Em 1

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
EM Waves in Conducting Medium: “𝐽𝑓 ≠ 0”

• The Maxwell’s equations in a linear medium are
𝜌𝑓
𝛻⋅𝑬 = Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)
𝜖
𝜕𝑩 𝜕𝑬
𝛻×𝑬 = - Eq.(2) 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇 𝐽𝑓 + 𝜇𝜖 Eq.(4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• The Maxwell’s equations in a linear medium are
𝜌𝑓
𝛻⋅𝑬 = Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)
𝜖
𝜕𝑩 𝜕𝑬
𝛻×𝑬 = - Eq.(2) 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇 𝐽𝑓 + 𝜇𝜖 Eq.(4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• For a conducting medium:

(i) The electric field is the main driving force for the conduction current. The conduction
current is proportional to the electric field
𝑱𝑓 = 𝛾 𝑬 (Ohm’s law)
where, 𝛾 is the conductivity of the material.
(ii) No charge accumulation due to good conductivity. That is, 𝜌𝑓 = 0

𝛾
− 𝑡
𝜌𝑓 𝑡 = 𝜌𝑓 0 𝑒 𝜖
• Therefore, the Maxwell’s equations in a conductor are
𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

𝜕𝑩 𝜕𝑬
𝛻×𝑬 = - Eq.(2) 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇 𝛾𝑬 + 𝜇𝜖 Eq.(4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

𝜕𝑩 𝜕𝑬
𝛻×𝑬 = - Eq.(2) 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇 𝛾𝑬 + 𝜇𝜖 Eq.(4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Now, taking the curl of Eq.(2), we get

𝜕𝑩
𝛻× 𝛻×𝑬 =𝛻 𝛻⋅𝑬 =𝛻× − − 𝛻2𝑬
𝜕𝑡
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑬
−𝛻 𝑬 = − 𝛻×𝑩 =− 𝜇𝛾𝑬 + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕 2𝑬 𝜕𝑬
2
𝛻 𝑬 = 𝜇𝜖 2 + 𝜇𝛾
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

𝜕𝑩 𝜕𝑬
𝛻×𝑬 = - Eq.(2) 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇 𝛾𝑬 + 𝜇𝜖 Eq.(4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Now, taking the curl of Eq.(2), we get

𝜕𝑩 Similarly, for magnetic field
𝛻× 𝛻×𝑬 =𝛻 𝛻⋅𝑬 − 𝛻2𝑬
=𝛻× −
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 2𝑩 𝜕𝑩
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑬 𝛻 𝑩 = 𝜇𝜖 2 + 𝜇𝛾
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
−𝛻 2 𝑬 = − 𝛻×𝑩 =− 𝜇𝛾𝑬 + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
“wave equations for an EM wave in a conductor”
2
𝜕 2𝑬 𝜕𝑬  solutions will give E and B fields
𝛻 𝑬 = 𝜇𝜖 2 + 𝜇𝛾  fields have to satisfy different BCs
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
EM Waves in Conducting Medium:
• Now, consider that the wave is travelling in z-direction with frequency 𝜔, then the solutions of
𝑬 and 𝑩 wave equations can be written in the form of plane wave as
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
Eq. (1)
where 𝑘 is the propagation vector.

• Now, consider that the wave is travelling in z-direction with frequency 𝜔, then the solutions of
𝑬 and 𝑩 wave equations can be written in the form of plane wave as
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
Eq. (1)
where 𝑘 is the propagation vector.
• Using the above expression of 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 in wave equation, we get
2
𝑖 𝑘 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 + 𝜇𝜖 −𝑖𝜔 2 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 + 𝜇𝛾 −𝑖𝜔 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
2
⇒ 𝑘 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 + 𝑖 𝜇𝛾𝜔 Eq.(2)
“ propagation vector is complex”

• Now, from equation (2) we can write
2
𝑘 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 + 𝑖 𝜇𝛾𝜔 = (𝑘+ +𝑖𝑘_)2 = 𝑘+2 −𝑘 2 + 2 i 𝑘+ 𝑘−
−
⇒ 𝑘+2 − 𝑘−2 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 Eq.(3); and 2 𝑘+ 𝑘− = 𝜇𝛾𝜔 Eq.(4)

2
−
• Solving equations (3) and (4), we get

1 1
2 2
𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2
𝑘+ = 1+ +1 and 𝑘− = 1+ −1
2 𝜖 2 𝜔2 2 𝜖 2 𝜔2
“ real and imaginary parts of the wave vector”

