea 1
Y=VX
dy = vdx+xdv
Resolver
(𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
M= (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 )ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎(3)
N= ((𝑥𝑦 2 )homogénea (3)
Y=vx, dy=vdx+xdv
÷𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 2
+ 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2𝑣 − 1
1
Ln x+2 𝐿𝑛(2𝑣 3 − 1) = 𝐶1
2Ln+Ln (2𝑣 3 − 1) = 𝐶2
Ln 𝑥 2 + 𝐿𝑛(2𝑣 3 − 1) = 𝐶2
Ln𝑥 2 (2𝑣 3 − 1) = 𝐶2
𝑥 2 (2𝑣 3 − 1) = 𝑒 𝑐2 = 𝐶
𝑦3
𝑥 2 (2 𝑥 3 − 1)=C
2𝑦 3 −𝑥 3
=C
𝑥
2𝑦 −3 −𝑥 3 𝐶𝑥
Resolver
xdy-ydx-√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2′ dx=0
ydx+√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 dx-xdy=0
(y+√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) dx-xdy=0
M (y+√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎(1)
𝑦
Y=vx , V=𝑥
𝑦
X=C𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
Y=vx, dy=vdx+xdv
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
− √1−𝑣2=0
𝑥
Ln x-arcSenv=C1
Ln x=C1+arcSenv
X=𝑒 𝑐1+𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑣
X=𝑒 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑣
X=𝐶𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑣
Resolver
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
(1+2𝑒 𝑦 ) dx+2𝑒 𝑦 (1-𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 1
Y=vx=𝑒 𝑦 =2𝑒 𝑣
𝑥
X=vy=𝑒 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 (1+2𝑒 𝑣 )
(𝑦 + dv=0
𝑣+2𝑒 𝑣
Ln y + Ln (v+2𝑒 𝑣 ) = 𝐶1
Ln y (v+2𝑒 𝑣 ) = 𝐶1
Y (v+2𝑒 𝑣 ) = 𝑒 𝑐1
Y (v+2𝑒 𝑣 ) = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑥
Y (𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑦 ) = 𝐶
𝑥
X+2y𝑒 𝑦 =C
Y=vx
2
M=2x-3y =y=-3 𝑥
N=y-x =y=x
(2+2v+𝑣 2 ) dx + (v-1)xdv=0
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑣
+
𝑥 (2 + 2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣
+
𝑥 (𝑣 + 1)2 + 1
1
Ln x+2 𝐿𝑛((𝑣 + 1)2 + 1) − 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑣 + 1) = 𝐶
Ln 𝑥 2 + 𝐿𝑛(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 + 𝑣) = 𝐶 + 4𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑣 + 1)
Ln𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 + 1) = 𝐶 + 4𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑣 + 1)
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦
Ln𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥 + 2) = 𝐶 + 4𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦+𝑥
Ln (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶 + 4𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑇𝑎𝑛( )
𝑥
(2x+3y-4) dx+(y-x-2)dy=0
M=2x+3-4 N=y-x-2
2 4
Y=− 3 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 =𝑥+2
𝑎1 𝑏1
A= =a1b2-a2b1
𝑎2 𝑏2
A=a1b2-a2b1=0
A1x+b1y=v
b1y=va1x
𝑣−𝑎1𝑥
y= 𝑏1
1
dy =𝑏1 (𝑑𝑣 − 𝑎1𝑑𝑥)
Resolver
M=x+y N=3x+3x-4
(v-2)2 − 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑣
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)2 − 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑦−3𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)2 − 𝑐𝑒 3𝑦−𝑥
÷ 𝐹𝑖 = (𝑉 − 2)
3𝑣−4
2dx-(3+ 𝑣−2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
2
2dx-(3+𝑣−2)𝑑𝑣 = 0
Ln (v-2)2 = 𝐶2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑣
(v-2)2 = 𝑒 𝐶2+2𝑥−3𝑣
(v-2)2 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑣
b) A=a2b1-a2b2≠ 0
Resolver
M=2x-5y+3 N=-2x-4y+6
2 −5
A= =-8-10=-18
−2 −4
2x-5y+3=0
-2x-4y+6=0
9y-9=0 Y=1
2x-5+3=0 X=1
X=x’+h y=y’-k
X’+1=x y=y’+1
dx =dx’ dy=dy’
(2(x’+1)-5(y’+1)+3)dx’-(2(x’+1)+4(y’+1)-6)dy’=0
+(2-5v)dx’-(2+4v)(vdx’+x’dv)=0
(2-5v-(2+4v) v) dx’+(-(2+4v+x’)dv=0
𝑑𝑥′ 2(2𝑣+1)
+ 𝑣2 +7𝑣−2 dv =0
𝑥
𝑣 2 + 7𝑣 − 2
(4𝑣)2 + 7(4𝑣) − 8
(4v+8)(4v-1)
(v+2)(4v-1)
4𝑣 + 2 4𝑣 + 2 𝑎 𝑏
= = +
4𝑣 2 + 7𝑣 − 2 (𝑣 + 2)(4𝑣 − 1) (𝑣 + 2) 4𝑣 − 1
1 1 4
V=4 ,3=b (4) 𝑏=3
4𝑣 + 2 2 4
= +
4𝑣 2 + 7𝑣 − 2 3(𝑣 + 2) 3(4𝑣 + 1)
2 4
𝑑𝑥′ 3
+( + 3 ) 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥′ 𝑣 + 2 4𝑣 − 1
2 1
Ln x’+3 ln 𝑣 + 2+3 ln(4𝑣 − 1) = 𝐶1
𝑦´
(𝑥´)3 (𝑣 + 2)2 (4𝑣 − 1) = 𝑒 𝐶2 = 𝑐 𝑣 = 𝑥´
𝑦´ 𝑦´
(𝑥´)3 . ( + 2)2 . (4 − 1) = 𝑐
𝑥´ 𝑥´
𝑦´+2𝑥´ 2 4𝑦´−𝑥´
(𝑥´)3 ( ) ( 𝑥´ )= c 𝑥 = 𝑥´ + 1 x´= x-1
𝑥´
(𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 3)2 (4𝑦 − 𝑥 − 3) = 𝑐
Resolver
𝑀 =𝑥−𝑦−1
𝑁 = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
→ 𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑀=0
𝑁 = 0(−1)
𝑥−𝑦−1
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
/+5𝑦 = 0
𝑦=0
𝑥=1
→ (1,0)
𝑥 = 𝑥´ + ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑦´ + 𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑥´ + 1 𝑦 = 𝑦´
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥´ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦´
1 −1
∆= | |= 4+1 =5≠ 0
1 4
÷ 𝐹𝐼 (1 + 4𝑣 2 )𝑥´
1+4𝑣 1 4𝑣
= 4𝑣 2 +1
+ 4𝑣2 +1
4𝑣 2 +1
1 4𝑣
= 2 + 2
4𝑣 +1 4𝑣 +1
𝑑𝑥´ 4𝑣 1
+ 2 + 2 )𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥´ 4𝑣 + 1 4𝑣 + 1
1
lim 𝑥 ´ + lim(4𝑣 2+1 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 2𝑣 = 𝑐1
2
(𝑦´)2 𝑦´
𝑦´ = 𝑣𝑥′
lim(𝑥´)2 [4 + 1] = 𝑐2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔2 𝑥´ 𝑦´
(𝑥´)2 𝑣 = 𝑥´
2𝑦´
lim[4(𝑦´)2 + (𝑥´)2 ] = 𝑐2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥´ + 1 𝑥´ = 𝑥 − 1
𝑥´
2𝑦
𝑙𝑖𝑚[4𝑦 2 + (𝑥 − 1)] = 𝑐2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑥−1 𝑦 = 𝑦´
Ecuaciones de la Forma
f (xy)=2xy+1=f(x.y)
𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣−𝑣𝑑𝑥
xy =v y=𝑥 dy= 𝑥2
f (x,y)=𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 3
f (xy)=f(xy)
Resolver
Y(xy+1)dx+x(1+xy+𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
M=y(xy+1) N=x(1+xy+𝑦 2 𝑥 2 )
𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣−𝑣𝑑𝑥
(𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )( )=0
𝑥 𝑥2
-𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑣 = 0
÷ 𝐹𝑖 𝑣 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2 +𝑣+1
− dv =0
𝑥 𝑣3
𝑑𝑥 1 1 1
− (𝑣 + 𝑣 2 + dv )=0
𝑥 𝑣3
𝑣 ′ ! 𝑣 −2
ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑣 − ( + −2 ) = 𝐶1
𝑣 𝑣
1 1
Lnx-lnv=C1—𝑣 − 2𝑣2
𝑥 𝑐2𝑣 2 −1−2𝑣
Ln 𝑣 = 2𝑣 2
Remplazamos v=xy
𝑥 𝐶2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦−1
Ln𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1 𝐶2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦−1
Ln𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝐶2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦−1
-ln 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
-ln𝑦(2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 1
Resolver
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣−𝑣𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥 𝑥)( )=0
𝑥 𝑥2
÷Fi=vx
2𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑣)
− dv =0
𝑥 𝑣
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑣 = 𝑐1 + 𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑐 x 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
x= 𝑐𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
Resolver 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 − 4𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑣 2 + 4)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣 + 4𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑣−𝑎
÷ 𝐹𝐼 = (𝑣 2 + 4) ∫ 𝑣2 −𝑎2 − 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛 𝑣+𝑎
𝑑𝑣 v−2 v−2
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑣2 +4 = 0 −𝑙𝑛 𝑣+2 = 𝐶2 − 4𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑐3 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑣+2
v−2 v−2
4𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑣+2 = C2 = 𝐶 𝐶3+4𝑥
𝑣+2
Respuesta:
y − 4x − 2
= 𝑐 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 2
𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0 v=x+y
(𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑣 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0 y= v−x
÷ 𝐹𝐼 = (𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑣 + 1) dy = dv + dx
dv
d𝑥 − (𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑣+1) =0
dv
d𝑥 − (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣) =0
dy = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
dv
𝑑𝑥 − (𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑣+1) = 0
dv
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 = 0
dx = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 v dv = 0
1+cos v
𝑑𝑥 − ( )𝑑𝑣 = 0
2
1 1
𝑑𝑥 − (2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1
2dx(𝑣 + 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑣) = 𝐶1
4𝑥 − 2𝑣 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝑣 = 𝐶2 𝑣 =𝑥+𝑦
4𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝐶
1 1
Resolver (2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 1
(2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 )𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2
1 1
𝑦 = (2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2
1
𝑥2𝑦 =𝑣
2
1 𝑣
𝑦 = 2
2 𝑥
√𝑣−2
𝑦= 𝑥2
𝑥 2 +𝑑𝑣−𝑣 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = =0
𝑥8
2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑥 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = =0
𝑥8
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS
La condición para que la ecuación diferencial de primer orden y primer grado M(x, y) dx +
N(x, y)dy = 0 sea exacta es que cumpla la siguiente ecuación.
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁 𝛿𝑀 𝑑𝑀
= = 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀′𝑦
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
= 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑁′𝑥 𝑑(𝑥 4 𝑦 5 ) = 𝑥 4 𝑑(𝑦 5 ) + 𝑦 5 𝑑 (𝑥 4 )
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
= 5𝑥 4 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑦 5 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑦2 − 𝑥
𝛿𝑀 𝑑 𝛿𝑁
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑦) = −1 = 𝐸. 𝐷 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐴
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑁 𝑑
= (𝑦 2 − 𝑥) = 0 − 1 = −1
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1º Reagrupación de términos
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑(𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑢. 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢. 𝑣
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑑 [ ] + 𝑑 [ ] − [𝑦 𝑥] = 𝑑[𝑐1]
3 3
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑑( + − 𝑥𝑦) = 𝑑[𝑐1]
3 3
𝑥3 𝑦3
+ − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐1
3 3
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝛿𝑀 𝑑
4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 = 𝑑𝑦 ( 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑦)
𝛿𝑦
( 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ) − (2 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 ) = 0 = 4𝑥 3 (3𝑦 2 ) − 2 𝑥
𝛿𝑁 𝑑
𝑑(𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) = 𝑑[𝑐1] = ( 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 𝑦3 − 𝑥2 𝑦 = 0 = 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑥
2º Mediante formulas
Solución 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒄𝟐
𝑑𝑢
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑[𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)] = 𝑑[𝑐1] ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢
𝑑𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑢
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝛿𝑦
𝑑
(∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)) = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑
[∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥] + 𝜙′(𝑦) = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝜙 ′ (𝑦) 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐
Solución
𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 =?
𝛿𝑢
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
= = −1
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1
𝑁 = 𝑦2 − 𝑥 𝑢 = ∫𝑥 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)
𝛿𝑛
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)
𝛿𝑦 𝑥
𝛿 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑦3
= ( 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑦)) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑥𝑦 +
𝛿𝑦 3 3
0 − 𝑥 + 𝜙′(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝜙′(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + = 𝑐1
3 3
𝑦3 3𝑥 3
𝜙′(𝑦) = − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑐
3 3
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑐
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
= = 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 𝑀 = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝜇 = (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑢
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜇 = 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑢
= (𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑑) = 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ∫𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)
𝛿𝑦 𝑥
𝛿
= (𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑦)) = 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝜇 ∫𝑥(4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)
𝛿𝑦
4𝑥 4 2𝑥 2
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝜙′(𝑦) = 3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦3 − + 𝜙(𝑦) = 𝑐1
4 2
𝜇(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑐1
𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 0 = 𝑐1
𝑥4𝑦3 − 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑐
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁 𝛿𝑀 𝛿
𝑀 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + 4𝑥 3 = = (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + 4𝑥 3 )
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦
4𝑥 4
= 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + + 𝜙(𝑦) = 2𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 +
4
2𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 𝑦 2 − 0
𝛿𝑢
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑢 = 2y 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2
𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑢
= ( 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝜙(𝑦)) = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 − 3𝑦 2
𝛿𝑦
𝜙′(𝑦) = −3𝑦 2
−3𝑦 3
𝜙(𝑦) = 3
𝜙(𝑦) = −𝑦 3
𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1
𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥 4 + (𝑦 3 ) = 𝑐1
𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 ) = 𝑐
𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑐
Reagrupación de términos
𝛿𝑀 𝛿𝑁
= 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑦
ECUACIONES LINEALES: La ecuación + 𝑦 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) cuyo lado izquierdo es
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) (𝑦, 𝑦1 ) 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝐿𝐼𝐷𝐴𝐷
𝑑𝑦
{𝑃 𝑄} = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦′ − 3𝑦 = 2 = 𝑦2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =? 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =?