2
−

1 1
2 2
𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2
𝑘+ = 1+ +1 and 𝑘− = 1+ −1
2 𝜖 2 𝜔2 2 𝜖 2 𝜔2
“ real and imaginary parts of the wave vector”
𝝎𝟐 𝝎
Check: For a non-conducting medium 𝜸 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒌− = 𝟎 , 𝒌+ = 𝝁𝝐𝝎𝟐 = =
𝒗𝟐 𝒗
• So, we can write the solutions as
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ +𝑖𝑘− 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
Similarly, 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

• So, we can write the solutions as “decay function”
 the imaginary part of wave vector results in an attenuation of the wave as it propagates”
• So, we can write the solutions as “decay function”
 the imaginary part of wave vector results in an attenuation of the wave as it propagates”
1 1 1
• At 𝑧 = , 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩 𝑒𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑘− 𝑒 0 𝑒 0
1
“ the distance at which magnitudes of fields reduce by a factor of is called the
𝑒
1
skin depth of the material. We denote skin depth as 𝑑 = "
𝑘−
1
2
1 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2
The skin depth 𝑑 = , where 𝑘− = 1+ −1
𝑘− 2 𝜖2 𝜔2
 for good conductors 𝛾 ≫ 𝜖𝜔 ⇒ 𝑘− is large ⇒ 𝑑 is small (few wavelengths)
 for poor conductors 𝛾 ≪ 𝜖𝜔 ⇒ 𝑘− is small ⇒ 𝑑 is large (many wavelengths)
1
2
1 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 𝛾2
The skin depth 𝑑 = , where 𝑘− = 1+ −1
𝑘− 2 𝜖2 𝜔2
 for good conductors 𝛾 ≫ 𝜖𝜔 ⇒ 𝑘− is large ⇒ 𝑑 is small (few wavelengths)
 for poor conductors 𝛾 ≪ 𝜖𝜔 ⇒ 𝑘− is small ⇒ 𝑑 is large (many wavelengths)
−1
Example: Sea water; 𝛾 ≈ 5 Ω𝑚 (small conductivity but acts as a good conductor for
radio frequency waves )
 d for 1MHz (𝜆~2 𝑘𝑚) radio signal is about 0.2m

 d for 1kHz (𝜆~2000 𝑘𝑚) radio signal is about 7m
 for safe communications with submarines extremely low frequency (<100Hz) must
be used. But such signals have very large wavelengths (> 20,000km), need very big
antennas to generate.
• Maxwell’s constraints:
The solutions of E and B wave equations are
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

The solutions of E and B wave equations
• Calculating 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 and 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 , gives (𝑬0 )𝑧 = 0; (𝑩0 )𝑧 = 0
“ EM wave is transverse in conducting medium as well”

The solutions of E and B wave equations
• Calculating 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 and 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 , gives (𝑬0 )𝑧 = 0 ; (𝑩0 )𝑧 = 0
“ EM wave is transverse in conducting medium as well”
𝜕 𝑩(𝑧,𝑡) 𝑘
• Calculating 𝛁 × 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = − gives 𝑩0 = 𝒌 × 𝑬0
𝜕𝑡 𝜔
“ E and B fields are mutually perpendicular ”
• That means for a x-polarized wave

−𝑘− 𝑧 𝑘
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑒 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 𝒙 ; 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝒚
• We can write the wave vector in the form 𝑘 = 𝐾 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
1
2
𝛾2
Where 𝐾= 𝑘+2 + 𝑘−2 = 𝜔2 1+ (modulus of wave vector )
𝜖 2 𝜔2
−1 𝑘−
𝜙= tan (argument of wave vector)
𝑘+
• We can write the wave vector in the form 𝑘 = 𝐾 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
1
2
𝛾2
Where 𝐾= 𝑘+2 + 𝑘−2 = 𝜔2 1+ (modulus of wave vector )
𝜖 2 𝜔2
−1 𝑘−
𝜙= tan (argument of wave vector)
𝑘+
𝑘
• Now, we know that B0 = 𝐸0 ⇒ 𝐵0 𝑒 𝑖𝛿𝐵 = 𝐾 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝐸0 𝑒 𝑖𝛿𝐸 ⇒ 𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿𝐸 + 𝜙
𝜔
“ electric and magnetic fields are not in phase. Magnetic field lags behind the
electric field by 𝜙 degree. ”
• The final expressions of real electric and magnetic fields are then
𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 cos 𝑘+ 𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿𝐸 𝒙
𝐾
𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 cos 𝑘+ 𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿𝐸 + 𝜙 𝒚
𝜔
𝒌
B
(x-polarized EM wave traveling in z-direction)

Reflection and Transmission:
x
• Consider a x-polarized plane wave travelling in
z-direction incident on an interface boundary
v1 v2
kept parallel to the x-y plane. The normal to the
boundary surface is in the z-direction.
Key Points v1
• E fields are in x-direction only.
Medium 1 Medium 2
⇒ 𝐸𝑧 = 0; 𝐸𝑦 = 0,
• B fields are in y-direction only Conducting medium
⇒ 𝐵𝑧 = 0, 𝐵𝑥 = 0
• The electric and magnetic field vectors for incident, reflected and transmitted waves are:
𝐸0𝐼 𝑖 𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑬𝑰 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝐼 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘1 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑰 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑒 1 𝑦 (Incident wave)
𝑣1
𝑖 −𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝐸0𝑅 𝑖 −𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑬𝑹 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑅 𝑒 1 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑹 𝑧, 𝑡 = − 𝑒 1 𝑦 (Reflected wave)
𝑣1
𝑖 𝑘2 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑘2
𝑬𝑻 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑇 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑻 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑇 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘2 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 𝑦 (Transmitted wave)
𝜔
• The electric and magnetic field vectors for incident, reflected and transmitted waves are:
𝐸0𝐼 𝑖 𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑬𝑰 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝐼 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘1 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑰 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑒 1 𝑦 (Incident wave)
𝑣1
𝑖 −𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝐸0𝑅 𝑖 −𝑘 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑬𝑹 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑅 𝑒 1 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑹 𝑧, 𝑡 = − 𝑒 1 𝑦 (Reflected wave)
𝑣1
𝑖 𝑘2 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡
𝑘2
𝑬𝑻 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑇 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑩𝑻 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0𝑇 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘2 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 𝑦 (Transmitted wave)
𝜔
• The electric and magnetic fields must satisfy the following general boundary conditions:
BC(1): 𝜖1 𝐸1⊥ − 𝜖2 𝐸2⊥ = 𝜎𝑓 BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2

1 1
BC(ii): 𝐵1⊥ = 𝐵2⊥ BC(iv): 𝑩1∥ − 𝑩2∥ = 𝑲𝑓 × 𝒏
𝜇1 𝜇2
Boundary Conditions
BC(i): 𝜖1 𝐸1⊥ − 𝜖2 𝐸2⊥ = 𝜎𝑓 and BC(ii): 𝐵1⊥ = 𝐵2⊥ are satisfied as there is no z-component of
E and B fields.
BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2 𝐸0𝐼 + 𝐸0𝑅 = 𝐸0𝑇 Eq.(5)

Boundary Conditions
BC(i): 𝜖1 𝐸1⊥ − 𝜖2 𝐸2⊥ = 𝜎𝑓 and BC(ii): 𝐵1⊥ = 𝐵2⊥ are satisfied as there is no z-component of
E and B fields.
BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2 𝐸0𝐼 + 𝐸0𝑅 = 𝐸0𝑇 Eq.(5)
1 1 1 1
BC(iv): 𝑩1∥ − 𝑩2∥ = 𝑲𝑓 × 𝒏 (𝐵0𝐼 + 𝐵0𝑅 )𝑦− (𝐵0𝑇 )𝑦
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇1 𝜇2 = 0
1 1 1 1 𝑘2
( 𝐸0𝐼 − 𝐸0𝑅 ) − 𝐸0𝑇 = 0
For ohmic conductors there will 𝜇1 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝜇2 𝜔
be no free surface current.
⇒ 𝐸0𝐼 − 𝐸0𝑅 = 𝛽𝐸0𝑇 Eq.(6)
That is, 𝐾𝑓 = 0
𝜇1 𝑣1
Where 𝛽 = 𝑘
𝜇2 𝜔
1−𝛽 2
𝐸0𝑅 = 𝐸0𝐼 and 𝐸0𝑇 = 𝐸0𝐼
1+𝛽 1+𝛽
“look identical as in the case of dielectric medium at normal incidence BUT now 𝛽 is complex”
1−𝛽 2
1+𝛽 1+𝛽
“look identical as in the case of dielectric medium at normal incidence BUT now 𝛽 is complex”
• For a perfect conductor 𝛾 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑘 = ∞ ⇒ 𝛽 = ∞