𝐸𝐿 { 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝐸𝐿 { 𝑃(𝑥) = −3 𝑁𝑂 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝐶𝑈𝐴𝐶𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝐿
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑄(𝑥) = 2
Resolución
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃 = 1 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣(𝑥) =? 2+3 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
{𝑃, 𝑄} = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣 + 𝑣 + 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑝 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =? = 𝑢 𝑥 +𝑣 𝑥 𝜇 ( 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑝 ) + 𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
=𝑄
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 𝑣𝑝 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑣 =𝑄
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑣 + ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑄𝑑𝑥
v=𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑐2 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐3
𝑐2
2) 𝒚 = 𝒖. 𝒗
1
𝑦 = ( ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐3 ) c2𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
𝑐2
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 =?
𝑑𝑥
Resolver
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =?
𝐸𝐿. { 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑥2
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 = 𝑥 2
2
2
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
Resolver
2 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [∫ 4 × 𝑒 𝑥 ] + 𝑐 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐] = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 2 + 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑦) =
1
𝐸𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑥 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
1
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
2
𝑒 2 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑦 2
𝑒 ln 2 = 2
−1 1
𝑒 − ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 =
𝑥
1
𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥)
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 [∫(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2) (− ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ]
𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 [∫ (−𝑥 + 3 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ]
𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥 (− − 3𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐)
2
1 3
𝑦=− 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
2
Resolver
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑒 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =
𝐸. 𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = 5𝑒 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 [∫(5𝑒 cos 𝑥 ) ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑦= [∫(5𝑒 cos 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 [−5𝑒 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐] 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −5𝑒 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑓 𝑝(∅) = 𝑄(𝑡) 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) = p(i)
𝑑𝑥
Resolver
𝑑𝑥 1
− 𝑥 = 2((𝑡 − 2)2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 − 2
𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) =
1
𝐸. 𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑡−2 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = 2((𝑡 − 2)2 )
1
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ln(𝑡 − 2)
𝑡−2
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 − ln(𝑡 − 2)
1
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 − ln(𝑡−2) =
𝑡−2
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 ln(𝑡−2) = 𝑑 − 2
1
𝑦 = 𝑡 − 2 [∫ 2((𝑡 − 2)2 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐]
𝑡−2
𝑡2 1
𝑦 = 𝑡 − 2 (2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐)
2 𝑡−2
𝑦 = 2((𝑡 − 2)3 ) + 𝑐 (𝑡 − 2)
Ecuación de Bernoulli.
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Resolución
(𝑥) 𝑦𝑙𝑛
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑦 −𝑛+1 = 𝑄(𝑑)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −𝑛+1 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑦
=⋯
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑥
Resolver.
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −5 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 −4 = 𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
−4𝑦 −5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (2)
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= (3)
𝑑𝑥 −4𝑦 −5
𝑑𝑣
𝑦 −5 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 = 𝑥
−4𝑦 −5
1 𝑑𝑣
− −𝑣 =𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
+ 4𝑣 = −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 2(𝑣) =
𝐸. 𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = 4 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = −4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 [∫(−4𝑥)𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 [−4 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
−4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦=𝑒 [−4 ( ) (4𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐]
1𝑡
1
𝑦 = − (4𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 𝑒 −4𝑥
4
1
𝑣 = 𝑦 −4 −
𝑦4
1 1
4
= − (4𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑦 4
𝑎−𝑥
𝑒 𝑎−𝑥
∫𝑥𝑒 = −2 (𝑐𝑥 − 1)
𝑐
𝑎−𝑥
𝑒 𝑎−𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎 + 𝑏2
𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎−𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)
𝑎 + 𝑏2
Resolver
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 (cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥) 𝑦 −2 [𝑦 −2 + 𝑦 −1 ] = (cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =
𝐸. 𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑦 −1 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑦
=⋯
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
−𝑦 −2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= −𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑦 −2 (−𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦 −2 + 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
(− ) + 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
( ) − 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑣(𝑥) =
𝐸. 𝐿 [ 𝑃(𝑥) = −1 ]
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
1+1
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣=𝑒 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)
1+1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ (−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑐]
2 2
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [−2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 + 𝑐]
2
1
𝑣 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
II TRIMESTRE.
APLICACIONES.
dx=k*dt 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑘
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡 t=0 x=𝑥0
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + ∁1 𝑥0 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+∁1 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 ∁1
𝑥 = ∁𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
S.G S.P
𝑡 =? 𝑥 = 3𝑥0 𝑡 = 50 𝑥 = 2𝑥0
1
3𝑥0 = 𝑥0 𝑒 50 ln 2 𝑡 2𝑥0= 𝑥0 𝑒 50𝑘
1
𝑒 50 ln 2 𝑡 = 3 𝑒 50𝑘 = 2
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 3 50 = ln 2
1 1
𝑡 = 2 ln 3 k = 50 ln 2 = 0,03
ln 3
𝑡 = 50
ln 2
1.0986
𝑡 = 50 × = 79
0.693
𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
t x
o 𝑥0
50 2𝑥0
79 3𝑥0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
t x Linear (t)
100° 𝑇𝐴=30 °
𝑇 = 70°
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑡 − 30)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘(𝑇 − 30)𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 0 𝑇 = 100
[𝑡 = 15 𝑇 = 70]
𝑡 =? 𝑇 = 40
𝑇 = 𝑇(𝑡) =?
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
[ 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑘 ] − 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘𝑇 + 30𝑘 + 𝑘𝑡 = 30𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑄(𝑡) = 30𝑘
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑇 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑐 + 30
100= 30 +∁
∁= 70
S.P
T=1 T=40
40 = 30 + 70𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
10 = 70𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
1
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 =
7
−𝑘𝑡 = ln 1 − ln 7
𝑘𝑡 = ln 7
1
𝑘= ln 7 − ln 4
15
𝑇 = 30 + 70𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
70 = 30 + 70𝑒 −𝑘𝑡5
40
𝑒 −15𝑘 =
70
70
𝑒 15𝑘 =
40
70 1
𝑘𝑡 = ln 𝑘= ln 7 − ln 4 𝑘=𝑜
40 15
15 ln 7
𝑡=
ln 7 − ln 4
𝑡 = 52 𝑚𝑖𝑛
t 0 15 52 ∞
T 100 70 40 30
T
120
100
100
80 70
60
40
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
0𝑙 =
𝑑𝑡
∑ 𝑓 = 𝑚. 0𝑙 𝑤 = 𝑚. 𝑔
Hallar el tiempo que se necesita para vaciar un tanque cilíndrico de medio R y altura
H a través de un orificio redondo de radio r. teniendo en el fondo del tanque sabiendo que
por un orificio de ese tipo sale el agua con una velocidad p Co √𝑛 de la altura del agua en
el tanque en cualquier movimiento.
dh
H
h(t)
Or
dh= es la altura infinitesimal que el agua deciende de un tiempo también infinitesimal dt.
𝑑𝑉1 = 𝑑𝑉2
𝜋𝑅 2 𝑑ℎ = 𝜋𝐾𝑟 2 √ℎ𝑑𝑑
𝑡→
ℎ←
𝑑ℎ −𝐾𝑟 2
= 𝑑𝑑
√ℎ 𝑅2
−𝐾𝑟 2
2√ℎ = 𝑡 + 𝐶1 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑅2
t = to h=0 2√𝐻 = 0 + 𝐶1
2√𝐻 = 𝐶1
−𝐾𝑟 2
2√ℎ = 𝑡 + 2√𝐻
𝑅2
−𝐾𝑟 2 2
(2√ℎ − 2√ℎ)2 = ( ) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑
𝑅2
2𝑑𝑜 t = to ; h=0
−𝐾𝑟 2 −𝐾𝑟 2 𝐾𝑟 2 𝑡𝑜
2√ℎ = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝐶1 2√ℎ = 𝑡𝑜 + 2
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅 𝑐
−𝐾𝑟 2 2√ℎ ∗ 𝑅 2
2√0 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝐶1 𝑡𝑜 =
𝑅2 𝐾𝑟 2
𝐾𝑟 2
↔ 𝐶1 = 𝑡𝑑
𝑅2
𝐾𝑟 2 𝑡𝑜
2√ℎ =
𝑅2
Hallar el tiempo de vaciado de tanque 1 tanque cilíndrico R = 8dm, H = 10dm en cuyo fondo
1 𝑑𝑚
se ha practicado 1 orificio de radio r = 12dm por el cual sale el agua a una velocidad 4,8√ℎ 𝑠
1
H = 10dm 𝑑𝑣2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (𝐾√ℎ)𝑑𝑡 ↔ 𝜋(12)2 ∗ 4,8√ℎ𝑑𝑡
1
r = 12 𝑑𝑚
𝑣
𝑑𝑚
= 4,8√ℎ
𝑠
Calcular el tiempo de velocidad de 1 tanque rectangular de altura h y base cuadrada del lado
A en cuyo fondo se ha practicado un orificio cuadrado de fondo a por el cual sale el agua a
una velocidad proporcional a la √ de la altura del agua en el tanque de cualquier momento.
Constante Variables
𝑑𝑥
m = masa t = tiempo (V*I) 𝑣= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
g = gravedad 𝑤 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 x = espacio = x(t) 𝑎= = 𝑑2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
a = aceleración = a(t)
F = fuerza = f(t)
Calcular las fórmulas del movimiento rectilíneo uniforme:
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 𝑣= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡 + 𝐶1
𝑡=0 0 = 0 + 𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶1 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑥 =𝑣∗𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑑2 𝑡 = 0 𝑎=0 ∑𝑓 = 𝑚 ∗𝑎 𝑣 = 0(𝑅𝐸𝑃𝑂𝑆𝑂)
∑ 𝑓 = 0 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑜
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒(𝑀. 𝑅. 𝑈)
𝑑𝐾
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 𝑣0 = 𝑎(0) + 𝐶1
𝑑2 𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑡 → 𝐶1 = 𝑣0
∑𝑓 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑎 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶1 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑣0
𝑑𝑥
𝑚 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒 {𝑡 = 0 𝑣 = 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥=𝑜 𝑥= 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝐶2
2
𝑡=0 0 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 = 0
𝑎𝑡 2
→ 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 +
2
Un barco que pesa 48000 Ton parte del reposo bajo el impulso de un fuerza propulsada
de200000 lb
a.) Hallar su velocidad como una función del tiempo sabiendo que la resistencia con lbs
es 10000v donde v = velocidad del barco esta medidas en pies/seg.
b.) Hallar la velocidad terminal del barco.
Datos
48000∗2000
w = 48000 TON ∑𝐹 = 𝑚 ∗𝑎 200000 − 10000𝑣 = ª
32
𝑤
Reposo {𝑡 = 0; 𝑣 = 0} ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑎 20 − 𝑣 = 300𝑎
𝑔
𝑑𝑣
Resist (lb) = 10000v 20 − 𝑣 = 300 𝑑𝑡
t 0 …….. ∞ 300𝑑𝑣
= 𝑑𝑡
V 0 …….. 20 (20 − 𝑣)
−300 ln(20 − 𝑣) = 𝑡 + 𝐶1
−𝑡
ln(20 − 𝑣) = + 𝐶2
300
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝑡=0 20 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 300+𝐶2 = 𝑒 300 𝑒 𝐶2
−𝑡
𝑣=0 20 − 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑒 300
−𝑡
𝑣 = 20 − 𝑐𝑒 300
0 = 20 − 𝑐 ↔ 𝑐 =
−𝑡
𝑣 = 20 − 20 𝑒 300
−𝑡
𝑣 = 20 − (1 − 𝑒 300 )
10000 = 20000
V = 20 Velocidad terminal
𝑑𝑥
X=? 𝑣= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−𝑡
𝑑𝑥𝑣 = 20(1 − 𝑒 300 )𝑑𝑑
−𝑡
𝑑[1−𝑡 300 ]
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑡 1
𝑎 = [0 + 𝑒 300 − ]
300
1 −𝑡
𝑎= 𝑒 300
15
𝑡→∞ 𝑎 = 0.4
𝑣 = 20
De orden ”n”
Una ecuación lineal de orden n puede ser representada mediante la expresión siguiente:
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃𝑜 𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑛−1 𝑃2 𝑛−2 + ⋯ … + 𝑃𝑛 − 2 2 + 𝑃𝑛 − 1 + 𝑃𝑛𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
En lo cual {𝑦, } 1ra Potencia ↔ linealidad
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q(x)= o HOMOGENEA − 4 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
#
O NO HOMOGENEA
Y = y(x) = ?
𝑑4 𝑦
𝑥 − (𝑥 − 2)3 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑄(𝑥) = 0 𝑃𝑜 𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑛−1 𝑃2 𝑛−2 + ⋯ … 𝑃𝑛 − 1 + 𝑃𝑛𝑦(𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Función Operadores
𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥) =
𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
(1𝑟𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎) (𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 1𝑟𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2
𝑦 ′′ 𝑑𝑥 2 (2𝑑𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎) (𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 2𝑑𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛
𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 (𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎) (𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
(operador)*(función) = (función)
𝑑
( ) (𝑥 4 ) = (4𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
(Func)(Oper) = ??
𝑑
𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ?? Ningún Sentido
Operador “D”
𝑑 𝑑′
𝐷= ′ = 𝐷𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( ) = 𝐷 ∗ 𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷2 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
= 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝐷𝑛 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
F (D)
F(D)y = 0
Operador F(D)
F(D) = 0 RC
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− − 4 + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=𝐷 𝐷3 𝑦 − 𝐷2 𝑦 − 4𝐷𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
(𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 0
Operador F(D) *
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4
𝐸𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑
𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 = 0 𝐹(𝐷) =0
𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒔
𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 = 0
𝐷2 (𝐷 − 1) − 4(𝐷 − 1) = 0
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷2 − 4) = 0
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 2) = 0
D=1
D=2
D = -2 Res: 1; 2; -2
F(D) = 𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4
= (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 2) ∑ 𝐷 − 𝑊𝑁
Para solucionar este tipo de Ec se obtiene las raíces característica con la cual puede
presentar 3 casos.