𝐸0𝑅 = − 𝐸0𝐼 and 𝐸0𝑇 = 0
“ wave is totally reflected with 180° phase shift”
“ excellent conductors make good mirrors”
𝜔 𝜇 𝑣
• For dielectric (non-conducting) medium 𝛾 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = ⇒ 𝛽 = 1 1 = 𝛽
𝑣2 𝜇2 𝑣2
1−𝛽 2
1+𝛽 1+𝛽
Phase and Group Velocities
We know that the velocity of an EM wave in a medium is
1
𝑣=
𝜇𝜖
o If 𝜇 and 𝜖 of a medium does not depend on the frequency of the EM wave, the medium is
called a non-dispersive medium.
 vacuum is an example of a non-dispersive medium”
We know that the velocity of an EM wave in a medium is
1
𝑣=
𝜇𝜖
o If 𝜇 and 𝜖 of a medium does not depend on the frequency of the EM wave, the medium is
called a non-dispersive medium.
 vacuum is an example of a non-dispersive medium”
In this case the EM wave travels at constant speed

𝜔
𝑣𝑝 = , (𝑣𝑝 is the phase velocity)
𝑘
“ all waves in a wave packet travel with the same

speed leading to a no change in the shape of the wave packet”
o If 𝜇 and 𝜖 of a medium depend on the frequency of the EM, the medium is called a
dispersive medium. In this case the EM waves of different frequency travel with
different speeds.
Example: dispersion of light by a prism or a raindrop
o If 𝜇 and 𝜖 of a medium depend on the frequency of the EM, the medium is called a
dispersive medium. In this case the EM waves of different frequency travel with
different speeds.
Example: dispersion of light by a prism or a raindrop
o The wave packet as a whole, however, travels with the same

velocity called the group velocity.
𝑑𝜔
𝑣𝑔 = , (𝑣𝑔 is the group velocity)
𝑑𝑘
Phase and group velocities

F(x,t)
point traveling with phase velocity point traveling with group velocity
Phase and group velocities

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Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

EM Waves in Conducting Medium: “𝐽𝑓 ≠ 0”

• For a conducting medium:

(ii) No charge accumulation due to good conductivity. That is, 𝜌𝑓 = 0

𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

• Now, taking the curl of Eq.(2), we get

𝛻⋅𝑬 =0 Eq.(1) 𝛻⋅𝑩 =0 Eq.(3)

• Now, taking the curl of Eq.(2), we get

where 𝑘 is the propagation vector.

where 𝑘 is the propagation vector.

• Using the above expression of 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 in wave equation, we get

“ propagation vector is complex”

⇒ 𝑘+2 − 𝑘−2 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 Eq.(3); and 2 𝑘+ 𝑘− = 𝜇𝛾𝜔 Eq.(4)

⇒ 𝑘+2 − 𝑘−2 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 Eq.(3); and 2 𝑘+ 𝑘− = 𝜇𝛾𝜔 Eq.(4)

• Solving equations (3) and (4), we get

“ real and imaginary parts of the wave vector”

⇒ 𝑘+2 − 𝑘−2 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔2 Eq.(3); and 2 𝑘+ 𝑘− = 𝜇𝛾𝜔 Eq.(4)

• Solving equations (3) and (4), we get

“ real and imaginary parts of the wave vector”

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ +𝑖𝑘− 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

Similarly, 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ +𝑖𝑘− 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

Similarly, 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ +𝑖𝑘− 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

Similarly, 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

 d for 1MHz (𝜆~2 𝑘𝑚) radio signal is about 0.2m

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

• Calculating 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 and 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 , gives (𝑬0 )𝑧 = 0; (𝑩0 )𝑧 = 0

“ EM wave is transverse in conducting medium as well”

𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑬0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡 and 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑩0 𝑒 −𝑘−𝑧 𝑒 𝑖 𝑘+ 𝑧 −𝜔𝑡

• Calculating 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑬 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 and 𝛁 ⋅ 𝑩 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0 , gives (𝑬0 )𝑧 = 0 ; (𝑩0 )𝑧 = 0

“ EM wave is transverse in conducting medium as well”

• That means for a x-polarized wave

(x-polarized EM wave traveling in z-direction)

• B fields are in y-direction only Conducting medium

BC(1): 𝜖1 𝐸1⊥ − 𝜖2 𝐸2⊥ = 𝜎𝑓 BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2

BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2 𝐸0𝐼 + 𝐸0𝑅 = 𝐸0𝑇 Eq.(5)

BC(iii): 𝑬1∥ = 𝑬∥2 𝐸0𝐼 + 𝐸0𝑅 = 𝐸0𝑇 Eq.(5)

• For a perfect conductor 𝛾 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑘 = ∞ ⇒ 𝛽 = ∞

In this case the EM wave travels at constant speed

“ all waves in a wave packet travel with the same

o The wave packet as a whole, however, travels with the same

Phase and group velocities

Phase and group velocities

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