A) Raíces Diferentes
B) Raíces Iguales
C) Raíces Complejas
A. Raíces Diferentes
𝑅𝑐 = {𝑀1 ≠ 𝑀2 ≠ 𝑀3 … . }
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Resolver 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑦 E.D.L HOMOGENEA coeficientes constantes Orden 1
Operador
𝐷2 + 𝐷𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6
𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6 = 0
(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2) = 0
𝐷+3=0
𝐷−2=0
𝑅𝑐 = {−3,2}
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒 2𝑑
3𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Resolver − 𝑑𝑥 2 − 12 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3
F(D) = 𝐷3 − 𝐷2 − 12𝐷
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃0 𝑛
+ 𝑃1 𝑛−1
… … . . +𝑃𝑛−1 𝑃𝑛 𝑦(𝑥) = 0
𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 A1 Las raíces diferentes
𝑅𝑐{𝑀1 ≠ 𝑀2 ≠ 𝑀3}
F(D)
RC
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝑐2 𝑥1 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 )𝑒 𝑚𝑥1
Resolver
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 3 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 E. Lineal orden 3 coeficientes cte. homogéneos
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐷3 𝑦 − 3𝐷2 𝑦 + 3𝐷𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 1
𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷3 − 3𝐷 2 − 3𝐷 − 1 = 0
Raíces Carácter
𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 1 = 0
(𝐷 − 1)3 = 0
𝑅𝑐 = {1,1,1}
Resolver
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐷3 𝑦 − 2𝐷2 𝑦 − 4𝐷𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 8
𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷3 − 2𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 8 = 0
𝐷2 (𝐷 − 2) − 4(𝐷 − 2) = 0
(𝐷2 − 4)(𝐷 − 2) = 0
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 2) = 0
𝑅𝑐 = {2,2, −2}
Resolver:
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐷3 𝑦 + 2𝐷2 𝑦 − 5𝐷𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 + 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 − 6
𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷3 {2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 − 6 = 0
Raíces Característico
𝐷3 + 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 − 6 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 3) = 0
Resolver:
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 6 𝑑𝑥 3 + 5 𝑑𝑥 2 − 24 𝑑𝑥 − 36𝑦 El orden 4 coeficientes cte. Homogénea
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 𝐷4 𝑦 + 6𝐷3 𝑦 + 5𝐷2 𝑦 − 24𝐷𝑦 − 36𝑦 = 0
1 6 5 -24 -36
2 6 16 36 (2)
R= 1,3,21,18,0
-2 -18 -18
R= 1 6 9 0
-𝐷 2 + 6𝐷 + 9
𝐹(−2) = −8 + 32 − 42 + 18 = 0
𝐹(𝐷1) = (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 9)
Resolver:
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑑𝑥 3 − 9 𝑑𝑥 2 − 11 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦 El orden 4 coeficientes cte. Homogénea
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐷4 − 𝐷3 𝑦 − 9𝐷2 𝑦 − 1𝐷𝑦 − 4𝑦 = 0
(𝐷4 − 𝐷3 − 9𝐷2 − 11𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 0
Raíces
Valores
𝐹(−1) = 1 + 1 − 9 + 11 − 4 = 0 D= -1
1 − 1 −8 −11 −4
−1 2 7 4 (-1)
𝑅 = −2 −7 −4 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 7𝐷 − 4 = 0 (𝐷 + 1)
𝐹(𝐷1) = 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 7𝐷 − 4 = 0
𝐹(−1) = 1 − 2 + 7 − 4 = 0 (𝐷 − 1)
1 −2 −7 −4
0 −1 3 4 (-1)
1 −3 −4 0
𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4
𝐹(𝐷1) = (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4)
𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
A. Raíces diferentes
−1 ± √12 − 4(1)(1)
𝑅𝑐 = {𝑀1 ≠ 𝑀2 ≠ 𝑀3 … . } 𝑥=
2
C. Raíces Complejas=0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑠
D. Raíces Complejas
𝑅𝑐 = {𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖}
𝑅𝑐 = {𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 ; 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖}
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑏𝑥
Teorema Euler
1 𝑖𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 𝑖𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑓(𝑥) => cos 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑓(𝑥) ]
2
1
𝑒 −𝑖𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑓(𝑥) => sen 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑖 [𝑒 𝑖𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑓(𝑥) ]
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
cos 𝑥 = 2 [𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ] cos 2𝑦 = 2 [𝑒 𝑖2𝑦 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 ]
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋 1
sen 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑖 [𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ] sen 2 = 2𝑖 [𝑒 𝑖 2 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖 2 𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1
cos 2 = 2 [𝑒 𝑖 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖 2 ] 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = −1
𝑖𝑏𝑥
{ 𝑒−𝑖𝑏𝑥 = cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥
𝑒 = cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥
Exponencial =≥ 𝑎 = 𝑅𝑒[𝑅𝑐]
Trigonométrica =≥ 𝑏 = 𝐼𝑚[𝑅𝑐]
Resolver.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 4 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 𝐷2 𝑦 − 4𝐷𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0
Operador 𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 5
𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 5 = 0
4 ± √16 − 20 4 ± √−4 4 ± 2i
𝑥= = = =2±i
2 2 2
{𝑎 = 2 𝑏 = 1}
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)
Resolver
d2y dy
− 2 + 10y = 0
dx 2 dx
d
D=
dx
D2 y − 2Dy + 10y = 0
(D2 − 2D + 10)y = 0
OPERADOR F(D) = D2 − 2D + 10
{a = 1 , b = 3}
Resolver:
d2y
+ 9y = 0
dx 2
d
D = dx
D2 y + 9y = 0
(D2 + 9)y = 0
OPERADO F(D) = D2 + 9ECUACION F(D) = 0 D2 + 9 = 0 ≫ D = √−9 = ±3i
Rc = {0 ± 3i}raices imaginarias a = 0; b = 3
y = C1 cos(3x) + C2 sen(3x)
D3 y dy
+ 4 =0
dx 3 dx
d EXP
D= TRIGONOMETRIA
dx O
D3 y + 4Dy = 0
(D3 + 4D)y = 0
OPERADOR F(D) = D3 + 4D
RAICES CARACTERISTICAS
D3 + 4D = 0
Rc = {0; 0 ± 2i}
y = C1 + C2 cos(2x) + C3 sen(2x)
Resolver
D4 y d2 y
+ 5 2 − 36y = 0
d4 dx
d
D = dx ≫ D4 y + 5D2 y − 36y = 0 ≫ (D4 + 5D2 − 36)y = 0
RAICES CARACTERISTICAS
D4 + 5D2 − 36 = 0
−5±√25−144
(D2 + 9)(D2 − 4) = 0 D2 = 2
D2 + 9 = 0 ≫ D = ±3i
D2 − 4 = 0 ≫ D = ±2
RESOLVER
D4 y 3y d2 y dy
+3 3+2 2− + 3y = 0
d4 dx dx dx
d
D=
dx
D4 y + D3 y + 2D2 y − Dy + 3y = 0
D=1 F(1) = 1 + 1 + 2 − 1 + 3 = 6 ≠ 0
D = 1 NO ES RAIZ
D = −1 F(−1) = 1 − 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 ≠ 0
D = −1 NO ES RAIZ
D = 3 F(3) = 81 + 27 + 18 − 3 + 3 ≠ 0
D = 3 NO ES RAIZ
D = −3 F(−3) = 81 − 27 + 18 + 3 + 3 ≠ 0
D = −3 NO ES RAIZ
RAICES COMPLEJAS
D4 + D3 + 2D2 − D + 3 = 0
b1 2 − 4ac1 < 0
D4 + b2 D3 + C2 D2 + b1 D3 + b1 b2 D2 + b1 C2 D + C1 D2 + C1 b2 D + C1 C2
b2 + b1 = 1 C2 + b1 b2 + C1 = 3 b1 C2 + b2 C1 = −1 C1 C2 =
3
≫ C1 C2 = 3 b1 = −1
C1 = 3 b2 = 2
C2 = 3
(D2 − D + 1)(D2 + 2D + 3) = 0
1±√−3 −2±√−8
D= D= b2 − 4ac = 0 1−4<0 4 − 12 < 0
2 2
1±√3i 1 √3 −2±2√2i
D= =2± i D= ≫ D = −2 ± √2i
2 2 2
1 √3
Rc = { ± i ; −2 ± √2i }
2 2
𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑
𝐲 = 𝐞𝟐𝐱 (𝐂𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐱 + 𝐂𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐧 ( ) 𝐱) + 𝐞−𝟐𝐱 (𝐂𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬√𝟐𝐱 + 𝐂𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐧√𝟐𝐱
𝟐 𝟐
F (0)y = Q (x) = 0 Se suma una función denominada completacion con una solución
particular
Y = Yc + Yp
Yc =? Yp =?
d
= D F (D)y = Q(x)
dx
1
y ≫ y0 Yp = F(D) Q (x)
Q (x) > 0
Método de raíces
1
Yp = ∗ Q(x) ≫ Yc Es conocida
(D − m1)(D − m1) ∗ (D − mn − 1)
{Mn} = Rc
1 1 eax
= D−m1(D−m2)(D−mn−1) [D−mn (×)] ∫ xeax dx = a2
(ax − 1)
1 dv
v = D−Mn Q(x) =? (D − Mn)v = Q(x) ≫ Dv − Mnv = Q(x) ≫ − Mnv =
dx
Q(x)
dy
+ yp(x) = Q(x)
dx
y = y(x) =?
v = v(x)
− ∫ pdx
y=e [∫ Q e∫ pdx dx + c] ≫ E. L [p(x) = −Mn] ≫ v = e− ∫ pdx [∫ Q e∫ pdx dx + c]
Q(x) = Q(x)
𝟏
= 𝐞𝟐𝐱 =?
𝐃−𝟑
p(x) = −3
𝐄. 𝐋 [ ]
Q(x) = e2x
1
e2x = e3x ∫ e2x e3x dx
D−3
= e3x ∫ e−x dx
= e3x [−e−x ] = e 2x
1
x = e−x ∫ xex dx
D+1
1
x = (x − 1)
D+1
Resolver
d2 y dy
2
− 3 + 2y = ex
dx dx
No homogénea
dy
= D ≫ D2 y − 3D + 2y = ex ≫ (D2 − 3D + 2)y = ex
dx
Operador F(D) = D2 − 3D + 2
Y= yc+yp
Yc=? 1
yp = [e2x ∫ e−x dx]
D−1
y ⟶ yc
1
yp = [ex ]
Q(x) → 0 D−1
D2 − 3D + 2 = 0 yp = ex ∫ −1 dx
(D − 1)(d − 2) = 0
yp = −x ex
⇒ Rc = {1,2}
⇒ 𝐲𝐜 = 𝐂𝟏𝐞𝐱 + 𝐂𝟐𝐞𝟐𝐱
yp =?
1
yp = ex
D2 − 3D + 2
1
yp = ex
(D − 1)(d − 2)
1 1
= [ C]
D−1 D−2
P(x) = 2
E. L [ ] ∫ pdx = −2x
Q(x) = ex
1
yp = [e2x ∫ ex e2x dx]
D−1
𝐹(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
yc =?
y=yc+yp
F(D)yc = 0
𝑦 = 𝐶1ex + 𝐶2ex − 𝑥ex
Método raíces
yp =?
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 ex 1
D − 3D + 2
yp = 𝑄(𝑥)
F(D)
1
= ex
(D − 1)(d − 2) 1
𝑄(𝑥) = e∫ pdx ∫ 𝑄e∫ pdx 𝑑𝑥
D − Mn
1 1
[ ex ]
D−2 𝐷−1 P(x) = −Mn
P(x) = −1 𝑦𝑝 =?
E. L [ ] ∫ pdx = −x
Q(x) = ex
1
1 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= [ex ∫ ex e−x dx] D2 +4
𝐷−2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − (−𝑏 2 )
1 1
= 𝐷−2 [ex ∫ dx] = 𝐷−2 [𝑥ex ]
= 𝑎2 − (𝑖 2 𝑏 2 )
P(x) = −2
E. L [ ] ∫ pdx − 2x
Q(x) = xex = 𝑎2 − (𝑖𝑏)2
yc = C1 cos bx + C2 sen2x
1 P(x) = −2i
yp = (D+2i)(D−2i) cos x E. L [ ] ∫ pdx = 2ix
Q(x) =
P(x) = −2i
E. L [ ] ∫ pdx = 1
Q(x) = cos x 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ∫ − (3𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6𝑖
− ∫ 2i = −2ix
1 −2𝑖𝑥
1
yp = (D+2i) [e2ix ∫ cos x e−2ix dx] 𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 ∫(3𝑒 3𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
6𝑖
eax
∫ eax dx = a
1 −2𝑖𝑥 3𝑖𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 [𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ]
6𝑖
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 6 (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 − 1)
𝑎2
1
𝑦𝑝 = cos 𝑥
3
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥
3
Resolver
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑
+ 9𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 =𝐷
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐷2 𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) → 0
𝑦 → 𝑦𝑐
(𝐷2 + 9)𝑦𝑐 = 0
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 + 9
𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷2 + 9 = 0 𝐷2 = 9
𝐷 = ±3𝑖
1
𝑦𝑝= 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷2 +9
1
𝑦𝑝= 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥
(𝐷 + 3𝑖)(𝐷 − 3𝑖)
1 1
𝑦𝑝= [ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥]
𝐷 + 3𝑖 𝐷 − 3𝑖
∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −3𝑖 → = −3𝑖𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) = −3𝑖
𝐸. 𝐿 [ ]
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥
1 2𝑖𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 )
2𝑖
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝= [𝑒 3𝑖𝑥 ∫ (𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 )𝑒 3𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝐷 + 3𝑖 2𝑖
1 𝑒 3𝑖𝑥
𝑦𝑝= [− ∫ 𝑥(𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑖𝑥 )𝑑𝑥]
𝐷 + 3𝑖 2𝑖
1 1
𝑦𝑝= [ (𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 (25)(𝑖𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 (5𝑖𝑥 − 1))]
𝐷 + 3𝑖 50𝑖
1 1
𝑦𝑝= [ (25 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 (5𝑖𝑥 − 1))]
𝐷 + 3𝑖 50𝑖
𝑃(𝑥) = −3𝑖
𝐸. 𝐿 [ ] ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑖𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = [ ]
1
𝑦𝑝= 𝑒 −3𝑖𝑥 ∫ { [25 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 (5𝑖𝑥 − 1)]} 𝑒 3𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥
50𝑖
1 −3𝑖𝑥
𝑦𝑝= 𝑒 ∫[25 𝑒 5𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 (5𝑖𝑥 − 1)]𝑑𝑥
50𝑖
1 −3𝑖𝑥
𝑦𝑝= 𝑒 ∫[25 𝑖𝑥 𝑒 5𝑖𝑥 + 25 𝑒 5𝑖𝑥 − 5𝑖𝑥𝑒 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
50𝑖
1 −3𝑖𝑥
𝑦𝑝= 𝑒 [25 𝑖 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑖 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
50𝑖
1 2𝑖𝑥 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝= − 𝑒 (5𝑖𝑥 − 1) − 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥 − 1) + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥
50 10 10 50
1
𝑦𝑝= [−5𝑖𝑥𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 − 5𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 5𝑖𝑥𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 − 5𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ]
50
1
𝑦𝑝= [−5𝑖𝑥𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 − 4𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 − 5𝑖𝑥𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ]
50
1
𝑦𝑝= [−5𝑖𝑥(𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ) − 4(𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 )]
50
1
𝑦𝑝= [10 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 − 8 cos 2𝑥]
50
1 4
𝑦𝑝= 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥
5 25
1
𝑦𝑝= (5 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 − 4 cos 2𝑥)
25
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 sen 3𝑥 + (5 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 − 4 cos 2𝑥)
25
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 9𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥
1 4
{𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥}
5 25
Existen otros 2 métodos que permiten determinar una solución particular de una ecuación
diferencial con coeficientes existentes de a forma
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
−2 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Opera 𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 2𝐷
E.C 𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 = 0
RC {0,2} 𝐷(𝐷 − 2) = 0
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 2𝑓′2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐷2 𝑦 − 2𝐷𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦𝑝
= 𝑓′1 (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ 2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦𝑝
= 2𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑦𝑝
= 2[𝑓 ′ 2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 2
1
(2) 𝑓 ′ 2 (𝑥) = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑓2 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎−𝑥
𝑒 𝑎−𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎 + 𝑏2
{𝑎 = −1 𝑏 = 1}
1 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓2 (𝑥) = (−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2 2
1
𝑓2 (𝑥) = − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
4
1
𝑓′1 (𝑥) = − [ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥] 𝑒 2𝑥
2
1
𝑓′1 (𝑥) = − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
2
1
𝑓1 (𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 {𝑎 = 1 𝑏 = 1}
2
1 𝑒𝑥
𝑓1 (𝑥) = − (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2 2
1
𝑓1 (𝑥) = − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
4
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) − [ 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)] 𝑒 2𝑥
4 4
1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
4
1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 −6 + 9𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑒 3𝑥
𝐷= 𝐷 𝑦 − 6𝐷𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑒 3𝑥
(𝐷 − 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 2
𝑥
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9
𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 = 0
(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 − 3) = 0
𝑅. 𝐶{3,3} 𝑦𝑐 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥) 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦𝑝
= 3[𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑥]𝑒 3𝑥 + [𝑥𝑓′2 (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑥) + 𝑓′1 (𝑥)]𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 − 1) 𝑒 3𝑥
COEFICIENTES INDETERMINADOS
Donde {𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , … } son los términos de Q(x) y aquellos que se deducen de estos mediante
derivación y, {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, … } son constantes a determinarse.
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦𝑝
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = 1 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 2𝐷
𝐸. 𝐶 𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 = 0
𝐷(𝐷 − 2) = 0
𝑅. 𝐶 {0,2} 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝 =? 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
{𝐴 =? , 𝐵 =? }
𝑑𝑦𝑝 1
= 3 [𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑 2 𝑦𝑝 1 1
2
= 3 [𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥 + [𝑓′1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓′2 (𝑥) + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑 2 𝑦𝑝 1 1
= 9 [𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 9 3 2
1
+ [𝑓′(𝑥) + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥
3
1 𝑒 3𝑥
[𝑓′1 (𝑥) + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)] 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑥) = 2
3 𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
3𝑓 ′1 (𝑥)𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)[3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 ] =
𝑥2
1
3𝑓 ′1 (𝑥) + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)[3𝑥 + 1] = (2)
𝑥2
De (1)
1
−3𝑥𝑓 ′ 2 (𝑥) + 𝑓′2 (𝑥)[3𝑥 + 1] =
𝑥2
1
𝑓′2 (𝑥) =
𝑥2
1 1
𝑓2 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑥) = −
𝑥2 𝑥
1
𝑓 ′1 (𝑥) = −𝑥
𝑥2
1 1
𝑓 ′1 (𝑥) = − 𝑓1 (𝑥) = − ∫ = − ln 𝑥 → 𝑓1 (𝑥) = − ln 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = [− ln 𝑥 + (− ) 𝑥] 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = −(ln 𝑥 + 1)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑒 3𝑥 − ln 𝑥(𝑒 3𝑥 )
1
3𝐴𝑥 2 = 1 𝐴=3
4 4
−4𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 0 − 3 + 3𝐵 = 0 𝐵 = +9
2 8 2
2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐹 = 0 − + 3𝐹 = 0 𝐹=
3 4 27
2𝐷 + 2𝐶 = 1
−2D − 2C = 0
Una solución particular de la ecuación diferencial 𝐹(0)𝑦 = 𝑄 esta dado por la expresión
1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐹(𝐷) 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐹(𝐷) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷3 𝑦 − 2𝐷2 𝑦 − 5𝐷 + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐹(𝑎) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐹 (𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6
1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐷3 −2𝐷2−5𝐷+6 𝑒 4𝑥 𝐷 = 1 𝐹(𝑎) = 1 − 2 − 5 + 6 = 0 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑧
1 −2 −5 +6
1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1)(𝐷−3)(𝐷+2) 𝑒 4𝑥 1 −1 −6 −4
1 −4 −6 0
𝑒=4=𝐷
1
𝑌𝑝 = (3)(1)(6) 𝑒 4𝑥 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 6) = 0
1
𝑌𝑝 = 18 𝑒 4𝑥 (𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 + 2) = 0
𝑒 = [1, 3, −2]
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(−2𝐵𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − 2[(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥] = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
−2𝐴 = 1 𝐴= −2
→ →
−2𝐵 = 0 𝐵= 0
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
𝑌𝑝 = − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Resolver − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝐷2 𝑦 − 2𝐷𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 3 𝐸𝐶 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 3 = 0 (𝐷 − )(𝐷 − ) = 0
2±√4−12
𝐷= 2
2±2√2
𝐷= 𝑖 𝐷 = 1 ± √2 𝑖
2
𝑅𝑐 {1 ± √2 𝑖 } 𝑎 = 1 𝑏 = √2
𝑸(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1 + cos 𝑥)
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 𝑥 + 𝐷 sin 𝑥 + 𝐹
𝑌 ′′ 𝑝 = 2𝐴 − 𝐶 cos 𝑥 − 𝐷 sin 𝑥
𝑌𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) (𝑒 2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑌𝑝 = 𝐷3 −2𝐷2 −5𝐷+6 (𝑒 2𝑥 − 1)2
1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) (𝑒 4𝑥 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2)
𝑒 4𝑥 − (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) 2𝑒 2𝑥 + (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) 𝑒 0𝑥
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − (1) (1) (1) 2𝑒 2𝑥 + (1) (−3)(2) 𝑒 0𝑥
18
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 2 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 6 𝑒 0𝑥
18
𝑌 = yc + 𝑦𝑝
1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 10 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6
Yc = c1 ex + c2 e3x + c3 e−2
1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) (𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2)
𝑒 𝑥 + (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) 2𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3) (𝐷+2) 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑎=1=𝐷 𝑎 = −1 = 𝐷 𝑎 = −2 = 𝐷
1 1 1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [ 𝑒𝑥] + (−2) (−1) (1) 2𝑒 −𝑥 + [ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ]
𝐷−1 (𝐷+3) (𝐷+2) 𝐷+2 (𝐷−1) (𝐷−3)
1 1 1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [ 𝑒𝑥 ] + 𝑒 −𝑥 + [ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ]
𝐷−1 (−2) (3) 4 𝐷+2 (−3) (−5)
1 1 1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [ − 6 𝑒𝑥 ] + 𝑒 −𝑥 + [ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ]
𝐷−1 4 𝐷+2 15
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ (− 6 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∫ (15 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
6 4 15
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Resolver −𝟓 +𝟖 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆−𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐷3 𝑦 − 5𝐷2 𝑦 + 8 𝐷𝑦 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
(𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4 𝑦) = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝐹(𝐷) = 𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4
𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4 = 0
1 −5 8 −4
1
1 −4 4 𝑌𝑝 = 𝐷3 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 )
− 5𝐷2 +8𝐷−4
1 −4 4 0
1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 )
(𝐷−1) (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2)
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−1) (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2)
𝑒 2𝑥 + (𝐷−1) (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2) 2𝑒 𝑥 + (𝐷−1) (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2) 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑎=2=𝐷 𝑎=1=𝐷 𝑎 = −1 = 𝐷
(𝐷 − 1) (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4) = 0
(𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 − 2) (𝐷 − 2) = 0
𝑅𝑐{1,2,3}
𝑌𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐3 ) 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2) [(𝐷−1) 𝑒 2𝑥 ] + [ 2𝑒 𝑥 ] + (−2) (−3) (−3) 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝐷−1 (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2)
1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷−2) (𝐷−2) [𝑒 2𝑥 ] + [ 2𝑒 𝑥 ] + 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝐷−1 6
1 1 1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [ 𝑒 2𝑥 ] + [ 2𝑒 𝑥 ] − 3𝑒 −𝑥
(𝐷 − 2) 𝐷 − 2 𝐷−1 6
𝑃(𝑋)=−2 𝑃(𝑋)=−1
E.L{𝑄(𝑋)=𝑒 2𝑥 } 𝐸. 𝐿 {𝑄(𝑋)=2𝑒 𝑥 }
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝐷−2 [𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 6 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 ] + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐷−2 6
𝑃(𝑥) = −2
𝐸. 𝐿 { }
𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
6
1 2 2𝑥 1
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2 6
𝑌𝑝 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 12𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑌𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 12𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝟏
𝒀𝒑 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑿 𝒂 = 𝟐 𝑫𝟐 = 𝟑 = − 𝟒
𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫 − 𝟏
1
𝑎) 𝑌𝑝 = sin 2𝑋 𝐷2 = −4
𝐷2 + 3𝐷 − 1
1
𝑌𝑝 = sin 2𝑋
−4 + 3𝐷 − 4
1
𝑌𝑝 = sin 2𝑋
3𝐷 − 8
3𝐷 + 8
= sin 2𝑋
9𝐷2 − 64
3𝐷 + 8
= sin 2𝑋
−36 − 6 4
1
= − (3𝐷 + 8) sin 2𝑋
100
1
= − (3𝐷 sin 2𝑋 + 8 sin 2𝑋)
100
𝟏
𝒀𝒑 = − (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑿)
𝟓𝟎
1
b) 𝑌𝑝 = 𝐷3 +3𝐷−1 sin 2𝑋
1
= sin 2𝑋
(𝐷 + 1) (𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 + 1)
= sin 2𝑋
(𝐷2 − 16) (𝐷2 − 1)
(𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 + 1)
𝑌𝑝 = sin 2𝑋
(−10) (−5)
1
= (𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 + 1) sin 2𝑋
100
1
= (𝐷2 − 3 𝐷 − 4) sin 2𝑋
100
1
= (𝐷2 sin 2𝑋 − 3𝐷 sin 2𝑋 − 4 sin 2𝑋)
100
1
= (−4 sin 2𝑋 − 8 cos 2𝑋 − 4 sin 2𝑋)
100
1
= (−8 sin 2𝑋 − 6 cos 2𝑋)
100
1
𝑌𝑝 = − (4 sin 2𝑋 + 8 cos 2𝑋)
50
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒓 (𝑫 + 𝟏) (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
𝟏
𝐹 (𝐷) = (𝐷 + 1) (𝐷 2 + 1) 𝒀𝒑 = (𝑫+𝟏) (𝑫𝟐 +𝟏)
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑿 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑿)
1 1
𝐸𝐶 𝐹(𝐷) = 0 𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷+1) (𝐷2 +1) sin 2𝑋 + (𝐷+1) (𝐷 2 )
cos 3𝑋
𝑎=2 𝑎=3
(𝐷 + 1) (𝐷2 + 1) = 0
𝐷 2 =−𝐶 2 = −4 𝐷 2 =𝐷 2 −9
1 1
(𝐷 + 1) (𝐷 ± 1) 𝑌𝑝 = sin 2𝑋 + (𝐷+1) (−8) cos 3𝑋
(𝐷+1) (−3)
1 (𝐷−1) 1 (𝐷−1)
𝑌𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥 𝑌𝑝 = − sin 2𝑋 + cos 3𝑋
3 (−5) 8 (−10)
1 1
𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑 𝑌𝑝 = 15 (𝐷 − 1) sin 2𝑋 + 80 (𝐷 − 1) cos 3𝑋
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (𝐷 sin 2𝑋 − sin 2𝑋) + (𝐷 cos 3𝑋 − cos 3𝑋)
15 80
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = (2 cos 2𝑋 − sin 2𝑋) + (−3 sin 3𝑋 − cos 3𝑋)
15 80
( 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐷2 + 1 = 0 → 𝐷 = ±𝑖
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥
1
𝑌𝑝 = cos 𝑥
(𝐷2 +1)
𝑎=1 𝐷2 = − 𝑎2 = 1 𝐹(𝐷) = 0
1 1
𝑌𝑝 = [ (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 )]
(𝐷 + 𝑖) (𝐷 − 𝑖) 2
1 1 1
= { 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 }
2 (𝐷 + 𝑖) (𝐷 − 𝑖) (𝐷 + 𝑖) (𝐷 − 𝑖)
1 1 1 1 1
= { }[ 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ] + [ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ]
2 𝐷−𝑖 𝐷+𝑖 𝐷−𝑖 𝐷−𝑖
1 1 1 𝑥 1 1
= { }[ 𝑒 ]+ [ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ]
2 𝐷 − 𝑖 2𝑖 𝐷 + 𝑖 2𝑖
1 1 1
= { [𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ] − [𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ]}
4 𝐷−𝑖 𝐷+𝑖
𝑃(𝑋) = 𝑖 𝑃 (𝑋) = 𝑖
𝐸𝐿 { } 𝐸𝐿 { }
𝑄(𝑋) = 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑄(𝑋) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥
1
= {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
4𝑖
1
= { 𝑥𝑒 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 }
4𝑖